民法(明治二十九年法律第八十九号)
Civil Code(Act No. 89 of 1896)
最終更新:平成十八年法律第七十八号
Last Version: Act No. 78 of 2006
TOC
History
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▶Main Provision
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▶Part III Claims
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▶Chapter II Contracts
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February 25, 2025
- Last Version: Act No. 37 of 2021
- Translated Date: March 24, 2023
- Dictionary Version: 15.0
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April 27, 2023
- Last Version: Act No. 37 of 2021
- Translated Date: March 24, 2023
- Dictionary Version: 15.0
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March 31, 2020
- Last Version: Act No. 44 of 2017
- Translated Date: June 26, 2019
- Dictionary Version: 14.0
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March 27, 2013
- Last Version: Act No. 78 of 2006
- Translated Date: April 1, 2009
- Dictionary Version: 2.0
民法(第一編第二編第三編)
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Civil Code (Part I, Part II, and Part III)
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明治二十九年四月二十七日法律第八十九号
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Act No. 89 of April 27, 1896
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第一編 総則
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Part I General Provisions
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第一章 通則
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Chapter I Common Provisions
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(基本原則)
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(Fundamental Principles)
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第一条私権は、公共の福祉に適合しなければならない。
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Article 1(1)Private rights must conform to the public welfare.
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(解釈の基準)
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(Standard for Construction)
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第二条この法律は、個人の尊厳と両性の本質的平等を旨として、解釈しなければならない。
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Article 2This Code must be construed in accordance with honoring the dignity of individuals and the essential equality of both sexes.
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第二章 人
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Chapter II Person
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第一節 権利能力
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Section 1 Capacity to Hold Rights
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第二節 行為能力
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Section 2 Capacity to Act
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(成年)
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(Age of Majority)
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第四条年齢二十歳をもって、成年とする。
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Article 4The age of majority is reached when a person has reached the age of 20.
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(未成年者の法律行為)
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(Juristic Act of Minors)
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第五条未成年者が法律行為をするには、その法定代理人の同意を得なければならない。ただし、単に権利を得、又は義務を免れる法律行為については、この限りでない。
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Article 5(1)A minor must obtain the consent of his/her statutory agent to perform any juristic act; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to an act merely intended to acquire a right or to be relieved of a duty.
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(3)Notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1), in cases the statutory agent permits the disposition of property by specifying the purpose thereof, a minor may freely dispose of the same to the extent of such purpose. The same shall apply in cases his/her statutory agent permits the disposition of the property without specifying any purpose.
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(未成年者の営業の許可)
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(Permission for Minors to Carry on Business)
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第六条一種又は数種の営業を許された未成年者は、その営業に関しては、成年者と同一の行為能力を有する。
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Article 6(1)A minor who is permitted to carry on one or more kinds of business shall have the same capacity to act as a person of the age of majority as far as such business is concerned.
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(後見開始の審判)
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(Ruling for Commencement of Guardianship)
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第七条精神上の障害により事理を弁識する能力を欠く常況にある者については、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人、保佐人、保佐監督人、補助人、補助監督人又は検察官の請求により、後見開始の審判をすることができる。
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Article 7With respect to any person who constantly lacks the capacity to discern right and wrong due to mental disability, the family court may order the commencement of guardianship at the request of the person in question, his/her spouse, any relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian of a minor, the supervisor of the guardian of a minor, the curator, the supervisor of the curator, the assistant, the supervisor of the assistant, or a public prosecutor.
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(成年被後見人及び成年後見人)
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(Adult Ward and Guardian of Adult)
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第八条後見開始の審判を受けた者は、成年被後見人とし、これに成年後見人を付する。
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Article 8A person who has become subject to the ruling of commencement of guardianship shall be an adult ward, and a guardian of an adult shall be appointed for him/her.
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(成年被後見人の法律行為)
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(Juristic Act of an Adult Ward under Guardianship)
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第九条成年被後見人の法律行為は、取り消すことができる。ただし、日用品の購入その他日常生活に関する行為については、この限りでない。
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Article 9A juristic act performed by an adult ward may be rescinded; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to any act relating to daily life, such as the purchase of daily household items.
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(後見開始の審判の取消し)
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(Rescission of Ruling for Commencement of Guardianship)
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第十条第七条に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、後見人(未成年後見人及び成年後見人をいう。以下同じ。)、後見監督人(未成年後見監督人及び成年後見監督人をいう。以下同じ。)又は検察官の請求により、後見開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。
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Article 10When the cause set forth in Article 7 ceases to exist, the family court must rescind the ruling of the commencement of guardianship at the request of the person in question, his/her spouse, any relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian (hereinafter referring to the guardian of a minor and the guardian of an adult), the supervisor of the guardian (hereinafter referring to the supervisor of the guardian of a minor and the supervisor of the guardian of an adult), or a public prosecutor.
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(保佐開始の審判)
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(Ruling of Commencement of Curatorship)
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第十一条精神上の障害により事理を弁識する能力が著しく不十分である者については、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、後見人、後見監督人、補助人、補助監督人又は検察官の請求により、保佐開始の審判をすることができる。ただし、第七条に規定する原因がある者については、この限りでない。
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Article 11With respect to any person who whose capacity is extremely insufficient to appreciate right or wrong due to any mental disability, the family court may order the commencement of curatorship upon a request by the person in question, his/her spouse, any relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian, the supervisor of the guardian, the assistant, the supervisor of the assistant, or a public prosecutor; provided however, that, this shall not apply to any person in respect of whom a cause set forth in Article 7 exists.
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(被保佐人及び保佐人)
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(Person under Curatorship and his/her Curator)
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第十二条保佐開始の審判を受けた者は、被保佐人とし、これに保佐人を付する。
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Article 12A person who has become subject to the ruling of commencement of curatorship shall be the person under curatorship, and a curator shall be appointed for him/her.
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(保佐人の同意を要する行為等)
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(Acts Requiring Consent of Curator)
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第十三条被保佐人が次に掲げる行為をするには、その保佐人の同意を得なければならない。ただし、第九条ただし書に規定する行為については、この限りでない。
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Article 13(1)A person under curatorship must obtain the consent of his/her curator if he/she intends to perform any of the following acts; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the acts provided for in the proviso of Article 9:
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一元本を領収し、又は利用すること。
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(i)receive or use any principal;
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二借財又は保証をすること。
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(ii)borrow any money or guarantee any obligation;
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三不動産その他重要な財産に関する権利の得喪を目的とする行為をすること。
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(iii)perform any act with the purpose of obtaining or relinquishing any right regarding real estate or other valuable property;
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四訴訟行為をすること。
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(iv)take any procedural action;
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五贈与、和解又は仲裁合意(仲裁法(平成十五年法律第百三十八号)第二条第一項に規定する仲裁合意をいう。)をすること。
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(v)make a gift, make any settlement, or agree to arbitrate (referring to the agreement to arbitrate as provided in paragraph (1), Article 2 of the Arbitration Act (Act No. 138 of 2003));
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六相続の承認若しくは放棄又は遺産の分割をすること。
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(vi)accept or renounce any inheritance, or partition any estate;
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七贈与の申込みを拒絶し、遺贈を放棄し、負担付贈与の申込みを承諾し、又は負担付遺贈を承認すること。
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(vii)refuse an offer of a gift, renounce any bequest, accept the offer of gift with burden, or accept any bequest with burden;
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八新築、改築、増築又は大修繕をすること。
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(viii)effect any new construction, renovation, expansion, or major repairs; or
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九第六百二条に定める期間を超える賃貸借をすること。
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(ix)make any lease agreement with a term which exceeds the period set forth in Article 602.
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(2)At the request of the person provided in the main clause of Article 11, or any curator or any supervisor of the curator, the family court may make a ruling that the person under curatorship must obtain the consent of his/her curator even in cases he/she intends to perform any act other than those set forth in each item of the preceding paragraph; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the acts provided for in the proviso to Article 9.
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(3)With respect to any act which requires the consent of the curator, if the curator does not give consent in cases where the interest of the person under curatorship is unlikely to be prejudiced, the family court may, at the request of the person under curatorship, give permission in lieu of the consent of the curator.
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(保佐開始の審判等の取消し)
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(Rescission of Ruling of Commencement of Curatorship)
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第十四条第十一条本文に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人、保佐人、保佐監督人又は検察官の請求により、保佐開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。
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Article 14(1)When the cause provided in the main clause of Article 11 ceases to exist, the family court must rescind the order of the commencement of curatorship at the request of the person in question, his/her spouse, any relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian of a minor, the supervisor of the guardian of a minor, the curator, the supervisor of the curator, or a public prosecutor.
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(補助開始の審判)
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(Ruling of Commencement of Assistance)
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第十五条精神上の障害により事理を弁識する能力が不十分である者については、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、後見人、後見監督人、保佐人、保佐監督人又は検察官の請求により、補助開始の審判をすることができる。ただし、第七条又は第十一条本文に規定する原因がある者については、この限りでない。
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Article 15(1)With respect to any person who has insufficient capacity to appreciate right or wrong due to any mental disability, the family court may rule the commencement of assistance upon a request by the person in question, his/her spouse, any relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian, the supervisor of the guardian, the curator, the supervisor of the curator, or a public prosecutor; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to any person who has the cause set forth in Article 7 or the main clause of Article 11.
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(被補助人及び補助人)
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(Person under Assistance and Assistant)
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第十六条補助開始の審判を受けた者は、被補助人とし、これに補助人を付する。
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Article 16A person who has become subject to the ruling of commencement of assistance shall be a person under assistance, and an assistant shall be appointed for him/her.
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(補助人の同意を要する旨の審判等)
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(Ruling Requiring Person to Obtain Consent of Assistant)
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第十七条家庭裁判所は、第十五条第一項本文に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求により、被補助人が特定の法律行為をするにはその補助人の同意を得なければならない旨の審判をすることができる。ただし、その審判によりその同意を得なければならないものとすることができる行為は、第十三条第一項に規定する行為の一部に限る。
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Article 17(1)At the request of the person provided in the main clause of paragraph (1) of Article 15, or any assistant or supervisor of the assistant, the family court may make the ruling that the person under assistance must obtain the consent of his/her assistant if he/she intends to perform any particular juristic act; provided, however, that the act for which such consent must be obtained pursuant to such ruling shall be limited to the acts provided in paragraph (1) of Article 13.
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(3)With respect to any act which requires the consent of the assistant, if the assistant does not give consent in cases where the interest of the person under assistance is unlikely to be prejudiced, the family court may, at the request of the person under assistance, give permission which is in lieu of the consent of the assistant.
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(補助開始の審判等の取消し)
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(Rescission of Ruling of Commencement of Assistance)
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第十八条第十五条第一項本文に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、本人、配偶者、四親等内の親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人、補助人、補助監督人又は検察官の請求により、補助開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。
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Article 18(1)When the cause provided in the main clause of paragraph (1) of Article 15 ceases to exist, the family court must rescind the ruling of commencement of assistance at the request of the person in question, his/her spouse, any relative within the fourth degree of kinship, the guardian of a minor, the supervisor of the guardian of a minor, the assistant, the supervisor of the assistant, or a public prosecutor.
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(審判相互の関係)
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(Relationship between Rulings)
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第十九条後見開始の審判をする場合において、本人が被保佐人又は被補助人であるときは、家庭裁判所は、その本人に係る保佐開始又は補助開始の審判を取り消さなければならない。
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Article 19(1)In cases any ruling for commencement of guardianship is to be made, and the person in question is a person under curatorship or the person under assistance, the family court must rescind the ruling of commencement of curatorship or commencement of assistance pertaining to such person in question.
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(2)The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis in cases where the person in question, upon ruling of commencement of curatorship, is an adult ward or a person under assistance, or in cases where the person in question is, at the time of the ruling for commencement of assistance, an adult ward or a person under curatorship.
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(制限行為能力者の相手方の催告権)
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(Right of Demand by Person who is Counterparty to Person with Limited Capacity)
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第二十条制限行為能力者(未成年者、成年被後見人、被保佐人及び第十七条第一項の審判を受けた被補助人をいう。以下同じ。)の相手方は、その制限行為能力者が行為能力者(行為能力の制限を受けない者をいう。以下同じ。)となった後、その者に対し、一箇月以上の期間を定めて、その期間内にその取り消すことができる行為を追認するかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、その者がその期間内に確答を発しないときは、その行為を追認したものとみなす。
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Article 20(1)The person who is the counterparty to a person with limited capacity (hereinafter referring to any minor, an adult ward, a person under curatorship, and a person under assistance who has become subject to the ruling under paragraph (1) of Article 17) may, after such person with limited capacity has become a person with capacity (hereinafter referring to a person free of any limitation on capacity to act), issue to such person a notice which demands, by establishing a certain period which is one month or more, that he/she should give a definite answer on whether or not such person will ratify such act which may be rescinded within such period. In such case, if such person fails to send any definite answer within such period, he/she is deemed to have ratified such act.
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(2)The second sentence of the preceding paragraph shall likewise apply in cases where, while such person with limited capacity has not yet become a person with capacity, the person who is the counterparty to the person with limited capacity issues to the statutory agent, curator, or assistant of such person a notice prescribed in the preceding paragraph with respect to any act which is under the authority of any such officer, and the statutory agent, curator or assistant fails to issue any definite answer within the period referred to in such paragraph.
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(4)The person who is the counterparty to a person with limited capacity may issue a notice to any person under curatorship, or to any person under assistance who has been made subject to the ruling under paragraph (1) of Article 17 which demands that he/she should obtain the ratification of his/her curator or assistant, as the case may be, within the period set forth in paragraph (1) above. In such case, if the person under curatorship or person under assistance fails to issue, within the applicable period, a notice to the effect that such ratification has been obtained, it is deemed that such act has been rescinded.
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(制限行為能力者の詐術)
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(Fraudulent Means Committed by Person with Limited Capacity)
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第二十一条制限行為能力者が行為能力者であることを信じさせるため詐術を用いたときは、その行為を取り消すことができない。
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Article 21If a person with limited capacity manipulates any fraudulent means to induce others to believe that he/she is a person with capacity, his/her act may not be rescinded.
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第三節 住所
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Section 3 Domicile
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(住所)
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(Domicile)
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第二十二条各人の生活の本拠をその者の住所とする。
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Article 22The principal place wherein a person lives shall be his/her domicile.
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(居所)
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(Residence)
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第二十三条住所が知れない場合には、居所を住所とみなす。
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Article 23(1)If the domicile of a person is unknown, his/her residence is deemed to be his/her domicile.
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(2)If a person does not have the domicile in Japan, his/her residence is deemed to be his/her domicile, whether he/she is a Japanese or a foreign national; provided, however, that, this shall not apply where the law of domicile controls in accordance with the applicable provision of laws which provide the governing law.
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(仮住所)
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(Temporary Domicile)
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第二十四条ある行為について仮住所を選定したときは、その行為に関しては、その仮住所を住所とみなす。
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Article 24If any temporary domicile is selected for any act, such temporary domicile is deemed to be the domicile as far as such act is concerned.
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第四節 不在者の財産の管理及び失踪の宣告
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Section 4 Management of Absentee Property and Adjudication of Disappearance
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(不在者の財産の管理)
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(Administration of Absentee Property)
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第二十五条従来の住所又は居所を去った者(以下「不在者」という。)がその財産の管理人(以下この節において単に「管理人」という。)を置かなかったときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、その財産の管理について必要な処分を命ずることができる。本人の不在中に管理人の権限が消滅したときも、同様とする。
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Article 25(1)In cases any person who has left his/her domicile or residence (hereinafter referred to as "absentee") did not appoint an administrator of his/her property (hereinafter in this Section referred to simply as "administrator"), the family court may, at the request of any interested person or a public prosecutor, issue an order for necessary actions for the administration of such property. The same shall apply in cases the authority of the administrator ceases to exist during the absence of the absentee.
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(管理人の改任)
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(Replacement of Administrator)
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第二十六条不在者が管理人を置いた場合において、その不在者の生死が明らかでないときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、管理人を改任することができる。
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Article 26In cases an absentee appoints an administrator, and if it is not clear whether such absentee is dead or alive, the family court may replace such administrator with another at the request of any interested person or a public prosecutor.
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(管理人の職務)
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(Duties of Administrator)
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第二十七条前二条の規定により家庭裁判所が選任した管理人は、その管理すべき財産の目録を作成しなければならない。この場合において、その費用は、不在者の財産の中から支弁する。
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Article 27(1)An administrator who is appointed by the family court pursuant to the provision of the preceding two Articles must prepare a list of the property he/she is to administer. In such case, the expenses incurred shall be disbursed from the property of the absentee.
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(管理人の権限)
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(Authority of Administrator)
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第二十八条管理人は、第百三条に規定する権限を超える行為を必要とするときは、家庭裁判所の許可を得て、その行為をすることができる。不在者の生死が明らかでない場合において、その管理人が不在者が定めた権限を超える行為を必要とするときも、同様とする。
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Article 28If an administrator needs to perform any act beyond the authority set forth in Article 103, he/she may perform such act by obtaining the permission of the family court. The same shall likewise apply if the administrator needs to perform any act beyond the authority stipulated by the absentee in cases it is not clear whether the absentee is dead or alive.
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(管理人の担保提供及び報酬)
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(Provision of Security by and Remuneration for Administrator)
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第二十九条家庭裁判所は、管理人に財産の管理及び返還について相当の担保を立てさせることができる。
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Article 29(1)The family court may require an administrator to provide reasonable security with respect to the administration and return of the property.
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(失踪の宣告)
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(Adjudication of Disappearance)
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第三十条不在者の生死が七年間明らかでないときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人の請求により、失踪の宣告をすることができる。
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Article 30(1)If it is not clear whether the absentee is dead or alive for 7 years, the family court may make the adjudication of disappearance at the request of any interested person.
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(2)The procedure of the preceding paragraph shall likewise apply with respect to any person who was engaged in any war zone, was aboard any vessel which later sank, or was otherwise exposed to any danger which could be the cause of death, if it is not clear whether such person is dead or alive for one year after the end of the war, after the sinking of the vessel, or after the termination of such other danger, as the case may be.
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(失踪の宣告の効力)
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(Effect of Adjudication of Disappearance)
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第三十一条前条第一項の規定により失踪の宣告を受けた者は同項の期間が満了した時に、同条第二項の規定により失踪の宣告を受けた者はその危難が去った時に、死亡したものとみなす。
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Article 31Any person who has become the subject of the adjudication of disappearance pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article is deemed to have died upon elapse of the period set forth in such paragraph, and a person who is the subject of the adjudication of disappearance pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of the same Article is deemed to have died upon the termination of such danger.
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(失踪の宣告の取消し)
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(Rescission of Adjudication of Disappearance)
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第三十二条失踪者が生存すること又は前条に規定する時と異なる時に死亡したことの証明があったときは、家庭裁判所は、本人又は利害関係人の請求により、失踪の宣告を取り消さなければならない。この場合において、その取消しは、失踪の宣告後その取消し前に善意でした行為の効力に影響を及ぼさない。
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Article 32(1)If there is any proof that an absentee is alive, or that he/she died at a time differing from that provided in the preceding Article, the family court must, at the request of the absentee himself/herself or any interested person, rescind the adjudication of disappearance. In such case, the rescission shall not affect the validity of any act which was performed without knowledge after the adjudication of disappearance but before the rescission thereof.
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第五節 同時死亡の推定
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Section 5 Presumption of Simultaneous Death
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第三章 法人
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Chapter III Juridical Persons
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第一節 法人の設立
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Section 1 Establishment of Juridical Persons
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(法人の成立)
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(Establishment of Juridical Person)
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第三十三条法人は、この法律その他の法律の規定によらなければ、成立しない。
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Article 33No juridical person can be formed unless it is formed pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Code or other laws.
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(公益法人の設立)
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(Establishment of Public Interest Corporation)
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第三十四条学術、技芸、慈善、祭祀、宗教その他の公益に関する社団又は財団であって、営利を目的としないものは、主務官庁の許可を得て、法人とすることができる。
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Article 34Any association or foundation relating to any academic activities, art, charity, worship, religion, or other public interest which is not for profit may be established as a juridical person with the permission of the competent government agency.
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(名称の使用制限)
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(Restrictions on Use of Name)
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第三十五条社団法人又は財団法人でない者は、その名称中に社団法人若しくは財団法人という文字又はこれらと誤認されるおそれのある文字を用いてはならない。
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Article 35Any person who is neither an incorporated association nor an incorporated foundation shall not use in its name the words "incorporated association" or "incorporated foundation", or other words which is likely to be mistaken for those words.
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(外国法人)
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(Foreign Juridical Person)
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第三十六条外国法人は、国、国の行政区画及び商事会社を除き、その成立を認許しない。ただし、法律又は条約の規定により認許された外国法人は、この限りでない。
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Article 36(1)With the exception of any state, any administrative division of any state, and any commercial corporation, no establishment of a foreign juridical person shall be approved; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to any foreign juridical person which is approved pursuant to the provisions of a law or treaty.
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(2)A foreign juridical person which is approved pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall possess the same private rights as may be possessed by the juridical person of the same kind which can be formed in Japan; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to any right which may not be enjoyed by a foreign national, or a right for which special provision is made in a law or treaty.
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(定款)
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(Articles of Incorporation)
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第三十七条社団法人を設立しようとする者は、定款を作成し、次に掲げる事項を記載しなければならない。
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Article 37Any person who intends to form an incorporated association must prepare the Articles of incorporation and specify the following matters:
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一目的
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(i)Purpose(s);
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二名称
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(ii)Name;
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三事務所の所在地
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(iii)Location of the office;
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四資産に関する規定
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(iv)Provisions regarding the asset;
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五理事の任免に関する規定
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(v)Provisions regarding the appointment and dismissal of directors; and
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六社員の資格の得喪に関する規定
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(vi)Provisions regarding the acquisition and loss of membership status.
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(定款の変更)
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(Change of Articles of Incorporation)
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第三十八条定款は、総社員の四分の三以上の同意があるときに限り、変更することができる。ただし、定款に別段の定めがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 38(1)The articles of incorporation may be changed only if the consent of three-quarters or more of all members is obtained; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where it is otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation.
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(寄附行為)
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(Act of Endowment)
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第三十九条財団法人を設立しようとする者は、その設立を目的とする寄附行為で、第三十七条第一号から第五号までに掲げる事項を定めなければならない。
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Article 39Any person who intends to form an incorporated foundation must provide for the matters set forth in items (i) to (v) inclusive of Article 37 in the act of endowment which is intended to form such foundation.
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(裁判所による名称等の定め)
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(Determination by Court of Name)
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第四十条財団法人を設立しようとする者が、その名称、事務所の所在地又は理事の任免の方法を定めないで死亡したときは、裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、これを定めなければならない。
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Article 40When the person who intends to form an incorporated foundation dies without determining the name, location of the office, and the procedure of the appointment or dismissal of directors of such foundation, the court must, at the request of the interested person or a public prosecutor, determine such matters.
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(贈与又は遺贈に関する規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions regarding Gifts and Bequests)
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第四十一条生前の処分で寄附行為をするときは、その性質に反しない限り、贈与に関する規定を準用する。
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Article 41(1)The provisions relating to gifts shall apply mutatis mutandis to acts of endowment in the form of inter vivos dispositions to the extent this is not inconsistent with the nature thereof.
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(寄附財産の帰属時期)
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(Time of Vesting of Endowed Property)
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第四十二条生前の処分で寄附行為をしたときは、寄附財産は、法人の設立の許可があった時から法人に帰属する。
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Article 42(1)If an act of endowment was in the form of an inter vivos disposition, the endowed property shall vest in the juridical person at the time permission is given for the establishment of such juridical person.
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(法人の能力)
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(Capacity of Juridical Person)
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第四十三条法人は、法令の規定に従い、定款又は寄附行為で定められた目的の範囲内において、権利を有し、義務を負う。
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Article 43A juridical person shall have rights and assume duties to the extent of the purpose provided in the applicable articles of incorporation or act of endowment subject to the applicable provisions of the laws and regulations.
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(法人の不法行為能力等)
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(Capacity of Juridical Person to Commit Tortious Acts)
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第四十四条法人は、理事その他の代理人がその職務を行うについて他人に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。
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Article 44(1)A juridical person shall be liable for damage caused to others by its directors or other agents during the course of the performance of their duties.
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(2)If any damages are inflicted to others due to any ultra vires act beyond the scope of the purpose(s) of the applicable juridical person, the member(s) and director(s) who consented to the resolution pertaining to such act and the director(s) or other agent(s) who executed such resolution shall be jointly and severally liable for such damages.
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(法人の設立の登記等)
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(Registration of Establishment of Juridical Person)
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第四十五条法人は、その設立の日から、主たる事務所の所在地においては二週間以内に、その他の事務所の所在地においては三週間以内に、登記をしなければならない。
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Article 45(1)A juridical person must complete its registration within two weeks from the day of its establishment at the location of its principal office, and within three weeks at any location of its other office.
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(設立の登記の登記事項及び変更の登記等)
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(Matters to be Registered upon Registration of Formation and Registration of Change)
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第四十六条法人の設立の登記において登記すべき事項は、次のとおりとする。
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Article 46(1)The following matters shall be registered upon registration of establishment of any juridical person:
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一目的
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(i)Purpose(s);
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二名称
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(ii)Name;
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三事務所の所在場所
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(iii)Location of the office;
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四設立の許可の年月日
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(iv)Date of the permission of the establishment;
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五存立時期を定めたときは、その時期
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(v)Term of existence, if such term is stipulated;
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六資産の総額
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(vi)Total amount of assets;
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七出資の方法を定めたときは、その方法
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(vii)Method of contribution, if such method is defined; and
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八理事の氏名及び住所
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(viii)Name and domicile of each director.
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(2)If there is any change in any matter listed in the respective items of the preceding paragraph, the registration of the change must be filed within two weeks at the location of its principal office, and within three weeks at any location of its other office. In each of the above cases, the change may not be asserted against a third party before its registration.
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(3)If there is any ruling for the provisional disposition which suspends the execution of the duties of any director, or appoints any person who executes such duties in place of a director, or if there is any ruling to change or rescind such provisional disposition, the registration of such fact must be made at the location of the principal office or other office. The provision of the second sentence of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to such case.
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(登記の期間)
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(Period for Registration)
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第四十七条第四十五条第一項及び前条の規定により登記すべき事項のうち官庁の許可を要するものの登記の期間については、その許可書が到達した日から起算する。
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Article 47The period for the registration of any matter to be registered pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 45 and the preceding Article which requires the permission of the government agency shall be calculated commencing from the day of the arrival of such permit.
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(事務所の移転の登記)
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(Registration of Relocation of Office)
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第四十八条法人が主たる事務所を移転したときは、二週間以内に、旧所在地においては移転の登記をし、新所在地においては第四十六条第一項各号に掲げる事項を登記しなければならない。
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Article 48(1)In cases a juridical person relocates its principal office, it must, within 2 weeks, register the fact of such relocation at the old location, and the matters listed in the respective items of paragraph (1) of Article 46 at the new location.
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(外国法人の登記)
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(Registration of Foreign Juridical Person)
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第四十九条第四十五条第三項、第四十六条及び前条の規定は、外国法人が日本に事務所を設ける場合について準用する。ただし、外国において生じた事項の登記の期間については、その通知が到達した日から起算する。
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Article 49(1)The provisions of paragraph (3) of Article 45, Article 46 and the preceding Article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where any foreign juridical person establishes an office in Japan; provided, however, that, the period of registration for any matter which takes place in any foreign state shall be calculated commencing from the day of the arrival of the notice thereof.
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(法人の住所)
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(Domicile of Juridical Person)
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第五十条法人の住所は、その主たる事務所の所在地にあるものとする。
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Article 50The domicile of a juridical person shall be at the location of its principal office.
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(財産目録及び社員名簿)
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(Inventory of Property and Directory of Members)
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第五十一条法人は、設立の時及び毎年一月から三月までの間に財産目録を作成し、常にこれをその主たる事務所に備え置かなければならない。ただし、特に事業年度を設けるものは、設立の時及び毎事業年度の終了の時に財産目録を作成しなければならない。
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Article 51(1)A juridical person must prepare its inventory of property at the time of its establishment, and at any time between January and March of each year, and must keep it at its principal office at all times; provided, however, that, in cases a juridical person establishes any specific fiscal year, it must prepare the inventory of property at the time of its establishment and at the end of its respective fiscal year.
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第二節 法人の管理
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Section 2 Management of Juridical Persons
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(理事)
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(Director)
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第五十二条法人には、一人又は数人の理事を置かなければならない。
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Article 52(1)A juridical person must have one or more director(s).
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(法人の代表)
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(Representative of Juridical Person)
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第五十三条理事は、法人のすべての事務について、法人を代表する。ただし、定款の規定又は寄附行為の趣旨に反することはできず、また、社団法人にあっては総会の決議に従わなければならない。
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Article 53The director(s) shall represent the juridical person with respect to any and all business of the juridical person; provided, however, that the director(s) may not act in contravention of the applicable provisions of the articles of incorporation or the purpose(s) of the act of endowment, and, in cases of an incorporated association, must comply with the applicable resolution of the general meeting.
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(理事の代理権の制限)
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(Limitation on Director's Authority of Representation)
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第五十四条理事の代理権に加えた制限は、善意の第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 54No limitation on a director's authority may be asserted against a third party without knowledge.
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(理事の代理行為の委任)
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(Delegation of Director's Authority)
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第五十五条理事は、定款、寄附行為又は総会の決議によって禁止されていないときに限り、特定の行為の代理を他人に委任することができる。
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Article 55A director may delegate his/her authority on a specific act to other person(s) only in cases such delegation is not prohibited by the applicable articles of incorporation, act of endowment, or resolution of the general meeting of the members.
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(仮理事)
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(Provisional Director)
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第五十六条理事が欠けた場合において、事務が遅滞することにより損害を生ずるおそれがあるときは、裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、仮理事を選任しなければならない。
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Article 56In cases there is any vacancy in the office of directors, if any damage is likely to occur due to the delay in the business, the court must, at the request of any interested person or a public prosecutor, appoint a provisional director.
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(利益相反行為)
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(Conflict of Interest)
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第五十七条法人と理事との利益が相反する事項については、理事は、代理権を有しない。この場合においては、裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求により、特別代理人を選任しなければならない。
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Article 57A director shall have no authority of representation as to any matter involving a conflict of interest between the juridical person and such director. In such case, the court must, at the request of any interested person or a public prosecutor, appoint a special agent.
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(監事)
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(Auditor-Secretary)
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第五十八条法人には、定款、寄附行為又は総会の決議で、一人又は数人の監事を置くことができる。
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Article 58A juridical person may appoint one or more auditor-secretary(ies) under the authority of the articles of incorporation, act of endowment or the resolution of the general meeting of the members.
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(監事の職務)
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(Duties of Auditor-Secretary)
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第五十九条監事の職務は、次のとおりとする。
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Article 59The duties of an auditor-secretary shall be:
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一法人の財産の状況を監査すること。
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(i)to audit the status of the property of the juridical person;
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二理事の業務の執行の状況を監査すること。
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(ii)to audit the status of the execution of the business by the director(s);
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三財産の状況又は業務の執行について、法令、定款若しくは寄附行為に違反し、又は著しく不当な事項があると認めるときは、総会又は主務官庁に報告をすること。
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(iii)to submit a report to the general meeting of the members or to the competent government agency when he/she finds any violation of the applicable laws and regulations, articles of incorporation or act of endowment, or any significant impropriety with respect to the status of the property or the execution of the business; and
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四前号の報告をするため必要があるときは、総会を招集すること。
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(iv)to convoke a general meeting of the members when it is necessary to submit the report set forth in the preceding item.
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(通常総会)
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(Ordinary General Meeting)
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第六十条社団法人の理事は、少なくとも毎年一回、社員の通常総会を開かなければならない。
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Article 60The director(s) of an incorporated association must convoke an ordinary general meeting of the members at least once a year.
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(臨時総会)
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(Extraordinary General Meeting)
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第六十一条社団法人の理事は、必要があると認めるときは、いつでも臨時総会を招集することができる。
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Article 61(1)The director(s) of an incorporated association may convoke an extraordinary general meeting of the members whenever directors find it necessary.
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(総会の招集)
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(Convocation of General Meeting)
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第六十二条総会の招集の通知は、会日より少なくとも五日前に、その会議の目的である事項を示し、定款で定めた方法に従ってしなければならない。
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Article 62The notice of the convocation of the general meeting must be given at least five days prior to the scheduled day of the meeting in the manner provided in the articles of incorporation by specifying the matter(s) which is/are the purpose(s) of the meeting.
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(社団法人の事務の執行)
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(Execution of Business of the Incorporated Association)
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第六十三条社団法人の事務は、定款で理事その他の役員に委任したものを除き、すべて総会の決議によって行う。
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Article 63The business of the incorporated association shall be carried out pursuant to the applicable resolution of the general meeting, except those delegated to the director(s) or other officer(s) by the articles of incorporation.
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(総会の決議事項)
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(Matters for Resolution of the General Meeting)
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第六十四条総会においては、第六十二条の規定によりあらかじめ通知をした事項についてのみ、決議をすることができる。ただし、定款に別段の定めがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 64The general meeting may adopt a resolution only with respect to any matter which is notified in advance pursuant to the provision of Article 62; provided, however, that, this shall not apply where the articles of incorporation provide otherwise.
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(社員の表決権)
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(Voting Right of Members)
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第六十五条各社員の表決権は、平等とする。
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Article 65(1)The vote of each member shall be of equal value.
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(表決権のない場合)
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(No Right to Vote)
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第六十六条社団法人と特定の社員との関係について議決をする場合には、その社員は、表決権を有しない。
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Article 66In cases any resolution is to be made with respect to the relationship between the incorporated association and any particular member, such member shall have no vote.
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(法人の業務の監督)
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(Supervision of Business of Juridical Person)
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第六十七条法人の業務は、主務官庁の監督に属する。
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Article 67(1)The business of a juridical person shall be subject to the supervision by the competent government agency.
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第三節 法人の解散
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Section 3 Dissolution of Juridical Person
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(法人の解散事由)
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(Causes of Dissolution of Juridical Person)
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第六十八条法人は、次に掲げる事由によって解散する。
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Article 68(1)A juridical person shall be dissolved because of:
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一定款又は寄附行為で定めた解散事由の発生
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(i)the occurrence of any cause of dissolution provided in the articles of incorporation or act of endowment, as the case may be;
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二法人の目的である事業の成功又はその成功の不能
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(ii)the successful consummation of the business which is the purpose of the juridical person, or the impossibility of such successful consummation;
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三破産手続開始の決定
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(iii)the ruling to commence bankruptcy procedures; or
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四設立の許可の取消し
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(iv)the rescission of the permission of the establishment.
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一総会の決議
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(i)the applicable resolution of the general meeting; or
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二社員が欠けたこと。
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(ii)the attrition of all members.
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(法人の解散の決議)
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(Resolution for Dissolution of Juridical Person)
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第六十九条社団法人は、総社員の四分の三以上の賛成がなければ、解散の決議をすることができない。ただし、定款に別段の定めがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 69An incorporated association may not adopt a resolution for dissolution without the affirmative votes of three-fourths or more of all the members; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where it is provided otherwise in the articles of incorporation.
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(法人についての破産手続の開始)
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(Commencement of Bankruptcy Procedures with respect to Juridical Person)
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第七十条法人がその債務につきその財産をもって完済することができなくなった場合には、裁判所は、理事若しくは債権者の申立てにより又は職権で、破産手続開始の決定をする。
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Article 70(1)In cases a juridical person is unable to pay its debts in full out of its property, the court shall, at the filing of any director or any obligee or by exercising its authority, provide the ruling to commence bankruptcy procedures.
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(法人の設立の許可の取消し)
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(Rescission of Permission of Establishment of Juridical Person)
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第七十一条法人がその目的以外の事業をし、又は設立の許可を得た条件若しくは主務官庁の監督上の命令に違反し、その他公益を害すべき行為をした場合において、他の方法により監督の目的を達することができないときは、主務官庁は、その許可を取り消すことができる。正当な事由なく引き続き三年以上事業をしないときも、同様とする。
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Article 71In cases a juridical person carries on any business which is outside the scope of its purpose(s), or violates any conditions on which it obtained the permission of the establishment or any supervisory order issued by the competent government agency, or otherwise commits any act which is to prejudice the public interest, if the purpose of supervision cannot be achieved by any other means, the competent government agency may rescind its permission. The same shall apply if the juridical person, without any justifiable reason, does not conduct any business for three consecutive years or more.
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(残余財産の帰属)
|
(Vesting of Residual Assets)
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第七十二条解散した法人の財産は、定款又は寄附行為で指定した者に帰属する。
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Article 72(1)The assets of a dissolved juridical person shall vest in the person who is designated in the articles of incorporation or act of endowment.
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(2)If the articles of incorporation or act of endowment does not designate any person with whom the right should be vested, or does not provide the manner to designate such person, the director(s) may, with the permission of the competent government agency, dispose of the assets of the relevant juridical person for any purpose which is similar to that of such juridical person; provided, however, that, in cases of an incorporated association, the resolution of the general meeting must be obtained.
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(清算法人)
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(Juridical Person under Liquidation)
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第七十三条解散した法人は、清算の目的の範囲内において、その清算の結了に至るまではなお存続するものとみなす。
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Article 73A dissolved juridical person is deemed to still continue to exist to the extent of the purpose of the liquidation until the conclusion of such liquidation.
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(清算人)
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(Liquidator)
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第七十四条法人が解散したときは、破産手続開始の決定による解散の場合を除き、理事がその清算人となる。ただし、定款若しくは寄附行為に別段の定めがあるとき、又は総会において理事以外の者を選任したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 74Except in cases of dissolution by the operation of the ruling to commence bankruptcy procedures, when a juridical person is dissolved, its director(s) shall become the liquidator(s); provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where an applicable provision of any articles of incorporation or act of endowment otherwise provides, or any person other than the director(s) has been appointed as the liquidator(s) in the general meeting.
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(裁判所による清算人の選任)
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(Appointment of Liquidator by Court)
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第七十五条前条の規定により清算人となる者がないとき、又は清算人が欠けたため損害を生ずるおそれがあるときは、裁判所は、利害関係人若しくは検察官の請求により又は職権で、清算人を選任することができる。
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Article 75If no liquidator is identified pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, or if any damage is likely to occur due to the vacancy in the office of a liquidator, the court may appoint a liquidator at the request of any interested person or a public prosecutor, or by exercising its authority.
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(清算人の解任)
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(Dismissal of Liquidator)
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第七十六条重要な事由があるときは、裁判所は、利害関係人若しくは検察官の請求により又は職権で、清算人を解任することができる。
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Article 76If there is any important reason for doing so, the court may dismiss a liquidator at the request of any interested person or a public prosecutor, or by exercising its authority.
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(清算人及び解散の登記及び届出)
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(Registration and Filing of Liquidators' Particulars and Dissolution)
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第七十七条清算人は、破産手続開始の決定及び設立の許可の取消しの場合を除き、解散後主たる事務所の所在地においては二週間以内に、その他の事務所の所在地においては三週間以内に、その氏名及び住所並びに解散の原因及び年月日の登記をし、かつ、これらの事項を主務官庁に届け出なければならない。
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Article 77(1)Except in cases of the ruling to commence bankruptcy procedures and the rescission of the permission of the establishment, the liquidator must register his/her name and domicile as well as the cause and the date of the dissolution within two weeks from the dissolution at the location of the principal office, and within three weeks from the dissolution at the location of its other office, and file such matter with the competent government agency.
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(2)A liquidator who has assumed his/her office during the course of the liquidation must register his/her name and domicile within two weeks from the assumption of his/her office at the location of the principal office, and within three weeks from the assumption of his/her office at the location of its other office, and file such matter with the competent government agency.
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(清算人の職務及び権限)
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(Duties and Authority of Liquidator)
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第七十八条清算人の職務は、次のとおりとする。
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Article 78(1)A liquidator shall have the duties to:
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一現務の結了
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(i)conclude the current business;
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二債権の取立て及び債務の弁済
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(ii)collect debts and perform obligations; and
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三残余財産の引渡し
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(iii)deliver the residual assets.
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(債権の申出の催告等)
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(Request for Filing of Claims)
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第七十九条清算人は、その就職の日から二箇月以内に、少なくとも三回の公告をもって、債権者に対し、一定の期間内にその債権の申出をすべき旨の催告をしなければならない。この場合において、その期間は、二箇月を下ることができない。
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Article 79(1)Within two months from the day when he/she takes office, the liquidator(s) must require the relevant obligees, by releasing a public notice on at least three occasions, to file their claims within a stated period, in which case such notice period may not be less than two months.
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(期間経過後の債権の申出)
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(Filing of Claim after Lapse of the Stated Period)
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第八十条前条第一項の期間の経過後に申出をした債権者は、法人の債務が完済された後まだ権利の帰属すべき者に引き渡されていない財産に対してのみ、請求をすることができる。
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Article 80Any obligee who submits its claim after the lapse of the period set forth in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article shall be entitled to make its claim only to the assets which, after all debts of the juridical person have been fully paid, is not yet delivered to the person with vested rights.
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(清算法人についての破産手続の開始)
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(Commencement of Bankruptcy Procedure with respect to Juridical Person under Liquidation)
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第八十一条清算中に法人の財産がその債務を完済するのに足りないことが明らかになったときは、清算人は、直ちに破産手続開始の申立てをし、その旨を公告しなければならない。
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Article 81(1)When it has become apparent during the liquidation procedure that the assets of the relevant juridical person is not sufficient to fully pay its debts, the liquidator must immediately file a petition for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures and make a public notice of such fact.
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(2)In cases any juridical person under the liquidation procedure has become subject to the ruling of the commencement of bankruptcy procedures, if the administration of the relevant procedure has been transferred to the trustee in bankruptcy, it is deemed that the liquidator has completed his/her duties.
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(裁判所による監督)
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(Supervision by the Court)
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第八十二条法人の解散及び清算は、裁判所の監督に属する。
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Article 82(1)The dissolution and liquidation of a juridical person shall be subject to the supervision of the court.
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(清算結了の届出)
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(Filing of Conclusion of Liquidation Procedure)
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第八十三条清算が結了したときは、清算人は、その旨を主務官庁に届け出なければならない。
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Article 83When any liquidation procedure has been concluded, the liquidator must file such fact with the competent government agency.
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第四節 補則
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Section 4 Supplementary Rules
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(主務官庁の権限の委任)
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(Delegation of Authorities of Competent Government agency)
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第八十四条この章に規定する主務官庁の権限は、政令で定めるところにより、その全部又は一部を国に所属する行政庁に委任することができる。
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Article 84The authorities of the competent government agency provided in this Chapter may be delegated, in whole or in part, to any government agency of the national government pursuant to the applicable cabinet order.
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(都道府県の執行機関による主務官庁の事務の処理)
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(Processing of the Business of the Competent Government agency by Executive Agency of Prefectural Government)
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第八十四条の二この章に規定する主務官庁の権限に属する事務は、政令で定めるところにより、都道府県の知事その他の執行機関(以下「都道府県の執行機関」という。)においてその全部又は一部を処理することとすることができる。
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Article 84-2(1)The execution of the authorities of the applicable competent government agency provided in this Chapter may be administered, in whole or in part, by the governor or other executive agency of the relevant prefectural government (hereinafter referred to as "prefectural executive agency") pursuant to the applicable cabinet order.
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(2)In the case set forth in the preceding paragraph, the applicable competent government agency may instruct the applicable prefectural executive agency with respect to the issuance of any order for supervisory purpose or the rescission of the permission of the establishment to the relevant juridical person pursuant to the applicable cabinet order.
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第五節 罰則
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Section 5 Penal Provisions
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一この章に規定する登記を怠ったとき。
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(i)fails to effect any registration provided in this Chapter;
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二第五十一条の規定に違反し、又は財産目録若しくは社員名簿に不正の記載をしたとき。
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(ii)violates the provision of Article 51, or makes any false entry in the inventory of property or directory of members;
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三第六十七条第三項又は第八十二条第二項の規定による主務官庁、その権限の委任を受けた国に所属する行政庁若しくはその権限に属する事務を処理する都道府県の執行機関又は裁判所の検査を妨げたとき。
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(iii)has obstructed any inspection by the competent government agency, any government agency of the national government to which the authorities of the competent government agency are delegated, or any prefectural executive agency which administers the execution of the authorities of the competent government agency, or the court pursuant to the provision of paragraph (3) of Article 67 or paragraph (2) of Article 82;
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四第六十七条第二項の規定による主務官庁又はその権限の委任を受けた国に所属する行政庁若しくはその権限に属する事務を処理する都道府県の執行機関の監督上の命令に違反したとき。
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(iv)violates any order for supervisory purpose issued by the competent government agency, any government agency of the national government to which the authorities of the competent government agency are delegated, or any prefectural executive agency which administers the execution of the authorities of the competent government agency pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of Article 67;
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五官庁、主務官庁の権限に属する事務を処理する都道府県の執行機関又は総会に対し、不実の申立てをし、又は事実を隠ぺいしたとき。
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(v)has made any misrepresentation to, or has concealed any fact from, any government agency, any prefectural executive agency which administers the execution of the authorities of the competent government agency, or the general meeting;
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六第七十条第二項又は第八十一条第一項の規定による破産手続開始の申立てを怠ったとき。
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(vi)fails to file a petition for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) of Article 70 or paragraph (1) of Article 81; or
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七第七十九条第一項又は第八十一条第一項の公告を怠り、又は不正の公告をしたとき。
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(vii)has failed to make the public notice required under paragraph (1) of Article 79 or paragraph (1) of Article 81, or has made any improper public notice.
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第四章 物
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Chapter IV Things
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(定義)
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(Definition)
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第八十五条この法律において「物」とは、有体物をいう。
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Article 85The term "Things" as used in this Code shall mean tangible thing.
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(不動産及び動産)
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(Real Estate and Movables)
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第八十六条土地及びその定着物は、不動産とする。
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Article 86(1)Land and any fixtures thereto are regarded as real estate.
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(主物及び従物)
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(Principal and Appurtenance)
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第八十七条物の所有者が、その物の常用に供するため、自己の所有に属する他の物をこれに附属させたときは、その附属させた物を従物とする。
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Article 87(1)If the owner of a Thing attaches to it any other Thing he/she owns to make other Thing available for the permanent use of the former Thing, such other Thing which was attached is regarded as appurtenance.
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(天然果実及び法定果実)
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(Natural Fruits and Legal Fruits)
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第八十八条物の用法に従い収取する産出物を天然果実とする。
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Article 88(1)Products which are obtained from the intended use of a Thing are regarded as Natural Fruits.
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(果実の帰属)
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(Vesting of Fruits)
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第八十九条天然果実は、その元物から分離する時に、これを収取する権利を有する者に帰属する。
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Article 89(1)Natural Fruits shall vest in the person who has the right to obtain them when they are severed from the origin.
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第五章 法律行為
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Chapter V Juristic Acts
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(公序良俗)
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(Public Policy)
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第九十条公の秩序又は善良の風俗に反する事項を目的とする法律行為は、無効とする。
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Article 90A juristic act with any purpose which is against public policy is void.
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(任意規定と異なる意思表示)
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(Manifestation of Intention Inconsistent with Default Rules)
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第九十一条法律行為の当事者が法令中の公の秩序に関しない規定と異なる意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
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Article 91If any party to a juristic act manifests any intention which is inconsistent with a provision in any laws and regulations not related to public policy, such intention shall prevail.
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(任意規定と異なる慣習)
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(Custom Inconsistent with Default Rules)
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第九十二条法令中の公の秩序に関しない規定と異なる慣習がある場合において、法律行為の当事者がその慣習による意思を有しているものと認められるときは、その慣習に従う。
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Article 92In cases there is any custom which is inconsistent with a provision in any law or regulation not related to public policy, if it is found that any party to a juristic act has the intention to abide by such custom, such custom shall prevail.
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第二節 意思表示
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Section 2 Manifestation of Intention
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(心裡留保)
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(Concealment of True Intention)
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第九十三条意思表示は、表意者がその真意ではないことを知ってしたときであっても、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。ただし、相手方が表意者の真意を知り、又は知ることができたときは、その意思表示は、無効とする。
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Article 93The validity of the manifestation of intention shall not be impaired even if the person who makes the manifestation knows that it does not reflect his/her true intention; provided, however, that, in cases the other party knew, or could have known, the true intention of the person who makes the manifestation, such manifestation of intention shall be void.
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(虚偽表示)
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(Fictitious Manifestation of Intention)
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第九十四条相手方と通じてした虚偽の意思表示は、無効とする。
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Article 94(1)Any fictitious manifestation of intention made in collusion with another party(ies) shall be void.
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(錯誤)
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(Mistake)
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第九十五条意思表示は、法律行為の要素に錯誤があったときは、無効とする。ただし、表意者に重大な過失があったときは、表意者は、自らその無効を主張することができない。
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Article 95Manifestation of intention has no effect when there is a mistake in any element of the juristic act in question; provided, however, that the person who made the manifestation of intention may not assert such nullity by himself/herself if he/she was grossly negligent.
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(詐欺又は強迫)
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(Fraud or Duress)
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第九十六条詐欺又は強迫による意思表示は、取り消すことができる。
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Article 96(1)Manifestation of intention which is induced by any fraud or duress may be rescinded.
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(隔地者に対する意思表示)
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(Manifestation of Intention to Person at a Distance)
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第九十七条隔地者に対する意思表示は、その通知が相手方に到達した時からその効力を生ずる。
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Article 97(1)Manifestation of intention to a person at a distance shall become effective at the time of the arrival of the notice to the other party.
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(公示による意思表示)
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(Manifestation of Intention by Public Notice)
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第九十八条意思表示は、表意者が相手方を知ることができず、又はその所在を知ることができないときは、公示の方法によってすることができる。
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Article 98(1)Manifestation of intention may be made by means of public notice if the person who makes the manifestation is unable to identify the other party or is unable to identify the whereabouts of the other party.
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2前項の公示は、公示送達に関する民事訴訟法(平成八年法律第百九号)の規定に従い、裁判所の掲示場に掲示し、かつ、その掲示があったことを官報に少なくとも一回掲載して行う。ただし、裁判所は、相当と認めるときは、官報への掲載に代えて、市役所、区役所、町村役場又はこれらに準ずる施設の掲示場に掲示すべきことを命ずることができる。
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(2)The public notice set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be effected by posting the notice at the posting area of the relevant court and publishing the fact of such posting in the Official Gazette at least once in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure (Act No. 109 of 1996) regarding the service of the public notice; provided, however, that the court may, if it finds it suitable, order to post the notice at a posting area of the city office, ward office, or town/village office or any facility equivalent to the above in lieu of the publication in the Official Gazette.
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(3)Manifestation of intention by means of public notice is deemed to have arrived at the other party upon elapse of two weeks after the day when the notice was last published in the Official Gazette, or the day on which any posting in lieu of such publication started, whichever comes first; provided, however, that the service of such notice shall not take effect if the person who makes the manifestation is negligent in not identifying the other party or not identifying the whereabouts of the other party.
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(4)The procedure regarding the public notice shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the summary court which has jurisdiction over the area where the person who makes the manifestation of intention has his/her domicile in cases he/she is unable to identify the other party, or over the area of the last known domicile of the other party in cases the whereabouts of the other party cannot be identified.
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(意思表示の受領能力)
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(Capacity to Receive the Manifestation of Intention)
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第九十八条の二意思表示の相手方がその意思表示を受けた時に未成年者又は成年被後見人であったときは、その意思表示をもってその相手方に対抗することができない。ただし、その法定代理人がその意思表示を知った後は、この限りでない。
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Article 98-2In cases the other party to the manifestation of intention is a minor or an adult ward at the time when the other party receives such manifestation of intention, the person who made the manifestation of intention may not assert his/her manifestation of intention against such other party; provided, however, that, this shall not apply after the statutory agent of such other party has acquired the knowledge of such manifestation of intention.
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第三節 代理
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Section 3 Agency
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(代理行為の要件及び効果)
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(Requirements and Effect of Act of Agent)
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第九十九条代理人がその権限内において本人のためにすることを示してした意思表示は、本人に対して直接にその効力を生ずる。
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Article 99(1)A manifestation of intention made by an agent representing that the same is made on behalf of the principal within the scope of the agent's authority binds the principal.
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(本人のためにすることを示さない意思表示)
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(Manifestation of Intention made with no Indication that it is made on behalf of the Principal)
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第百条代理人が本人のためにすることを示さないでした意思表示は、自己のためにしたものとみなす。ただし、相手方が、代理人が本人のためにすることを知り、又は知ることができたときは、前条第一項の規定を準用する。
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Article 100Any manifestation of intention made by an agent with no indication that it is made on behalf of the principal is deemed to have been made for the agent's own behalf; provided, however, that, in cases the other party knew, or could have known, that the agent is acting on behalf of the principal, the provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis.
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(代理行為の瑕疵)
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(Defect in Act of Agent)
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第百一条意思表示の効力が意思の不存在、詐欺、強迫又はある事情を知っていたこと若しくは知らなかったことにつき過失があったことによって影響を受けるべき場合には、その事実の有無は、代理人について決するものとする。
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Article 101(1)In cases the validity of a manifestation of intention should be affected by any absence of intention, any fraud, any duress, or any negligence in knowing or not knowing any particular circumstance, whether or not such fact existed shall be determined with reference to the agent.
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(2)In cases an agent is entrusted to perform any specific juristic act, if the agent performs such act in accordance with the instructions of the principal, the principal may not assert that the agent did not know a particular circumstance which the principal knew. The same shall apply to any circumstance which the principal did not know due to his/her negligence.
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(代理人の行為能力)
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(Agent's Capacity to Act)
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第百二条代理人は、行為能力者であることを要しない。
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Article 102An agent need not to be a person with the capacity to act.
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(権限の定めのない代理人の権限)
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(Authority of Agent with no Specified Authority)
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第百三条権限の定めのない代理人は、次に掲げる行為のみをする権限を有する。
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Article 103An agent who has no specified authority shall have the authority to do the following acts only:
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一保存行為
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(i)acts of preservation; and
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二代理の目的である物又は権利の性質を変えない範囲内において、その利用又は改良を目的とする行為
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(ii)acts which have the purpose of using or improving any Thing or right which is the subject of the agency to the extent such act does not change the nature of such property or right.
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(任意代理人による復代理人の選任)
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(Appointment of Sub-agent by Agent)
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第百四条委任による代理人は、本人の許諾を得たとき、又はやむを得ない事由があるときでなければ、復代理人を選任することができない。
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Article 104A privately appointed agent may not appoint its sub-agent unless the authorization of the principal is obtained or there is an unavoidable reason to do so.
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(復代理人を選任した代理人の責任)
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(Responsibility of Agent Who Appointed Sub-agent)
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第百五条代理人は、前条の規定により復代理人を選任したときは、その選任及び監督について、本人に対してその責任を負う。
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Article 105(1)If an agent appoints a sub-agent pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, it shall be responsible vis-a-vis the principal for the appointment and supervision of such sub-agent.
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(2)A privately appointed agent shall not assume the responsibility set forth in the preceding paragraph if it appointed the sub-agent in accordance with the nomination by the principal; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the agent knows that the sub-agent is unsuitable or untrustworthy, and fails to notify the principal thereof or to dismiss the sub-agent.
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(法定代理人による復代理人の選任)
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(Appointment of Sub-agent by Statutory Agent)
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第百六条法定代理人は、自己の責任で復代理人を選任することができる。この場合において、やむを得ない事由があるときは、前条第一項の責任のみを負う。
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Article 106A statutory agent may appoint a sub-agent on its own responsibility. In such case, if there is any unavoidable reason, it shall assume only the responsibility set forth in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.
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(復代理人の権限等)
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(Authority of Sub-agent)
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第百七条復代理人は、その権限内の行為について、本人を代表する。
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Article 107(1)A sub-agent shall represent the principal with respect to any act within the scope of its authority.
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(自己契約及び双方代理)
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(Self-Contract and Representation of both Parties)
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第百八条同一の法律行為については、相手方の代理人となり、又は当事者双方の代理人となることはできない。ただし、債務の履行及び本人があらかじめ許諾した行為については、この限りでない。
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Article 108An agent may not be the agent of the other party or the agent of both parties in the same juristic act; provided, however, that, this shall not apply where the act constitutes the performance of any obligation, or the act is authorized by the principal in advance.
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(代理権授与の表示による表見代理)
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(Apparent Authority due to Manifestation of Grant of Authority of Agency)
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第百九条第三者に対して他人に代理権を与えた旨を表示した者は、その代理権の範囲内においてその他人が第三者との間でした行為について、その責任を負う。ただし、第三者が、その他人が代理権を与えられていないことを知り、又は過失によって知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 109A person who manifested to a third party that he/she granted certain authority of agency to other person(s) shall be liable for any act performed by such other person(s) with third parties within the scope of such authority, unless such third parties knew, or were negligent in not knowing, that such other person(s) were not granted the authority of agency.
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(権限外の行為の表見代理)
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(Apparent Authority of Act Exceeding Authority)
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第百十条前条本文の規定は、代理人がその権限外の行為をした場合において、第三者が代理人の権限があると信ずべき正当な理由があるときについて準用する。
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Article 110The provision of the main clause of the preceding Article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case where an agent performs any act exceeding its authority and a third party has reasonable grounds for believing that the agent has the authority.
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(代理権の消滅事由)
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(Ground of Termination of Authority of Agency)
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第百十一条代理権は、次に掲げる事由によって消滅する。
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Article 111(1)The authority of agency shall be terminated upon:
|
一本人の死亡
|
(i)death of the principal; and
|
二代理人の死亡又は代理人が破産手続開始の決定若しくは後見開始の審判を受けたこと。
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(ii)death of the agent, or ruling of the commencement of bankruptcy procedures or ruling for commencement of guardianship against the agent.
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(代理権消滅後の表見代理)
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(Apparent Authority After Termination of Authority of Agency)
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第百十二条代理権の消滅は、善意の第三者に対抗することができない。ただし、第三者が過失によってその事実を知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 112Termination of the authority of agency may not be asserted vis-a-vis a third party without knowledge; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where such third party was negligent in not knowing such fact.
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(無権代理)
|
(Unauthorized Agency)
|
第百十三条代理権を有しない者が他人の代理人としてした契約は、本人がその追認をしなければ、本人に対してその効力を生じない。
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Article 113(1)Any contract concluded by a person who holds himself/herself out as an agent of others without authority of agency shall be void vis-a-vis the principal unless ratified by the principal.
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(無権代理の相手方の催告権)
|
(Right of Notice of Counterparty of Unauthorized Agency)
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第百十四条前条の場合において、相手方は、本人に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その期間内に追認をするかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、本人がその期間内に確答をしないときは、追認を拒絶したものとみなす。
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Article 114In the case referred to in the preceding Article, the counterparty may require the principal, by fixing a reasonable period of time, to make a definite answer on whether or not he/she will ratify within such period of time. In such case, if the principal fails to make any definite answer within such period, he/she is deemed to have refused to ratify.
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(無権代理の相手方の取消権)
|
(Right to Rescind of Counterparty of Unauthorized Agency)
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第百十五条代理権を有しない者がした契約は、本人が追認をしない間は、相手方が取り消すことができる。ただし、契約の時において代理権を有しないことを相手方が知っていたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 115A contract concluded by a person without any authority of agency may be rescinded by the counterparty until the principal ratifies it; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the counterparty knew at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the agent had no authority of agency.
|
(無権代理行為の追認)
|
(Ratification of Act of Unauthorized Agency)
|
第百十六条追認は、別段の意思表示がないときは、契約の時にさかのぼってその効力を生ずる。ただし、第三者の権利を害することはできない。
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Article 116Ratification shall be effective retroactively as of the time of the conclusion of the contract unless other intention is manifested; provided, however, that no right of a third party may be prejudiced.
|
(無権代理人の責任)
|
(Liability of Unauthorized Agent)
|
第百十七条他人の代理人として契約をした者は、自己の代理権を証明することができず、かつ、本人の追認を得ることができなかったときは、相手方の選択に従い、相手方に対して履行又は損害賠償の責任を負う。
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Article 117(1)A person who concluded a contract holding himself/herself out as an agent of another person shall be liable to the counterparty for the performance of the contract or damages as chosen by such counterparty if he/she is unable to prove his/her authority of agency nor obtain the ratification of the principal.
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(2)The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply if the counterparty knew, or was negligent in not knowing, that the person who concluded a contract holding himself/herself out as an agent of another person had no authority of agency, or if the person who concluded a contract holding himself/herself out as an agent of another person had no capacity to act.
|
|
(単独行為の無権代理)
|
(Unauthorized Agency in Unilateral Juristic Act)
|
第百十八条単独行為については、その行為の時において、相手方が、代理人と称する者が代理権を有しないで行為をすることに同意し、又はその代理権を争わなかったときに限り、第百十三条から前条までの規定を準用する。代理権を有しない者に対しその同意を得て単独行為をしたときも、同様とする。
|
Article 118With respect to a unilateral juristic act, the provisions of Articles 113 to the preceding Article inclusive shall apply mutatis mutandis only in cases the counterparty, at the time of such act, agrees that the person who holds himself/herself as an agent will act without authority of agency, or did not contest the authority of agency of such person. The above provisions shall also apply mutatis mutandis in cases any person performs a unilateral juristic act vis-a-vis any person without authority of agency with the consent of such person.
|
第四節 無効及び取消し
|
Section 4 Nullity and Rescission of Acts
|
(無効な行為の追認)
|
(Ratification of Acts which are Void)
|
第百十九条無効な行為は、追認によっても、その効力を生じない。ただし、当事者がその行為の無効であることを知って追認をしたときは、新たな行為をしたものとみなす。
|
Article 119An act which is void does not become effective by ratification; provided, however, that, if a party ratifies any act knowing that such act is void, it is deemed that he/she acted de novo.
|
(取消権者)
|
(Persons with the Right to Rescind Act)
|
第百二十条行為能力の制限によって取り消すことができる行為は、制限行為能力者又はその代理人、承継人若しくは同意をすることができる者に限り、取り消すことができる。
|
Article 120(1)An act which may be rescinded on the grounds of the limited capacity to act of the person who performed such act may be rescinded only by the person whose capacity to act is limited, or its agent, successor, or a person who has the authority to give consent.
|
(取消しの効果)
|
(Effect of Rescission)
|
第百二十一条取り消された行為は、初めから無効であったものとみなす。ただし、制限行為能力者は、その行為によって現に利益を受けている限度において、返還の義務を負う。
|
Article 121An act which is rescinded is deemed void ab initio; provided, however, that a person with limited capacity to act shall have the obligation to reimburse to the extent that he/she is actually enriched as a result of such act.
|
(取り消すことができる行為の追認)
|
(Ratification of Rescindable Acts)
|
第百二十二条取り消すことができる行為は、第百二十条に規定する者が追認したときは、以後、取り消すことができない。ただし、追認によって第三者の権利を害することはできない。
|
Article 122A rescindable act may not be rescinded from the time when the person set forth in Article 120 ratifies it; provided, however, that ratification may not prejudice the rights of third parties.
|
(取消し及び追認の方法)
|
(Method of Rescission and Ratification)
|
第百二十三条取り消すことができる行為の相手方が確定している場合には、その取消し又は追認は、相手方に対する意思表示によってする。
|
Article 123In cases the counterparty to a rescindable act is identified, the rescission or ratification of such act shall be made by the manifestation of intention to such counterparty.
|
(追認の要件)
|
(Requirements for Ratification)
|
第百二十四条追認は、取消しの原因となっていた状況が消滅した後にしなければ、その効力を生じない。
|
Article 124(1)A ratification shall not be effective unless it is made after the circumstance(s) that made the act rescindable ceases to exist.
|
(法定追認)
|
(Statutory Ratification)
|
第百二十五条前条の規定により追認をすることができる時以後に、取り消すことができる行為について次に掲げる事実があったときは、追認をしたものとみなす。ただし、異議をとどめたときは、この限りでない。
|
Article 125If, after the time when it has become possible to ratify an act pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, any of the following events occurs with respect to an act which is otherwise rescindable, it is deemed that ratification has been made, unless any objection is reserved:
|
一全部又は一部の履行
|
(i)performance of such act, in whole or in part;
|
二履行の請求
|
(ii)demand for the performance of such act;
|
三更改
|
(iii)novation of such act;
|
四担保の供与
|
(iv)provision of security;
|
五取り消すことができる行為によって取得した権利の全部又は一部の譲渡
|
(v)assignment, in whole or in part, of any right acquired as a result of such rescindable act; or
|
六強制執行
|
(vi)compulsory execution of such act.
|
(取消権の期間の制限)
|
(Limitation on Period of Right to Rescind)
|
第百二十六条取消権は、追認をすることができる時から五年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。行為の時から二十年を経過したときも、同様とする。
|
Article 126The right to rescind an act shall be extinguished by the operation of the prescription if it is not exercised within five years from the time when it becomes possible to ratify the act. The same shall apply when twenty years has elapsed from the time of the act.
|
第五節 条件及び期限
|
Section 5 Conditions and Time Limit
|
(条件が成就した場合の効果)
|
(Effect of Fulfillment of Conditions)
|
第百二十七条停止条件付法律行為は、停止条件が成就した時からその効力を生ずる。
|
Article 127(1)A juristic act which is subject to a condition precedent shall become effective upon fulfillment of the condition.
|
(条件の成否未定の間における相手方の利益の侵害の禁止)
|
(Prohibition of Infringement of Interest of Counterparty Pending Fulfillment of Conditions)
|
第百二十八条条件付法律行為の各当事者は、条件の成否が未定である間は、条件が成就した場合にその法律行為から生ずべき相手方の利益を害することができない。
|
Article 128Neither party to a juristic act which is subject to any condition may infringe the interests of the counterparty which should arise from such juristic act upon fulfillment of the condition while it is uncertain whether or not such condition has been fulfilled.
|
(条件の成否未定の間における権利の処分等)
|
(Disposition of Rights Pending Fulfillment of Conditions)
|
第百二十九条条件の成否が未定である間における当事者の権利義務は、一般の規定に従い、処分し、相続し、若しくは保存し、又はそのために担保を供することができる。
|
Article 129While it is uncertain whether or not a condition has been fulfilled, the rights and obligations of the party concerned may be disposed of, inherited or preserved, or any security may be provided therefor, in accordance with the usual provisions of the law.
|
(条件の成就の妨害)
|
(Prevention of Fulfillment of Conditions)
|
第百三十条条件が成就することによって不利益を受ける当事者が故意にその条件の成就を妨げたときは、相手方は、その条件が成就したものとみなすことができる。
|
Article 130In cases any party who will suffer any detriment as a result of the fulfillment of a condition intentionally prevents the fulfillment of such condition, the counterparty may deem that such condition has been fulfilled.
|
(既成条件)
|
(Fulfilled Conditions)
|
第百三十一条条件が法律行為の時に既に成就していた場合において、その条件が停止条件であるときはその法律行為は無条件とし、その条件が解除条件であるときはその法律行為は無効とする。
|
Article 131(1)In cases a certain condition is already fulfilled at the time of the performance of the applicable juristic act, if such condition is a condition precedent, such juristic act shall be unconditional, and if such condition is a condition subsequent, such juristic act shall be void.
|
(2)In cases it is already established conclusively at the time of the performance of the applicable juristic act that a certain condition will not be fulfilled, if such condition is a condition precedent, such juristic act shall be void, and if such condition is a condition subsequent, such juristic act shall be unconditional.
|
|
(不法条件)
|
(Unlawful Conditions)
|
第百三十二条不法な条件を付した法律行為は、無効とする。不法な行為をしないことを条件とするものも、同様とする。
|
Article 132Juristic act which is subject to an unlawful condition shall be void. The same shall apply to any act which is subject to the condition that an unlawful act not be performed.
|
(不能条件)
|
(Impossible Conditions)
|
第百三十三条不能の停止条件を付した法律行為は、無効とする。
|
Article 133(1)Juristic act subject to a condition precedent which is impossible shall be void.
|
(随意条件)
|
(Potestative Conditions)
|
第百三十四条停止条件付法律行為は、その条件が単に債務者の意思のみに係るときは、無効とする。
|
Article 134A juristic act which is subject to a condition precedent shall be void if the condition is dependent upon the will of the obligor.
|
(期限の到来の効果)
|
(Effect of Arrival of Assigned Time)
|
第百三十五条法律行為に始期を付したときは、その法律行為の履行は、期限が到来するまで、これを請求することができない。
|
Article 135(1)If time of commencement of validity is assigned to a juristic act, the performance of such juristic act may not be demanded before the arrival of such time.
|
(期限の利益及びその放棄)
|
(Benefit of Time and Its Waiver)
|
第百三十六条期限は、債務者の利益のために定めたものと推定する。
|
Article 136(1)It is presumed that a time specified is provided for the benefit of the obligor.
|
(期限の利益の喪失)
|
(Forfeiture of Benefit of Time)
|
第百三十七条次に掲げる場合には、債務者は、期限の利益を主張することができない。
|
Article 137The obligor may not assert the benefit of time if:
|
一債務者が破産手続開始の決定を受けたとき。
|
(i)the obligor has become subject to the ruling of the commencement of bankruptcy procedures;
|
二債務者が担保を滅失させ、損傷させ、又は減少させたとき。
|
(ii)the obligor has destroyed, damaged, or diminished the security; or
|
三債務者が担保を供する義務を負う場合において、これを供しないとき。
|
(iii)the obligor fails to provide security when it has the obligation to do so.
|
第六章 期間の計算
|
Chapter VI Calculation of Period
|
(期間の計算の通則)
|
(Common Rules on Calculation of Period)
|
第百三十八条期間の計算方法は、法令若しくは裁判上の命令に特別の定めがある場合又は法律行為に別段の定めがある場合を除き、この章の規定に従う。
|
Article 138The method of calculation of a period shall be subject to the provision of this Chapter unless otherwise provided in the laws and regulations or any judicial order, or unless the relevant juristic act otherwise specifies.
|
(期間の起算)
|
(Commencement of Period)
|
第百三十九条時間によって期間を定めたときは、その期間は、即時から起算する。
|
Article 139When a period is defined by the hour, the period commences immediately at the specified time.
|
(期間の満了)
|
(Expiration of Period)
|
第百四十一条前条の場合には、期間は、その末日の終了をもって満了する。
|
Article 141In the case referred to in the preceding Article, the period shall expire at the end of the last day of such period.
|
Article 142If the last day of a period falls on a Sunday, a holiday as provided in the Act on National Holidays (Act No. 178 of 1948), or any other holiday, only when it is customary not to do business on such day, the period shall expire on the immediately following day.
|
|
(暦による期間の計算)
|
(Calculation of Period with Reference to Calendar)
|
第百四十三条週、月又は年によって期間を定めたときは、その期間は、暦に従って計算する。
|
Article 143(1)When a period is defined by the week, month, or year, the period shall be calculated with reference to the calendar week, month, or year.
|
(2)When a period does not commence at the beginning of the week, month, or year, such period shall expire in the last week, month, or year on the day immediately preceding the day which corresponds to the commencement day; provided, however, that if the period is defined by the month or year and the last month does not contain the corresponding day, the period shall expire on the last day of such month.
|
|
第七章 時効
|
Chapter VII Prescription
|
第一節 総則
|
Section 1 General Provisions
|
(時効の効力)
|
(Effect of Prescription)
|
第百四十四条時効の効力は、その起算日にさかのぼる。
|
Article 144The prescription shall take effect retroactively as of the commencement day.
|
(時効の援用)
|
(Invocation of Prescription)
|
第百四十五条時効は、当事者が援用しなければ、裁判所がこれによって裁判をすることができない。
|
Article 145The court may not make a judgment relying on the prescription unless the party invokes it.
|
(時効の利益の放棄)
|
(Waiver of Benefits of Prescription)
|
第百四十六条時効の利益は、あらかじめ放棄することができない。
|
Article 146The benefits of the prescription may not be waived in advance.
|
(時効の中断事由)
|
(Ground of Interruption of Prescription)
|
第百四十七条時効は、次に掲げる事由によって中断する。
|
Article 147The prescription shall be nullified upon issuance of:
|
一請求
|
(i)any claim;
|
二差押え、仮差押え又は仮処分
|
(ii)any attachment, provisional seizure, or provisional disposition; or
|
三承認
|
(iii)any acknowledgment.
|
(時効の中断の効力が及ぶ者の範囲)
|
(Persons Affected by Interruption of Prescription)
|
第百四十八条前条の規定による時効の中断は、その中断の事由が生じた当事者及びその承継人の間においてのみ、その効力を有する。
|
Article 148The nullification of prescription pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article shall be effective solely among the parties with respect to whom the ground of such interruption arose, and their respective successors.
|
(裁判上の請求)
|
(Judicial Claims)
|
第百四十九条裁判上の請求は、訴えの却下又は取下げの場合には、時効の中断の効力を生じない。
|
Article 149A judicial claim shall not have the effect of interruption of the prescription in cases where the action is dismissed or withdrawn.
|
(支払督促)
|
(Demand for Payment)
|
第百五十条支払督促は、債権者が民事訴訟法第三百九十二条に規定する期間内に仮執行の宣言の申立てをしないことによりその効力を失うときは、時効の中断の効力を生じない。
|
Article 150A demand for payment shall not have the effect of interruption of the prescription in cases where it loses its effect because the obligee fails to file for the declaration of provisional execution within the period set forth in Article 392 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
|
(和解及び調停の申立て)
|
(Filing for Settlement and Conciliation)
|
Article 151The filing for settlement or the filing for conciliation under the Civil Conciliation Act (Act No. 222 of 1951) or Family Affairs Adjudication Act (Act No. 152 of 1947) shall not have the effect of interruption of the prescription in cases where, when the counterparty fails to appear in the court or when the settlement or conciliation is not satisfactorily concluded, the action is not brought within one month.
|
|
(破産手続参加等)
|
(Participation in Bankruptcy Procedures)
|
第百五十二条破産手続参加、再生手続参加又は更生手続参加は、債権者がその届出を取り下げ、又はその届出が却下されたときは、時効の中断の効力を生じない。
|
Article 152Participation in a bankruptcy procedures, participation in a rehabilitation procedures, or participation in a reorganization procedures shall not have the effect of interruption of the prescription when the obligee withdraws its filing, or its filing has been dismissed.
|
(催告)
|
(Demand)
|
Article 153A demand shall not have the effect of interruption of the prescription unless a judicial claim, filing for demand of payment, filing for settlement, filing for conciliation under the Civil Conciliation Act or Family Affairs Adjudication Act, participation in bankruptcy procedures, participation in a rehabilitation procedures, participation in a reorganization procedures, attachment, provisional seizure, or provisional disposition is commenced within six months.
|
|
(差押え、仮差押え及び仮処分)
|
(Attachment, Provisional Seizure, and Provisional Disposition)
|
第百五十四条差押え、仮差押え及び仮処分は、権利者の請求により又は法律の規定に従わないことにより取り消されたときは、時効の中断の効力を生じない。
|
Article 154An attachment, provisional seizure, and provisional disposition shall not have the effect of interruption of the prescription if it is avoided at the request of any rights holder, or for failure to comply with any provisions of the law.
|
(承認)
|
(Acknowledgment)
|
第百五十六条時効の中断の効力を生ずべき承認をするには、相手方の権利についての処分につき行為能力又は権限があることを要しない。
|
Article 156An acknowledgment which has the effect of interruption of the prescription shall not require the capacity to act or authority with respect to the disposition of the rights of the counterparty.
|
(中断後の時効の進行)
|
(Running of Prescription following Interruption)
|
第百五十七条中断した時効は、その中断の事由が終了した時から、新たにその進行を始める。
|
Article 157(1)A prescription which is interrupted shall resume running at the time the applicable grounds for suspension cease to exist.
|
(未成年者又は成年被後見人と時効の停止)
|
(Minor or Adult Ward and Suspension of Prescription)
|
第百五十八条時効の期間の満了前六箇月以内の間に未成年者又は成年被後見人に法定代理人がないときは、その未成年者若しくは成年被後見人が行為能力者となった時又は法定代理人が就職した時から六箇月を経過するまでの間は、その未成年者又は成年被後見人に対して、時効は、完成しない。
|
Article 158(1)If a minor or an adult ward, as the case may be, has no statutory agent during the period of six months preceding the expiration of period of the prescription, the prescription shall not be completed with respect to such minor or adult ward until six months elapse from the time when such minor or adult ward becomes a person with a capacity to act, or a statutory agent is appointed.
|
(2)In cases where a minor or an adult ward has any right vis-a-vis his/her father, mother, or guardian who manages his/her property, the prescription shall not be completed with respect to such right until six months elapse from the time when such minor or adult ward becomes a person with a capacity to act, or a succeeding statutory agent is appointed.
|
|
(夫婦間の権利の時効の停止)
|
(Suspension of Prescription of Rights Between Husband and Wife)
|
第百五十九条夫婦の一方が他の一方に対して有する権利については、婚姻の解消の時から六箇月を経過するまでの間は、時効は、完成しない。
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Article 159With respect to any right which either husband or wife has vis-a-vis the other spouse, the prescription shall not be completed until six months elapse from the time of the dissolution of the relevant marriage.
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(相続財産に関する時効の停止)
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(Suspension of Prescription Regarding Inherited Property)
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第百六十条相続財産に関しては、相続人が確定した時、管理人が選任された時又は破産手続開始の決定があった時から六箇月を経過するまでの間は、時効は、完成しない。
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Article 160With respect to any inherited property, the prescription shall not be completed until six months elapse from the time when the applicable heir is identified, the administrator is appointed, or the ruling of the commencement of bankruptcy procedures is made.
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(天災等による時効の停止)
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(Suspension of Prescription due to Natural Disaster)
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第百六十一条時効の期間の満了の時に当たり、天災その他避けることのできない事変のため時効を中断することができないときは、その障害が消滅した時から二週間を経過するまでの間は、時効は、完成しない。
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Article 161If the prescription may not be interrupted upon expiration of period of the prescription due to any natural disaster or other unavoidable contingency, the prescription shall not be completed until two weeks elapse from the time when such impediment has ceased to exist.
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第二節 取得時効
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Section 2 Acquisitive Prescription
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(所有権の取得時効)
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(Acquisitive Prescription of Ownership)
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第百六十二条二十年間、所有の意思をもって、平穏に、かつ、公然と他人の物を占有した者は、その所有権を取得する。
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Article 162(1)A person who possesses any property of another for 20 years peacefully and openly with an intention to own shall acquire the ownership thereof.
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(所有権以外の財産権の取得時効)
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(Acquisitive Prescription of Property Rights other than Ownership)
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第百六十三条所有権以外の財産権を、自己のためにする意思をもって、平穏に、かつ、公然と行使する者は、前条の区別に従い二十年又は十年を経過した後、その権利を取得する。
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Article 163A person who exercises any property right other than the ownership peacefully and openly with an intention to do so on his/her own behalf shall acquire such right after the elapse of 20 years or 10 years consistent with the distinction provided in the preceding Article.
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(占有の中止等による取得時効の中断)
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(Interruption of Acquisitive Prescription due to Discontinuation of Possession)
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第百六十四条第百六十二条の規定による時効は、占有者が任意にその占有を中止し、又は他人によってその占有を奪われたときは、中断する。
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Article 164The prescription pursuant to the provision of Article 162 shall be interrupted when the possessor discontinues the possession voluntarily, or he/she is deprived of his/her possession by others.
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第三節 消滅時効
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Section 3 Extinctive Prescription
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(消滅時効の進行等)
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(Running of Extinctive Prescription)
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第百六十六条消滅時効は、権利を行使することができる時から進行する。
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Article 166(1)The extinctive prescription commences to run when it has become possible to exercise the right.
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(2)The provision of the preceding paragraph shall not preclude the commencement of acquisitive prescription for the benefit of a third party who possesses any subject matter which is a right subject to the time of commencement or a right subject to a condition precedent, at the time of commencing such possession; provided, however, that the holder of the right may demand the possessor to give his/her acknowledgment at any time to interrupt the prescription.
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(債権等の消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription of Claim)
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第百六十七条債権は、十年間行使しないときは、消滅する。
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Article 167(1)A claim shall be extinguished if not exercised for ten years.
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(定期金債権の消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription of Periodic Payments)
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第百六十八条定期金の債権は、第一回の弁済期から二十年間行使しないときは、消滅する。最後の弁済期から十年間行使しないときも、同様とする。
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Article 168(1)A claim for periodic payments shall be extinguished if not exercised for twenty years after the first due date. The same shall apply if not exercised for ten years after the last due date.
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(定期給付債権の短期消滅時効)
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(Short-term Extinctive Prescription of Claim for Periodic Performance)
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第百六十九条年又はこれより短い時期によって定めた金銭その他の物の給付を目的とする債権は、五年間行使しないときは、消滅する。
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Article 169Any claim for the delivery of money or other Thing for periodic performance of one year or shorter shall be extinguished if not exercised for five years.
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(三年の短期消滅時効)
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(Short-term Extinctive Prescription of Three Years)
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第百七十条次に掲げる債権は、三年間行使しないときは、消滅する。ただし、第二号に掲げる債権の時効は、同号の工事が終了した時から起算する。
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Article 170The claims listed below shall be extinguished if not exercised for three years; provided, however, that the prescription of the claims listed in item (ii) shall commence upon completion of the work referred to in the same item:
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一医師、助産師又は薬剤師の診療、助産又は調剤に関する債権
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(i)any claim regarding a diagnosis, assistance in baby delivery, or the preparation of medicine by a doctor, delivery assistant, or pharmacist; or
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二工事の設計、施工又は監理を業とする者の工事に関する債権
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(ii)any claim, regarding the construction work, of a person engaged in design, execution, or supervision of the work.
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Article 171An attorney or a legal professional corporation, or a notary shall be relieved of their responsibility for any document received in connection with its/his/her service upon the elapse of three years after the termination of the relevant case with respect to an attorney or a legal professional corporation, and after the execution of his/her duties with respect to a notary.
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(二年の短期消滅時効)
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(Short-term Extinctive Prescription of Two Years)
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第百七十二条弁護士、弁護士法人又は公証人の職務に関する債権は、その原因となった事件が終了した時から二年間行使しないときは、消滅する。
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Article 172(1)Any claim regarding the duties of an attorney, a legal professional corporation, or a notary shall be extinguished if not exercised for two years after the close of the case which was the cause of such claim.
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一生産者、卸売商人又は小売商人が売却した産物又は商品の代価に係る債権
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(i)a claim pertaining to the price of any product or goods sold by a manufacturer, wholesale merchant, or retail merchant;
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二自己の技能を用い、注文を受けて、物を製作し又は自己の仕事場で他人のために仕事をすることを業とする者の仕事に関する債権
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(ii)a claim regarding the work of any person whose business is to manufacture any Thing or to perform the work in his/her own workplace for the benefit of others upon placement of an order using his/her own skill; and
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三学芸又は技能の教育を行う者が生徒の教育、衣食又は寄宿の代価について有する債権
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(iii)a claim possessed by any person who provides education in the arts and sciences, or technical skills, with respect to the price of the education, food and clothing and accommodation for students.
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(一年の短期消滅時効)
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(Short-term Extinctive Prescription of One Year)
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第百七十四条次に掲げる債権は、一年間行使しないときは、消滅する。
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Article 174The following claims shall be extinguished if not exercised for one year:
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一月又はこれより短い時期によって定めた使用人の給料に係る債権
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(i)a claim pertaining to the salary of an employee which is fixed by one month or any shorter period;
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二自己の労力の提供又は演芸を業とする者の報酬又はその供給した物の代価に係る債権
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(ii)a claim pertaining to the remuneration of any person whose business is to provide his/her own labor or entertainment, or the price of any Thing supplied by such person;
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三運送賃に係る債権
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(iii)a claim pertaining to freight for transportation;
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四旅館、料理店、飲食店、貸席又は娯楽場の宿泊料、飲食料、席料、入場料、消費物の代価又は立替金に係る債権
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(iv)a claim pertaining to room charges, food and beverage charges, admission fees, entrance fees, the price of goods consumed or monies to be reimbursed to any hotel, establishment providing food and beverages, seating hire facility, or place of amusement; and
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五動産の損料に係る債権
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(v)a claim pertaining to the rent for movables.
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(判決で確定した権利の消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription of Right Established in Judgment of Court)
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第百七十四条の二確定判決によって確定した権利については、十年より短い時効期間の定めがあるものであっても、その時効期間は、十年とする。裁判上の和解、調停その他確定判決と同一の効力を有するものによって確定した権利についても、同様とする。
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Article 174-2(1)The period of prescription of any right established in a unappealable judgment shall be ten years even if any period of prescription shorter than ten years is provided. The same shall apply to any right which is established in a settlement in a court proceeding or conciliation, or any other action which has the effect equivalent to that of the unappealable judgment.
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第二編 物権
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Part II Real Rights
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第一章 総則
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Chapter I General Provisions
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(物権の創設)
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(Establishment of Real Rights)
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第百七十五条物権は、この法律その他の法律に定めるもののほか、創設することができない。
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Article 175No real rights can be established other than those prescribed by laws including this Code.
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(物権の設定及び移転)
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(Creation and Transfer of Real Rights)
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第百七十六条物権の設定及び移転は、当事者の意思表示のみによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 176The creation and transfer of real rights shall take effect solely by the manifestations of intention of the relevant parties.
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(不動産に関する物権の変動の対抗要件)
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(Requirements of Perfection of Changes in Real Rights concerning Immovable properties)
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第百七十七条不動産に関する物権の得喪及び変更は、不動産登記法(平成十六年法律第百二十三号)その他の登記に関する法律の定めるところに従いその登記をしなければ、第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 177Acquisitions of, losses of and changes in real rights concerning immovable properties may not be asserted against third parties, unless the same are registered pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Real Estate Registration Act (Act No. 123 of 2004) and other laws regarding registration.
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(動産に関する物権の譲渡の対抗要件)
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(Requirements of Perfection of Transfer of Real Rights concerning Movables)
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第百七十八条動産に関する物権の譲渡は、その動産の引渡しがなければ、第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 178The transfers of real rights concerning movables may not be asserted against third party, unless the movables are delivered.
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(混同)
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(Confusion of Rights)
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第百七十九条同一物について所有権及び他の物権が同一人に帰属したときは、当該他の物権は、消滅する。ただし、その物又は当該他の物権が第三者の権利の目的であるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 179(1)If ownership and other real rights with respect to the same Thing have vested in the same person, such other real rights shall be extinguished; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to cases where that Thing is, or such other real rights are, the object of the rights of a third party.
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第二章 占有権
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Chapter II Possessory Rights
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第一節 占有権の取得
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Section 1 Acquisition of Possessory Rights
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(占有権の取得)
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(Acquisition of Possessory Rights)
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第百八十条占有権は、自己のためにする意思をもって物を所持することによって取得する。
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Article 180Possessory rights shall be acquired by holding Thing with an intention to do so on one's own behalf.
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(代理占有)
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(Possession by Agents)
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第百八十一条占有権は、代理人によって取得することができる。
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Article 181Possessory rights may be acquired by an agent.
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(現実の引渡し及び簡易の引渡し)
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(Actual Delivery and Summary Delivery)
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第百八十二条占有権の譲渡は、占有物の引渡しによってする。
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Article 182(1)The transfers of possessory rights shall be effected by the delivery of the Thing possessed.
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(占有改定)
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(Constructive Transfers)
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第百八十三条代理人が自己の占有物を以後本人のために占有する意思を表示したときは、本人は、これによって占有権を取得する。
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Article 183If an agent manifests an intention that The thing possessed by it shall thenceforward be possessed on behalf of its principal, the principal shall thereby acquire possessory rights.
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(指図による占有移転)
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(Transfers of Possession by Instructions)
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第百八十四条代理人によって占有をする場合において、本人がその代理人に対して以後第三者のためにその物を占有することを命じ、その第三者がこれを承諾したときは、その第三者は、占有権を取得する。
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Article 184In cases where a Thing is in an agent's possession, if the principal orders that agent to thenceforward possess that Thing on behalf of a third party, and such third party consents thereto, that third party shall acquire possessory rights.
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(占有の性質の変更)
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(Change in Nature of Possession)
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第百八十五条権原の性質上占有者に所有の意思がないものとされる場合には、その占有者が、自己に占有をさせた者に対して所有の意思があることを表示し、又は新たな権原により更に所有の意思をもって占有を始めるのでなければ、占有の性質は、変わらない。
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Article 185In cases where it is assumed, due to the nature of the title, that a possessor does not have the intention to own, the nature of the possessor's possession shall not change unless that possessor manifests to the person who made him/her possess the Thing that he/she has the intention of ownership, or commences possession under a new title with an intention to own from that time.
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(占有の態様等に関する推定)
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(Presumption regarding Nature of Possession)
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第百八十六条占有者は、所有の意思をもって、善意で、平穏に、かつ、公然と占有をするものと推定する。
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Article 186(1)It shall be presumed that a possessor possesses Thing with the intention to own, in good faith peacefully and in public.
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(占有の承継)
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(Succession to Possession)
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第百八十七条占有者の承継人は、その選択に従い、自己の占有のみを主張し、又は自己の占有に前の占有者の占有を併せて主張することができる。
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Article 187(1)A successor to a possessor may, at the option of the successor, assert either his/her possession only, or his/her possession together with that of the predecessor.
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第二節 占有権の効力
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Section 2 Effect of Possessory Rights
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(占有物について行使する権利の適法の推定)
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(Presumption of Lawfulness of Rights Exercised with respect to Possessed Thing)
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第百八十八条占有者が占有物について行使する権利は、適法に有するものと推定する。
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Article 188It shall be presumed that a possessor lawfully has the rights that a possessor exercises with respect to Thing in his/her possession.
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(善意の占有者による果実の取得等)
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(Acquisition of Fruits by Possessor in Good Faith)
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第百八十九条善意の占有者は、占有物から生ずる果実を取得する。
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Article 189(1)A possessor in good faith shall acquire fruits derived from Thing in his/her possession.
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(悪意の占有者による果実の返還等)
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(Return of Fruits by Possessors in bad faith)
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第百九十条悪意の占有者は、果実を返還し、かつ、既に消費し、過失によって損傷し、又は収取を怠った果実の代価を償還する義務を負う。
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Article 190(1)A possessor in bad faith shall be obligated to return fruits, and reimburse the price of fruits that he/she has already consumed, has damaged due to negligence or has failed to collect.
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(占有者による損害賠償)
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(Compensation for Damages by Possessors)
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第百九十一条占有物が占有者の責めに帰すべき事由によって滅失し、又は損傷したときは、その回復者に対し、悪意の占有者はその損害の全部の賠償をする義務を負い、善意の占有者はその滅失又は損傷によって現に利益を受けている限度において賠償をする義務を負う。ただし、所有の意思のない占有者は、善意であるときであっても、全部の賠償をしなければならない。
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Article 191If possessed Thing has suffered loss or damage due to reasons attributable to the possessor, a possessor in bad faith shall be liable to compensate the person recovering the loss for the entire loss, and a possessor in good faith shall be liable to compensate such person for the loss to the extent he/she is actually enriched as a result of such loss or damage; provided, however, that a possessor who does not have the intention of holding as owner must compensate the entire loss, even if he/she is in good faith.
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(即時取得)
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(Immediate Acquisition)
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第百九十二条取引行為によって、平穏に、かつ、公然と動産の占有を始めた者は、善意であり、かつ、過失がないときは、即時にその動産について行使する権利を取得する。
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Article 192A person who commences the possession of movables peacefully and openly by a transactional act acquires rights to exercise with respect to such movables immediately if he/she is in good faith and faultless.
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(盗品又は遺失物の回復)
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(Recovery of Stolen or Lost Goods)
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第百九十三条前条の場合において、占有物が盗品又は遺失物であるときは、被害者又は遺失者は、盗難又は遺失の時から二年間、占有者に対してその物の回復を請求することができる。
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Article 193In the cases provided for in the preceding Article, if the possessed Thing is lost or stolen goods, the victim or person who lost the Thing may demand the recovery of that Thing from the possessor within two years from the time of the loss or theft.
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(動物の占有による権利の取得)
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(Acquisition of Rights through Possession of Animals)
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第百九十五条家畜以外の動物で他人が飼育していたものを占有する者は、その占有の開始の時に善意であり、かつ、その動物が飼主の占有を離れた時から一箇月以内に飼主から回復の請求を受けなかったときは、その動物について行使する権利を取得する。
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Article 195A person who possesses a non-domestic animal bred by others acquires rights to exercise with respect to that animal if he/she was in good faith at the beginning of the possession, and if recovery is not demanded by the owner of the animal within one month of the time when that animal left the possession of its owner.
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(占有者による費用の償還請求)
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(Possessors' Claims for Reimbursement of Expenses)
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第百九十六条占有者が占有物を返還する場合には、その物の保存のために支出した金額その他の必要費を回復者から償還させることができる。ただし、占有者が果実を取得したときは、通常の必要費は、占有者の負担に帰する。
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Article 196(1)In cases where a possessor returns Thing in his/her possession, he/she may have the person recovering the Thing reimburse necessary expenses including amounts paid to preserve that Thing, provided, however, that, if the possessor has acquired fruits, ordinary necessary expenses shall be borne by the possessor.
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(2)With respect to beneficial expenses including amounts paid by a possessor to improve Thing in his/her possession, limited to cases where there is a current increase in value, the possessor may, at the choice of the person recovering the Thing, have the person recovering the Thing reimburse monies the possessor paid or the amount of the increased value; provided, however, that, with regard to a possessor in bad faith, the court may, at the request of the person recovering the Thing, grant a reasonable period for same.
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(占有の訴え)
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(Possessory Actions)
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第百九十七条占有者は、次条から第二百二条までの規定に従い、占有の訴えを提起することができる。他人のために占有をする者も、同様とする。
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Article 197A possessor may bring a possessory action in accordance with the provisions of the following Article through Article 202. The same shall apply to a person who takes possession on behalf of others.
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(占有保持の訴え)
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(Actions for Maintenance of Possession)
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第百九十八条占有者がその占有を妨害されたときは、占有保持の訴えにより、その妨害の停止及び損害の賠償を請求することができる。
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Article 198When a possessor is disturbed in his/her possession, he/she may claim for the discontinuation of the disturbance and compensation for damages by bringing an action for maintenance of possession.
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(占有保全の訴え)
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(Actions for Preservation of Possession)
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第百九十九条占有者がその占有を妨害されるおそれがあるときは、占有保全の訴えにより、その妨害の予防又は損害賠償の担保を請求することができる。
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Article 199When a possessor is likely to be disturbed of his/her possession, he/she may claim either for the prevention of the disturbance or for the submission of security for the compensation for damages by bringing an action for preservation of possession.
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(占有回収の訴え)
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(Actions for Recovery of Possession)
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第二百条占有者がその占有を奪われたときは、占有回収の訴えにより、その物の返還及び損害の賠償を請求することができる。
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Article 200(1)When a possessor is forcibly dispossessed, he/she may claim for the restoration of the Thing and compensation for damages by bringing an action for recovery of possession.
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(占有の訴えの提起期間)
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(Periods of Time for Bringing Possessory Actions)
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第二百一条占有保持の訴えは、妨害の存する間又はその消滅した後一年以内に提起しなければならない。ただし、工事により占有物に損害を生じた場合において、その工事に着手した時から一年を経過し、又はその工事が完成したときは、これを提起することができない。
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Article 201(1)Actions for maintenance of possession must be brought during the disturbance or within one year after the disturbance is extinguished; provided, however, that, in cases where possessed Thing is damaged due to construction, if one year has elapsed from the time when that construction started or if that construction has been completed, such action cannot be brought.
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(本権の訴えとの関係)
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(Relationship with Actions on Title)
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第二百二条占有の訴えは本権の訴えを妨げず、また、本権の訴えは占有の訴えを妨げない。
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Article 202(1)Possessory Actions do not preclude actions on title, and actions on title do not preclude possessory actions.
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第三節 占有権の消滅
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Section 3 Extinction of Possessory Rights
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(占有権の消滅事由)
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(Grounds for Extinction of Possessory Rights)
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第二百三条占有権は、占有者が占有の意思を放棄し、又は占有物の所持を失うことによって消滅する。ただし、占有者が占有回収の訴えを提起したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 203Possessory rights shall be extinguished when the possessor renounces his/her intention to possess, or loses possession of the possessed Thing; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the possessor brings an action for recovery of possession.
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(代理占有権の消滅事由)
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(Grounds for Extinction of Agent's Possessory Rights)
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第二百四条代理人によって占有をする場合には、占有権は、次に掲げる事由によって消滅する。
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Article 204(1)In cases where a person possesses a Thing through an agent, possessory rights shall be extinguished on the grounds listed below:
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一本人が代理人に占有をさせる意思を放棄したこと。
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(i)That the principal renounces his/her intention to have his/her agent possess;
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二代理人が本人に対して以後自己又は第三者のために占有物を所持する意思を表示したこと。
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(ii)That the agent manifests his/her intention to the principal to thenceforward possess the possessed Thing on behalf of himself/herself or a third party; or
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三代理人が占有物の所持を失ったこと。
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(iii)That the agent has lost the direct control over the possessed Thing.
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第四節 準占有
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Section 4 Quasi-Possession
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第三章 所有権
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Chapter III Ownership
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第一節 所有権の限界
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Section 1 Extent of Ownership
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第一款 所有権の内容及び範囲
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Subsection 1 Content and Scope of Ownership
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(所有権の内容)
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(Content of Ownership)
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第二百六条所有者は、法令の制限内において、自由にその所有物の使用、収益及び処分をする権利を有する。
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Article 206An owner has the rights to freely use, obtain profit from and dispose of the Thing owned, subject to the restrictions prescribed by laws and regulations.
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(土地所有権の範囲)
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(Scope of Ownership in Land)
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第二百七条土地の所有権は、法令の制限内において、その土地の上下に及ぶ。
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Article 207Ownership in land shall extend to above and below the surface of the land, subject to the restrictions prescribed by laws and regulations.
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第二款 相隣関係
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Subsection 2 Neighboring Relationships
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(隣地の使用請求)
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(Requests for Use of Neighboring Land)
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第二百九条土地の所有者は、境界又はその付近において障壁又は建物を築造し又は修繕するため必要な範囲内で、隣地の使用を請求することができる。ただし、隣人の承諾がなければ、その住家に立ち入ることはできない。
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Article 209(1)An owner of land may request the use of the neighboring land to the extent necessary for constructing or repairing walls or buildings on or in the vicinity of the boundary; provided, however, that he/she may not enter the dwelling house of the neighbor without the approval of the same.
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(公道に至るための他の土地の通行権)
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(Right of Passage over Other Land for Access to Public Roads)
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第二百十条他の土地に囲まれて公道に通じない土地の所有者は、公道に至るため、その土地を囲んでいる他の土地を通行することができる。
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Article 210(1)An owner of land that is surrounded by other land and has no access to public roads may pass through the other land that surrounds his/her land to reach the public roads.
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Article 212A person who is entitled to the right of passage pursuant to the provisions of Article 210 must pay compensation for damage caused to the other land that he/she passes through; provided, however, that, except for damage arising from the construction of a road, compensation may be paid on an annual basis.
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(自然水流に対する妨害の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Obstruction of Natural Water Streams)
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第二百十四条土地の所有者は、隣地から水が自然に流れて来るのを妨げてはならない。
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Article 214A landowner may not interfere with a natural water stream flowing from neighboring land.
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(水流の障害の除去)
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(Removal of Barriers to Water Streams)
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第二百十五条水流が天災その他避けることのできない事変により低地において閉塞したときは、高地の所有者は、自己の費用で、水流の障害を除去するため必要な工事をすることができる。
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Article 215If a stream is blocked at low-lying ground due to a natural disaster or other unavoidable event, an owner of higher ground may carry out construction work necessary to remove the barrier to the stream at his/her own expense.
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(水流に関する工作物の修繕等)
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(Repairs of Structures related to Streams)
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第二百十六条他の土地に貯水、排水又は引水のために設けられた工作物の破壊又は閉塞により、自己の土地に損害が及び、又は及ぶおそれがある場合には、その土地の所有者は、当該他の土地の所有者に、工作物の修繕若しくは障害の除去をさせ、又は必要があるときは予防工事をさせることができる。
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Article 216If land suffers, or is likely to suffer, damage due to destruction or blockage of a structure installed on other land to store, discharge or draw water, the owner of that land may have the owners of such other lands repair the structure or remove the barriers, or, if necessary, have the same carry out preventive construction work.
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(費用の負担についての慣習)
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(Customs with respect to Allocation of Expenses)
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第二百十七条前二条の場合において、費用の負担について別段の慣習があるときは、その慣習に従う。
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Article 217In the cases provided for in the preceding two Articles, if there are other customs with respect to the allocation of expenses, those customs shall prevail.
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(雨水を隣地に注ぐ工作物の設置の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Installation of Structures that Discharge Rainwater to Neighboring Lands)
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第二百十八条土地の所有者は、直接に雨水を隣地に注ぐ構造の屋根その他の工作物を設けてはならない。
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Article 218A landowner may not install any structure including a roof that discharges rainwater directly onto neighboring land.
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(水流の変更)
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(Changes to Streams)
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第二百十九条溝、堀その他の水流地の所有者は、対岸の土地が他人の所有に属するときは、その水路又は幅員を変更してはならない。
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Article 219(1)An owner of land containing a stream including a channel or moat may not change the course or width of the same if the land on the other side is owned by others.
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(排水のための低地の通水)
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(Running Water through Lower Ground for Discharge)
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第二百二十条高地の所有者は、その高地が浸水した場合にこれを乾かすため、又は自家用若しくは農工業用の余水を排出するため、公の水流又は下水道に至るまで、低地に水を通過させることができる。この場合においては、低地のために損害が最も少ない場所及び方法を選ばなければならない。
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Article 220An owner of a higher ground may run water through lower grounds to dry out his/her higher ground in cases where that land is flooded, or to discharge surplus water for household or agricultural or industrial use until the water meets a public stream or sewage system. In such cases, the location and method that cause the least damage to the lower ground must be selected.
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(通水用工作物の使用)
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(Use of Structures to Direct Water)
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第二百二十一条土地の所有者は、その所有地の水を通過させるため、高地又は低地の所有者が設けた工作物を使用することができる。
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Article 221(1)A landowner may use structures established by owners of higher ground or lower ground in order to cause water from his/her land to pass through the same.
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(堰の設置及び使用)
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(Construction and Use of Dams)
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第二百二十二条水流地の所有者は、堰を設ける必要がある場合には、対岸の土地が他人の所有に属するときであっても、その堰を対岸に付着させて設けることができる。ただし、これによって生じた損害に対して償金を支払わなければならない。
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Article 222(1)If the owner of land containing a stream needs to construct a dam, he/she may construct that dam by fixing it to the other side even if the land on the other side is owned by others; provided, however, that he/she must pay compensation for damages arising as a result.
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(境界標の設置)
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(Installation of Boundary Markers)
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第二百二十三条土地の所有者は、隣地の所有者と共同の費用で、境界標を設けることができる。
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Article 223A landowner may install boundary markers, sharing the expenses with the owner of the neighboring land.
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(境界標の設置及び保存の費用)
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(Expenses of Installation and Preservation of Boundary Markers)
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第二百二十四条境界標の設置及び保存の費用は、相隣者が等しい割合で負担する。ただし、測量の費用は、その土地の広狭に応じて分担する。
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Article 224The expenses of installation and preservation of boundary markers shall be borne equally by neighbors; provided, however, that measuring expenses shall be borne in proportion to the sizes of the relevant land parcels.
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(囲障の設置)
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(Installation of Fences)
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第二百二十五条二棟の建物がその所有者を異にし、かつ、その間に空地があるときは、各所有者は、他の所有者と共同の費用で、その境界に囲障を設けることができる。
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Article 225(1)If two buildings are owned by different owners and there is an open lot between them, each owner may install a fence on the boundary, sharing the expenses with the other owner.
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(囲障の設置及び保存の費用)
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(Expenses of Installation and Preservation of Fences)
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第二百二十六条前条の囲障の設置及び保存の費用は、相隣者が等しい割合で負担する。
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Article 226The expenses of installation and preservation of the fences under the preceding Article shall be borne equally by the neighbors.
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(相隣者の一人による囲障の設置)
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(Installation of Fences by One of Neighbors)
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第二百二十七条相隣者の一人は、第二百二十五条第二項に規定する材料より良好なものを用い、又は同項に規定する高さを増して囲障を設けることができる。ただし、これによって生ずる費用の増加額を負担しなければならない。
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Article 227One of neighboring owners may install a fence using materials better than those provided for in paragraph (2) of Article 225 or elevating the height provided for under the same paragraph; provided, however, that he/she must bear the increase in expenses arising as a result of the same.
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(囲障の設置等に関する慣習)
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(Customs relating to Installation of Fences)
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第二百二十八条前三条の規定と異なる慣習があるときは、その慣習に従う。
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Article 228If there are customs that differ from the provisions of the preceding three Articles, those customs shall prevail.
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(境界標等の共有の推定)
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(Presumption of Co-ownership of Boundary Markers)
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第二百二十九条境界線上に設けた境界標、囲障、障壁、溝及び堀は、相隣者の共有に属するものと推定する。
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Article 229Boundary markers, fences, walls, channels and moats installed on boundary lines shall be presumed to be co-owned by the neighbors.
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(2)If the height of a wall that separates two neighboring buildings of different heights is higher than the height of the lower building, the preceding paragraph shall likewise apply with respect to such portion of that wall that is higher than the lower building; provided, however, that this shall not apply to fire walls.
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(共有の障壁の高さを増す工事)
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(Construction Work raising Height of Co-owned Walls)
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第二百三十一条相隣者の一人は、共有の障壁の高さを増すことができる。ただし、その障壁がその工事に耐えないときは、自己の費用で、必要な工作を加え、又はその障壁を改築しなければならない。
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Article 231(1)One of neighboring owners may raise the height of a co-owned wall; provided, however, that, if the wall cannot withstand the construction work, he/she must reinforce that wall as necessary or rebuild the same.
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(竹木の枝の切除及び根の切取り)
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(Cutting of Branches and Roots of Trees and Bamboo)
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第二百三十三条隣地の竹木の枝が境界線を越えるときは、その竹木の所有者に、その枝を切除させることができる。
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Article 233(1)If a tree or bamboo branch from neighboring land crosses a boundary line, the landowner may have the owner of that tree or bamboo sever that branch.
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(境界線付近の建築の制限)
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(Restrictions on Buildings near Boundary Lines)
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第二百三十四条建物を築造するには、境界線から五十センチメートル以上の距離を保たなければならない。
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Article 234(1)In order to construct a building, the building must be distanced 50 centimeters or more away from the boundary line.
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(2)If a person attempts to construct a building in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the owner of the neighboring land may have construction suspended or changed; provided, however, that, if one year has lapsed from the time when such construction started or if that building has been completed, the owner may only claim damages.
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(境界線付近の建築に関する慣習)
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(Customs relating to Construction near Boundary Lines)
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第二百三十六条前二条の規定と異なる慣習があるときは、その慣習に従う。
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Article 236If there are customs that differ from the provisions of the preceding two Articles, those customs shall prevail.
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(境界線付近の掘削の制限)
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(Restrictions on Digging near Boundary Lines)
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第二百三十七条井戸、用水だめ、下水だめ又は肥料だめを掘るには境界線から二メートル以上、池、穴蔵又はし尿だめを掘るには境界線から一メートル以上の距離を保たなければならない。
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Article 237(1)In order to dig a well, service water pit, sewage pit or compost pit, the same must be distanced two or more meters from the boundary line, and in order to dig a pond, cellar or urine pit, the same must be distanced one or more meters from the boundary line.
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(境界線付近の掘削に関する注意義務)
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(Duty of Care regarding Digging near Boundary Lines)
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第二百三十八条境界線の付近において前条の工事をするときは、土砂の崩壊又は水若しくは汚液の漏出を防ぐため必要な注意をしなければならない。
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Article 238When construction under the preceding Article is to be carried out near a boundary line, necessary care must be taken to ensure the prevention of earth collapses or leakages of water or contaminated liquids.
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第二節 所有権の取得
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Section 2 Acquisition of Ownership
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(無主物の帰属)
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(Ownership in Ownerless Thing)
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第二百三十九条所有者のない動産は、所有の意思をもって占有することによって、その所有権を取得する。
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Article 239(1)Ownership of movables without an owner shall be acquired by possessing the same with the intention to own.
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(遺失物の拾得)
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(Finding of Lost Property)
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第二百四十条遺失物は、遺失物法(平成十八年法律第七十三号)の定めるところに従い公告をした後三箇月以内にその所有者が判明しないときは、これを拾得した者がその所有権を取得する。
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Article 240If the owner of lost property is not identified within three months of the time when public notice thereof is effected as prescribed by the Lost Property Act (Act No. 73 of 2006), the person who found the lost property shall acquire ownership in the same.
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(埋蔵物の発見)
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(Discovery of Hidden Treasure)
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第二百四十一条埋蔵物は、遺失物法の定めるところに従い公告をした後六箇月以内にその所有者が判明しないときは、これを発見した者がその所有権を取得する。ただし、他人の所有する物の中から発見された埋蔵物については、これを発見した者及びその他人が等しい割合でその所有権を取得する。
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Article 241If the owner of hidden treasure is not identified within six months of the time when public notice thereof is effected as prescribed by the Lost Property Act, the finder shall acquire ownership in the same; provided, however, that, with respect to hidden treasure discovered in a Thing belonging to other person, the finder and such other person shall acquire equally proportionate ownership in the same.
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(不動産の付合)
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(Accession to Real Estate)
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第二百四十二条不動産の所有者は、その不動産に従として付合した物の所有権を取得する。ただし、権原によってその物を附属させた他人の権利を妨げない。
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Article 242The owner of real estate shall acquire ownership in a Thing that has been attached thereto as its accessory; provided, however, that the rights of the other person who attached such Thing by virtue of his/her title shall not be precluded.
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(動産の付合)
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(Accession to Movables)
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第二百四十三条所有者を異にする数個の動産が、付合により、損傷しなければ分離することができなくなったときは、その合成物の所有権は、主たる動産の所有者に帰属する。分離するのに過分の費用を要するときも、同様とする。
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Article 243If two or more movables with different owners are so joined to each other that they can no longer be separated without damaging the same, ownership of the composite Thing shall vest in the owner of the principal movables. The same shall apply if excessive expense would be required to separate the same.
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(混和)
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(Mixture)
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第二百四十五条前二条の規定は、所有者を異にする物が混和して識別することができなくなった場合について準用する。
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Article 245The provisions of the preceding two Articles shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases where the Things of different owners are mixed together and can no longer be distinguished.
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(加工)
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(Processing)
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第二百四十六条他人の動産に工作を加えた者(以下この条において「加工者」という。)があるときは、その加工物の所有権は、材料の所有者に帰属する。ただし、工作によって生じた価格が材料の価格を著しく超えるときは、加工者がその加工物の所有権を取得する。
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Article 246(1)If a person (hereinafter in this Article referred to as "Processor") contributes work to the movables of others, ownership of the Thing so worked up shall vest in the owner of the materials; provided, however, that, if the value derived from the work significantly exceeds the value of the materials, the Processor shall acquire ownership in the processed Thing.
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(2)In the cases provided for in the preceding paragraph, if the Processor supplies a portion of the materials, the Processor shall acquire ownership in the processed Thing, limited to if the value of such supplied materials plus the value derived from the work exceeds the value of the materials of others.
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(付合、混和又は加工の効果)
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(Effect of Accession, Mixture or Processing)
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第二百四十七条第二百四十二条から前条までの規定により物の所有権が消滅したときは、その物について存する他の権利も、消滅する。
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Article 247(1)If the ownership of a Thing is extinguished in accordance with the provisions of Article 242 through the preceding Article, other rights in existence in relation to such Thing shall also be extinguished.
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(2)In the cases provided for in the preceding paragraph, if the owner of a Thing has become the sole owner of the Thing formed by accession, mixture or processing (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as "composite Thing"), other rights in existence in relation to such Thing shall thereafter exist in relation to the composite Thing, and if the owner of the Thing becomes a co-owner of the composite Thing, other rights in existence in relation to such Thing shall thereafter exist in relation to his/her share in the same.
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(付合、混和又は加工に伴う償金の請求)
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(Demands for Compensation in conjunction with Accession, Mixture or Processing)
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第二百四十八条第二百四十二条から前条までの規定の適用によって損失を受けた者は、第七百三条及び第七百四条の規定に従い、その償金を請求することができる。
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Article 248A person who suffers loss because of the application of the provisions of Article 242 through the preceding Article may demand compensation in accordance with the provisions of Article 703 and Article 704.
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第三節 共有
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Section 3 Co-Ownership
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(共有物の使用)
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(Use of property in co-ownership )
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第二百四十九条各共有者は、共有物の全部について、その持分に応じた使用をすることができる。
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Article 249Each co-owner may use the entire property in co-ownership in proportion to his/her share.
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(共有持分の割合の推定)
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(Presumption of Proportion of Co-owner's Shares)
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第二百五十条各共有者の持分は、相等しいものと推定する。
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Article 250Each co-owner's share shall be presumed to be equal.
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(共有物の変更)
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(Changes to Co-owned Thing)
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第二百五十一条各共有者は、他の共有者の同意を得なければ、共有物に変更を加えることができない。
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Article 251No co-owner may make any alteration to the property in co-ownership without the consent of the other co-owners.
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(共有物の管理)
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(Management of Co-owned Thing)
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第二百五十二条共有物の管理に関する事項は、前条の場合を除き、各共有者の持分の価格に従い、その過半数で決する。ただし、保存行為は、各共有者がすることができる。
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Article 252Matters regarding the management of property in co-ownership shall be determined by a majority of the value of the shares of the co-owners, except for cases provided for in the preceding paragraph; provided, however, that any co-owner may carry out acts of preservation.
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(共有物に関する負担)
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(Obligations to bear Burdens regarding property in co-ownership)
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第二百五十三条各共有者は、その持分に応じ、管理の費用を支払い、その他共有物に関する負担を負う。
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Article 253(1)Each co-owner shall pay the expenses of management and otherwise bear burdens regarding the property in co-ownership, in proportion to his/her share.
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(共有物についての債権)
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(Claims on property in co-ownership)
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第二百五十四条共有者の一人が共有物について他の共有者に対して有する債権は、その特定承継人に対しても行使することができる。
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Article 254A claim that one of co-owners holds against other co-owners with respect to the property in co-ownership may be exercised against their specific successors.
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(持分の放棄及び共有者の死亡)
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(Renunciation of Shares and Death of Co-owners)
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第二百五十五条共有者の一人が、その持分を放棄したとき、又は死亡して相続人がないときは、その持分は、他の共有者に帰属する。
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Article 255If one of co-owners renounces his/her share or dies without an heir, his/her share shall vest in other co-owners.
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(共有物の分割請求)
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(Demands for Partition of property in co-ownership)
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第二百五十六条各共有者は、いつでも共有物の分割を請求することができる。ただし、五年を超えない期間内は分割をしない旨の契約をすることを妨げない。
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Article 256(1)Each co-owner may demand the partition of property in co-ownership at any time; provided, however, that this shall not preclude concluding a contract to the effect that a partition will not occur for a period within five years.
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(裁判による共有物の分割)
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(Partition of property in co-ownership by Judgment)
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第二百五十八条共有物の分割について共有者間に協議が調わないときは、その分割を裁判所に請求することができる。
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Article 258(1)If no agreement is reached among co-owners with respect to the partition of property in co-ownership, a demand for partition of the same may be submitted to the court.
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(共有に関する債権の弁済)
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(Performance of Obligations regarding Co-ownership)
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第二百五十九条共有者の一人が他の共有者に対して共有に関する債権を有するときは、分割に際し、債務者に帰属すべき共有物の部分をもって、その弁済に充てることができる。
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Article 259(1)If one of the co-owners holds a claim regarding co-ownership against other co-owners, upon partition, the portion of the property in co-ownership that vests in the obligors may be appropriated for the performance of the same.
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(共有物の分割への参加)
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(Participation in Partition of property in co-ownership)
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第二百六十条共有物について権利を有する者及び各共有者の債権者は、自己の費用で、分割に参加することができる。
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Article 260(1)Persons who hold rights with respect to property in co-ownership and the obligee of any co-owner may participate in partitions at their own expense.
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(分割における共有者の担保責任)
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(Co-owners' Warranties upon Partitions)
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第二百六十一条各共有者は、他の共有者が分割によって取得した物について、売主と同じく、その持分に応じて担保の責任を負う。
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Article 261Each co-owner shall bear, in proportion to his/her share, the responsibility of warranty that a seller would have as to the Thing other co-owners have acquired by partition.
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(共有物に関する証書)
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(Documents regarding property in co-ownership)
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第二百六十二条分割が完了したときは、各分割者は、その取得した物に関する証書を保存しなければならない。
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Article 262(1)If a partition has been completed, each person who participated in the partition must retain the documents regarding the Thing he/she acquired.
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(共有の性質を有する入会権)
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(Rights of Common with Nature of Co-ownership)
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第二百六十三条共有の性質を有する入会権については、各地方の慣習に従うほか、この節の規定を適用する。
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Article 263Rights of common that have the nature of co-ownership shall be governed by local custom and shall otherwise be subject to the application of the provisions of this Section.
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(準共有)
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(Quasi Co-ownership)
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第二百六十四条この節の規定は、数人で所有権以外の財産権を有する場合について準用する。ただし、法令に特別の定めがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 264The provisions of this Section shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where two or more persons share property rights other than the ownership; provided, however, that this shall not apply if laws and regulations provide otherwise.
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第四章 地上権
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Chapter IV Superficies
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(地上権の内容)
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(Content of Superficies)
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第二百六十五条地上権者は、他人の土地において工作物又は竹木を所有するため、その土地を使用する権利を有する。
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Article 265A superficiary shall have the right to use the land of others in order to own structures, or trees or bamboo, on that land.
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(地代)
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(Rents)
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第二百六十六条第二百七十四条から第二百七十六条までの規定は、地上権者が土地の所有者に定期の地代を支払わなければならない場合について準用する。
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Article 266(1)The provisions of Articles 274 through 276 shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases where the superficiary must pay periodical rent to the owners of the land.
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(相隣関係の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions regarding Neighboring Relationships)
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第二百六十七条前章第一節第二款(相隣関係)の規定は、地上権者間又は地上権者と土地の所有者との間について準用する。ただし、第二百二十九条の規定は、境界線上の工作物が地上権の設定後に設けられた場合に限り、地上権者について準用する。
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Article 267The provisions of Subsection 2, Section 1 of the preceding Chapter (Neighboring Relationships) shall apply mutatis mutandis between superficiaries or between a superficiary and a landowner; provided, however, that the mutatis mutandis application of the provisions of Article 229 to holders of superficies shall be limited to cases where structures on the boundary line are installed after the creation of the superficies.
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(地上権の存続期間)
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(Duration of Superficies)
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第二百六十八条設定行為で地上権の存続期間を定めなかった場合において、別段の慣習がないときは、地上権者は、いつでもその権利を放棄することができる。ただし、地代を支払うべきときは、一年前に予告をし、又は期限の到来していない一年分の地代を支払わなければならない。
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Article 268(1)In cases where the duration of superficies is not fixed by the act that established the same, if there is no other custom, the superficiary may renounce their rights at any time; provided, however, that, if rent must be paid, the superficiary must give notice one year or more in advance or pay rent for one year that has not yet become due and payable.
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(2)If the superficiary does not renounce its rights in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the court may, at the request of the parties concerned, fix a duration of twenty years or more but not more than fifty years, taking into consideration the kind and status of the structures, or trees or bamboo and other circumstances at the time of the creation of the superficies.
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(工作物等の収去等)
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(Removal of Structures)
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第二百六十九条地上権者は、その権利が消滅した時に、土地を原状に復してその工作物及び竹木を収去することができる。ただし、土地の所有者が時価相当額を提供してこれを買い取る旨を通知したときは、地上権者は、正当な理由がなければ、これを拒むことができない。
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Article 269(1)When the right of the superficiary is extinguished, he/she may restore the land to its original condition and remove structures and trees or bamboo on the same; provided, however, that, if the owner of the land gives notice that he/she will purchase the same by offering to pay an amount equivalent to the market price, the superficiary may not refuse that offer without justifiable grounds.
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(地下又は空間を目的とする地上権)
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(Superficies for Underground or Overhead Space)
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第二百六十九条の二地下又は空間は、工作物を所有するため、上下の範囲を定めて地上権の目的とすることができる。この場合においては、設定行為で、地上権の行使のためにその土地の使用に制限を加えることができる。
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Article 269-2(1)Underground or overhead space may be used as the object of superficies in order to own structures by specifying limits in the vertical dimension. In such cases, restrictions on the use of that land may be added in the act that establishes superficies for the purpose of facilitating the exercise of the superficies.
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(2)The superficies under the preceding paragraph may be established even in cases where third parties hold rights to use or receive profits from land if all persons who hold those rights or rights underlying the same consent. In such cases, persons who hold the rights to use or receive profits from the land cannot preclude the exercise of the superficies to the same.
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第五章 永小作権
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Chapter V Emphyteusis
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(永小作権の内容)
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(Content of Emphyteusis)
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第二百七十条永小作人は、小作料を支払って他人の土地において耕作又は牧畜をする権利を有する。
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Article 270An emphyteuta shall have the right to engage in cultivation or livestock farming on the land of others by paying rent.
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(永小作人による土地の変更の制限)
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(Restrictions on Alterations to Land by Emphyteutas)
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第二百七十一条永小作人は、土地に対して、回復することのできない損害を生ずべき変更を加えることができない。
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Article 271An emphyteuta may not make any alteration of the land that will result in irreparable damage.
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(永小作権の譲渡又は土地の賃貸)
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(Transfer of Emphyteusis or Leasing of Land)
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第二百七十二条永小作人は、その権利を他人に譲り渡し、又はその権利の存続期間内において耕作若しくは牧畜のため土地を賃貸することができる。ただし、設定行為で禁じたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 272An emphyteuta may assign his/her rights to others, or lease the land during the duration of his/her rights to cultivate or farm livestock; provided, however, that this shall not apply if such acts are prohibited by the act that established his/her rights.
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(賃貸借に関する規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions regarding Lease)
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第二百七十三条永小作人の義務については、この章の規定及び設定行為で定めるもののほか、その性質に反しない限り、賃貸借に関する規定を準用する。
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Article 273In addition to the provisions of this Chapter and those provided for in the act that established the emphyteusis, provisions regarding lease shall apply mutatis mutandis to the obligations of a emphyteuta, to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same.
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(小作料の減免)
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(Rent Reductions or Exemptions)
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第二百七十四条永小作人は、不可抗力により収益について損失を受けたときであっても、小作料の免除又は減額を請求することができない。
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Article 274An emphyteuta may not demand an exemption from or reduction in the rent even if a loss of profits has been suffered due to force majeure.
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(永小作権の放棄)
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(Waiver of Emphyteusis)
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第二百七十五条永小作人は、不可抗力によって、引き続き三年以上全く収益を得ず、又は五年以上小作料より少ない収益を得たときは、その権利を放棄することができる。
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Article 275If an emphyteuta has gained no profit whatsoever for three or more consecutive years or has gained profits less than the rent for five or more consecutive years due to force majeure, he/she may surrender his/her rights.
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(永小作権の消滅請求)
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(Demand for Extinction of Emphyteusis)
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第二百七十六条永小作人が引き続き二年以上小作料の支払を怠ったときは、土地の所有者は、永小作権の消滅を請求することができる。
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Article 276If an emphyteuta fails to pay the rent for two or more consecutive years, the landowner may demand the extinction of the emphyteusis.
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(永小作権に関する慣習)
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(Customs regarding Emphyteusis)
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第二百七十七条第二百七十一条から前条までの規定と異なる慣習があるときは、その慣習に従う。
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Article 277If there are customs that differ from the provisions of Article 271 through the preceding Article, those customs shall prevail.
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(永小作権の存続期間)
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(Duration of Emphyteusis)
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第二百七十八条永小作権の存続期間は、二十年以上五十年以下とする。設定行為で五十年より長い期間を定めたときであっても、その期間は、五十年とする。
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Article 278(1)The duration of the emphyteusis shall be twenty years or more but no more than fifty years. Even if an act establishing emphyteusis provides for a period longer than fifty years, the duration shall be fifty years.
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(工作物等の収去等)
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(Removal of Structures)
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第二百七十九条第二百六十九条の規定は、永小作権について準用する。
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Article 279The provisions of Article 269 shall apply mutatis mutandis to emphyteusis.
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第六章 地役権
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Chapter VI Servitudes
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(地役権の内容)
|
(Content of Servitudes)
|
第二百八十条地役権者は、設定行為で定めた目的に従い、他人の土地を自己の土地の便益に供する権利を有する。ただし、第三章第一節(所有権の限界)の規定(公の秩序に関するものに限る。)に違反しないものでなければならない。
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Article 280A person entitled to a servitude shall have the right to make lands of others available for the benefit of their own lands in accordance with purposes prescribed in the acts establishing the servitudes; provided, however, that those rights should not violate the provisions (limited to those that relate to public policy) under Section 1 of Chapter III (Extent of Ownership).
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(地役権の付従性)
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(Appurtenant Nature of Servitudes)
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第二百八十一条地役権は、要役地(地役権者の土地であって、他人の土地から便益を受けるものをいう。以下同じ。)の所有権に従たるものとして、その所有権とともに移転し、又は要役地について存する他の権利の目的となるものとする。ただし、設定行為に別段の定めがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 281(1)Servitudes are appurtenant to ownership in the dominant land (hereinafter referring to the land of a person entitled to a servitude, enjoying benefits from the land of others) and shall be transferred together with that ownership, or shall be the subject of other rights that exist in relation to the dominant land; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the act establishing the servitude provides otherwise.
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(地役権の不可分性)
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(Indivisibility of Servitudes)
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第二百八十二条土地の共有者の一人は、その持分につき、その土地のために又はその土地について存する地役権を消滅させることができない。
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Article 282(1)One of the co-owners of land may not extinguish, with respect to his/her own share, a servitude that exists on behalf of or in relation to the land.
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(地役権の時効取得)
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(Acquisition of Servitudes by Prescription)
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第二百八十三条地役権は、継続的に行使され、かつ、外形上認識することができるものに限り、時効によって取得することができる。
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Article 283A servitude can be acquired by prescription so long as it is continuously exercised and can be externally recognized.
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(用水地役権)
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(Water Servitude)
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第二百八十五条用水地役権の承役地(地役権者以外の者の土地であって、要役地の便益に供されるものをいう。以下同じ。)において、水が要役地及び承役地の需要に比して不足するときは、その各土地の需要に応じて、まずこれを生活用に供し、その残余を他の用途に供するものとする。ただし、設定行為に別段の定めがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 285(1)If water on servient land (hereinafter referring to a land of any person other than the one entitled to the servitude, made available for the benefit of the dominant land) subject to a water servitude is insufficient for the demand of the dominant land and the servient land, the water shall be used in proportion to the demand on each parcel of land, firstly for household purposes with the remaining portion used for other purposes; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the act establishing the servitude provides otherwise.
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(承役地の所有者の工作物の設置義務等)
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(Obligations of Owners of Servient Land to Install Structures)
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第二百八十六条設定行為又は設定後の契約により、承役地の所有者が自己の費用で地役権の行使のために工作物を設け、又はその修繕をする義務を負担したときは、承役地の所有者の特定承継人も、その義務を負担する。
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Article 286If the owner of servient land has assumed obligations to install or repair structures for the exercise of a servitude at his/her own expense by the act establishing the servitude or by a contract executed after the same, specific successors of the owner of the servient land shall also assume those obligations.
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(承役地の所有者の工作物の使用)
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(Use of Structures by the Owner of Servient Lands)
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第二百八十八条承役地の所有者は、地役権の行使を妨げない範囲内において、その行使のために承役地の上に設けられた工作物を使用することができる。
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Article 288(1)The owner of a servient land may use structures installed on the servient land for the exercise of the servitude to the extent his/her use does not obstruct the exercise of that servitude.
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(承役地の時効取得による地役権の消滅)
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(Extinction of Servitude by Acquisition by Prescription of Servient Lands)
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第二百八十九条承役地の占有者が取得時効に必要な要件を具備する占有をしたときは、地役権は、これによって消滅する。
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Article 289If the possessor of servient land has so possessed the same as to satisfy the requirements for acquisitive prescription, the servitude shall be extinguished thereby.
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(地役権の消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription of Servitudes)
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第二百九十一条第百六十七条第二項に規定する消滅時効の期間は、継続的でなく行使される地役権については最後の行使の時から起算し、継続的に行使される地役権についてはその行使を妨げる事実が生じた時から起算する。
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Article 291The period of the extinctive prescription provided for in paragraph (2) of Article 167 shall commence upon the final exercise of the servitude if the servitude is not exercised continuously, and upon the occurrence of a fact that prevents the exercise of the servitude if the servitude is exercised continuously.
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(共有の性質を有しない入会権)
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(Rights of Common without the Nature of Co-Ownership)
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第二百九十四条共有の性質を有しない入会権については、各地方の慣習に従うほか、この章の規定を準用する。
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Article 294Rights of common that do not have the nature of co-ownership shall be governed by local customs and shall otherwise be subject to the mutatis mutandis application of the provisions of this Section.
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第七章 留置権
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Chapter VII Rights of Retention
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(留置権の内容)
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(Content of Rights of Retention)
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第二百九十五条他人の物の占有者は、その物に関して生じた債権を有するときは、その債権の弁済を受けるまで、その物を留置することができる。ただし、その債権が弁済期にないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 295(1)If a possessor of a Thing belonging to another person has a claim that has arisen with respect to that Thing, he/she may retain that thing until that claim is satisfied; provided, however, that this shall not apply if such claim has not yet fallen due.
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(留置権の不可分性)
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(Indivisibility of Rights of Retention)
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第二百九十六条留置権者は、債権の全部の弁済を受けるまでは、留置物の全部についてその権利を行使することができる。
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Article 296A holder of a right of retention may exercise his/her rights against the whole of the Thing retained until his/her claim is satisfied in its entirety.
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(留置権者による果実の収取)
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(Collection of Fruits by Holders of Rights of Retention)
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第二百九十七条留置権者は、留置物から生ずる果実を収取し、他の債権者に先立って、これを自己の債権の弁済に充当することができる。
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Article 297(1)A holder of a right of retention may collect fruits derived from the Thing retained, and appropriate the same to the satisfaction of his/her claim prior to other obligees.
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(留置権者による留置物の保管等)
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(Keeping the Thing Retained by Holders of Rights of Retention)
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第二百九十八条留置権者は、善良な管理者の注意をもって、留置物を占有しなければならない。
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Article 298(1)A holder of a right of retention must possess the Thing retained with the care of a good manager.
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(留置権者による費用の償還請求)
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(Demands for Reimbursement of Expenses by Holders of Rights of Retention)
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第二百九十九条留置権者は、留置物について必要費を支出したときは、所有者にその償還をさせることができる。
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Article 299(1)If a holder of a right of retention incurs necessary expenses with respect to the Thing retained, he/she may have the owner reimburse the same.
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(2)If a holder of a right of retention incurs beneficial expenses with respect to the Thing retained, to the extent that there is currently an increase in value as a result of the same, he/she may have the expenses incurred or the increase in value reimbursed at the owner's choice; provided, however, that the court may, at the request of the owner, grant a reasonable period for the reimbursement of the same.
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(留置権の行使と債権の消滅時効)
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(Exercise of Rights of Retention and Extinctive Prescription of Claims)
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第三百条留置権の行使は、債権の消滅時効の進行を妨げない。
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Article 300The exercise of a right of retention shall not preclude the running of extinctive prescription of claims.
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(担保の供与による留置権の消滅)
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(Extinction of Rights of Retention by Tender of Security)
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第三百一条債務者は、相当の担保を供して、留置権の消滅を請求することができる。
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Article 301An obligor may demand that a right of retention be extinguished by tendering reasonable security.
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(占有の喪失による留置権の消滅)
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(Extinction of Rights of Retention by Loss of Possession)
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第三百二条留置権は、留置権者が留置物の占有を失うことによって、消滅する。ただし、第二百九十八条第二項の規定により留置物を賃貸し、又は質権の目的としたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 302A right of retention shall be extinguished if the holder of the right of retention loses possession of the Thing retained; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the Thing retained is leased or it is made the subject of a pledge in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 298.
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第八章 先取特権
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Chapter VIII Statutory Liens
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(先取特権の内容)
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(Content of Statutory Liens)
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第三百三条先取特権者は、この法律その他の法律の規定に従い、その債務者の財産について、他の債権者に先立って自己の債権の弁済を受ける権利を有する。
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Article 303A holder of a statutory lien shall have the rights to have his/her own claim satisfied prior to other obligees out of the assets of the relevant obligor in accordance with the provisions of laws including this Act.
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(物上代位)
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(Extension of Security Interest to Proceeds of Collateral)
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第三百四条先取特権は、その目的物の売却、賃貸、滅失又は損傷によって債務者が受けるべき金銭その他の物に対しても、行使することができる。ただし、先取特権者は、その払渡し又は引渡しの前に差押えをしなければならない。
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Article 304(1)A statutory lien may also be exercised against Things including monies that the obligor is to receive as a result of the sale, lease or loss of, or damage to, the subject matter of the statutory lien; provided, however, that the holder of the statutory lien must attach the same before the payment or delivery of the monies or other Thing.
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(先取特権の不可分性)
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(Indivisibility of Statutory Liens)
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第三百五条第二百九十六条の規定は、先取特権について準用する。
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Article 305The provisions of Article 296 shall apply mutatis mutandis to statutory liens.
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第二節 先取特権の種類
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Section 2 Kinds of Statutory Liens
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第一款 一般の先取特権
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Subsection 1 General Statutory Lien
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(一般の先取特権)
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(General Statutory Lien)
|
第三百六条次に掲げる原因によって生じた債権を有する者は、債務者の総財産について先取特権を有する。
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Article 306A person who has a claim that arose from the causes listed below shall have a statutory lien over the entire property of the obligor:
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一共益の費用
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(i)Expenses for the common benefit;
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二雇用関係
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(ii)An employer-employee relationship;
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三葬式の費用
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(iii)Funeral expenses; or
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四日用品の供給
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(iv)The supply of daily necessaries.
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(共益費用の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Expenses for Common Benefit)
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第三百七条共益の費用の先取特権は、各債権者の共同の利益のためにされた債務者の財産の保存、清算又は配当に関する費用について存在する。
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Article 307(1)Statutory liens for expenses for the common benefit shall exist with respect to the expenses of preservation, liquidation or distribution of the property of the obligor incurred for the common benefit of all obligee.
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(雇用関係の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Employer-Employee Relationships)
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第三百八条雇用関係の先取特権は、給料その他債務者と使用人との間の雇用関係に基づいて生じた債権について存在する。
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Article 308Statutory liens for employer-employee relationships shall exist with respect to salaries and other claims that arose under the employer-employee relationship between the obligor and his/her employee.
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(葬式費用の先取特権)
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(Funeral Expenses)
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第三百九条葬式の費用の先取特権は、債務者のためにされた葬式の費用のうち相当な額について存在する。
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Article 309(1)Statutory liens for funeral expenses shall exist with respect to the reasonable expenses of a funeral observed for the obligor.
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(日用品供給の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Household Items)
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第三百十条日用品の供給の先取特権は、債務者又はその扶養すべき同居の親族及びその家事使用人の生活に必要な最後の六箇月間の飲食料品、燃料及び電気の供給について存在する。
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Article 310Statutory liens for daily necessaries shall exist with respect to the supply of food and drink items, fuel and electricity for the most recent six months required for the household of the obligor or his/her relatives who reside with the obligor and whom the obligor is bound to support and the domestic servants of the same.
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第二款 動産の先取特権
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Subsection 2 Statutory Liens over Movables
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(動産の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens over Movables)
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第三百十一条次に掲げる原因によって生じた債権を有する者は、債務者の特定の動産について先取特権を有する。
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Article 311A person who has a claim that arose from the causes listed below shall have a statutory lien over certain movables of the obligor:
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一不動産の賃貸借
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(i)A lease of immovable property;
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二旅館の宿泊
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(ii)A lodging at a hotel or inn;
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三旅客又は荷物の運輸
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(iii)The transportation of passengers or luggage;
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四動産の保存
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(iv)The preservation of movables;
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五動産の売買
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(v)The sale of movables;
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六種苗又は肥料(蚕種又は蚕の飼養に供した桑葉を含む。以下同じ。)の供給
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(vi)The supply of seed or fertilizer (hereinafter including eggs of silkworms or mulberry leaves used to feed silkworms);
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七農業の労務
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(vii)Agricultural labor; or
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八工業の労務
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(viii)Industrial labor.
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(不動産賃貸の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Leases of Immovable Properties)
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第三百十二条不動産の賃貸の先取特権は、その不動産の賃料その他の賃貸借関係から生じた賃借人の債務に関し、賃借人の動産について存在する。
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Article 312Statutory liens for a lease of immovable property shall exist with respect to the movables of the lessee in connection with obligations of the lessee that arose from the lease relationship including rent for that immovable property.
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(不動産賃貸の先取特権の目的物の範囲)
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(Scope of Subject Matter of Statutory Liens for Leases of Immovable Properties)
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第三百十三条土地の賃貸人の先取特権は、その土地又はその利用のための建物に備え付けられた動産、その土地の利用に供された動産及び賃借人が占有するその土地の果実について存在する。
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Article 313(1)The statutory lien of a lessor of land shall exist with respect to movables furnished to that land or buildings for the use of that land, movables provided for the use of that land, and fruits of that land in the possession of the lessee.
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(不動産賃貸の先取特権の被担保債権の範囲)
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(Scope of Secured Claims under Statutory Liens for Leases of Immovable Properties)
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第三百十五条賃借人の財産のすべてを清算する場合には、賃貸人の先取特権は、前期、当期及び次期の賃料その他の債務並びに前期及び当期に生じた損害の賠償債務についてのみ存在する。
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Article 315In cases where all of the lessee's property is to be liquidated, the statutory lien of the lessor shall exist only with respect to obligations, including rent, for the previous, current and next terms, and obligations to compensate for damage that arose in the previous and current terms.
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(旅館宿泊の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Lodging at Hotels)
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第三百十七条旅館の宿泊の先取特権は、宿泊客が負担すべき宿泊料及び飲食料に関し、その旅館に在るその宿泊客の手荷物について存在する。
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Article 317Statutory lien for lodging at hotels shall exist with respect to the hand luggage of a hotel guest left at that hotel, in connection with room charges, and food and beverage charges, that should be borne by the hotel guest.
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(運輸の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Transportation)
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第三百十八条運輸の先取特権は、旅客又は荷物の運送賃及び付随の費用に関し、運送人の占有する荷物について存在する。
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Article 318Statutory liens for transportation shall exist with respect to luggage in the possession of the transporter, in connection with transportation charges for passengers or luggage and expenses incidental to the same.
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(即時取得の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Immediate Acquisition)
|
第三百十九条第百九十二条から第百九十五条までの規定は、第三百十二条から前条までの規定による先取特権について準用する。
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Article 319The provisions of Articles 192 through 195 shall apply mutatis mutandis to statutory liens under the provisions of Article 312 through the preceding Article.
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(動産保存の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Preservation of Movables)
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第三百二十条動産の保存の先取特権は、動産の保存のために要した費用又は動産に関する権利の保存、承認若しくは実行のために要した費用に関し、その動産について存在する。
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Article 320Statutory liens for the preservation of movables shall exist with respect to movables, in connection with expenses required for the preservation of those movables, or expenses required for the preservation, approval or execution of rights regarding those movables.
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(動産売買の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Sale of Movables)
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第三百二十一条動産の売買の先取特権は、動産の代価及びその利息に関し、その動産について存在する。
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Article 321Statutory liens for the sale of movables shall exist with respect to movables, in connection with the price of those movables and interest on the same.
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(種苗又は肥料の供給の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Supply of Seed or Fertilizer)
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第三百二十二条種苗又は肥料の供給の先取特権は、種苗又は肥料の代価及びその利息に関し、その種苗又は肥料を用いた後一年以内にこれを用いた土地から生じた果実(蚕種又は蚕の飼養に供した桑葉の使用によって生じた物を含む。)について存在する。
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Article 322Statutory liens for the supply of seed or fertilizer shall exist with respect to fruits (including eggs of silk worms or any Thing derived from the use of mulberry leaves used to feed silkworms) derived from land where the seed or fertilizer was used, within one year of that use, in connection with the price of that seed or fertilizer and interest on the same.
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(農業労務の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Agricultural Labor)
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第三百二十三条農業の労務の先取特権は、その労務に従事する者の最後の一年間の賃金に関し、その労務によって生じた果実について存在する。
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Article 323Statutory liens for agricultural labor shall exist, with respect to fruits derived from labor, in connection with the most recent year's wages of the person who engages in that labor.
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(工業労務の先取特権)
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(Statutory Liens for Industrial Labor)
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第三百二十四条工業の労務の先取特権は、その労務に従事する者の最後の三箇月間の賃金に関し、その労務によって生じた製作物について存在する。
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Article 324Statutory liens for industrial labor shall exist, with respect to manufactured things derived from labor, in connection with the most recent three months' wages of the person who engages in that labor.
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第三款 不動産の先取特権
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Subsection 3 Statutory Liens for Immovable Properties
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(不動産の先取特権)
|
(Statutory Liens for Immovable Properties)
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第三百二十五条次に掲げる原因によって生じた債権を有する者は、債務者の特定の不動産について先取特権を有する。
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Article 325A person who has a claim that arose from the causes listed below shall have a statutory lien over certain immovable property of the obligor:
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一不動産の保存
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(i)The preservation of immovable property;
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二不動産の工事
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(ii)Construction work for immovable property; or
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三不動産の売買
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(iii)The sale of immovable property.
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(不動産保存の先取特権)
|
(Statutory Liens for Preservation of Immovable Properties)
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第三百二十六条不動産の保存の先取特権は、不動産の保存のために要した費用又は不動産に関する権利の保存、承認若しくは実行のために要した費用に関し、その不動産について存在する。
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Article 326Statutory liens for the preservation of immovable property shall exist with respect to immovable property, in connection with the expenses required for the preservation of that immovable property or the expenses required for the preservation, approval or execution of rights regarding that immovable property.
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(不動産工事の先取特権)
|
(Statutory Liens for Construction Work for Immovable Properties)
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第三百二十七条不動産の工事の先取特権は、工事の設計、施工又は監理をする者が債務者の不動産に関してした工事の費用に関し、その不動産について存在する。
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Article 327(1)Statutory lien for construction work for immovable property shall exist, with respect to immovable property, in connection with the expenses of construction work performed by a person who designs, carries out or supervises construction work regarding the immovable property of the obligor.
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(不動産売買の先取特権)
|
(Statutory Liens for Sales of Immovable properties)
|
第三百二十八条不動産の売買の先取特権は、不動産の代価及びその利息に関し、その不動産について存在する。
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Article 328Statutory liens for sales of immovable properties shall exist, with respect to immovable property, in connection with the price of that immovable property and interest on the same.
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第三節 先取特権の順位
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Section 3 Order of Priority of Statutory Liens
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(一般の先取特権の順位)
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(Order of Priority of General Statutory Liens)
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第三百二十九条一般の先取特権が互いに競合する場合には、その優先権の順位は、第三百六条各号に掲げる順序に従う。
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Article 329(1)In cases where there is conflict among general statutory liens, the order of priority shall follow the order listed in each item of Article 306.
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(2)In cases where there is conflict between a general statutory lien and a special statutory lien, the special statutory lien shall prevail over the general statutory lien; provided, however, that statutory liens on expenses for the common benefit shall have the effect of prevailing over all obligees who received the benefit of the same.
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(動産の先取特権の順位)
|
(Order of Priority of Statutory Liens over Movables)
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第三百三十条同一の動産について特別の先取特権が互いに競合する場合には、その優先権の順位は、次に掲げる順序に従う。この場合において、第二号に掲げる動産の保存の先取特権について数人の保存者があるときは、後の保存者が前の保存者に優先する。
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Article 330(1)In cases where there is conflict among special statutory liens with respect to the same movables, the order of priority shall follow the order listed below. In such cases, if there are two or more preservers with respect to the statutory liens for preservation of movables listed in item (ii), a new preserver shall prevail over previous preservers.
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一不動産の賃貸、旅館の宿泊及び運輸の先取特権
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(i)Statutory liens for leases of immovable properties, lodging at hotels and transportation;
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二動産の保存の先取特権
|
(ii)Statutory liens for the preservation of movables; and
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三動産の売買、種苗又は肥料の供給、農業の労務及び工業の労務の先取特権
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(iii)Statutory liens for the sale of movables, the supply of seed or fertilizer, agricultural labor and industrial labor.
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(2)In the cases provided for in the preceding paragraph, if a holder of a statutory lien ranked first knew at the time he/she acquired that claim of the existence of a holder of a statutory lien of the second or third rank, he/she cannot exercise his/her rights against those persons. The same shall likewise apply against persons who preserved Things on behalf of the holder of a statutory lien of the first rank.
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(不動産の先取特権の順位)
|
(Order of Priority of Statutory Liens over Immovable properties)
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第三百三十一条同一の不動産について特別の先取特権が互いに競合する場合には、その優先権の順位は、第三百二十五条各号に掲げる順序に従う。
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Article 331(1)In cases where there is conflict among special statutory liens with respect to the same immovable properties, the order of priority shall follow the order of the items of Article 325.
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(同一順位の先取特権)
|
(Statutory Liens with Same Priority)
|
第三百三十二条同一の目的物について同一順位の先取特権者が数人あるときは、各先取特権者は、その債権額の割合に応じて弁済を受ける。
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Article 332If there are two or more holders of statutory liens with the same priority with respect to the same object, the holders of statutory liens shall be paid in proportion to the amounts of their claims.
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第四節 先取特権の効力
|
Section 4 Effect of Statutory Liens
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(先取特権と第三取得者)
|
(Statutory Liens and Third-party Acquirers)
|
第三百三十三条先取特権は、債務者がその目的である動産をその第三取得者に引き渡した後は、その動産について行使することができない。
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Article 333Statutory liens may not be exercised with respect to the movables that are the subject matter of the same after the obligors have delivered those movables to third-party acquirers.
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(先取特権と動産質権との競合)
|
(Conflict between Statutory Liens and Pledges of Movables )
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第三百三十四条先取特権と動産質権とが競合する場合には、動産質権者は、第三百三十条の規定による第一順位の先取特権者と同一の権利を有する。
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Article 334In cases where there is conflict between a statutory lien and a pledge of movables, the pledgee of such movables shall have the same rights as those of the holder of a statutory lien of the first rank under Article 330.
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(一般の先取特権の効力)
|
(Effect of General Statutory Liens)
|
第三百三十五条一般の先取特権者は、まず不動産以外の財産から弁済を受け、なお不足があるのでなければ、不動産から弁済を受けることができない。
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Article 335(1)Holders of general statutory liens cannot be paid out of immovable properties unless they are first paid out of property other than immovable properties and a claim that is not satisfied remains.
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(3)If holders of general statutory liens fail to participate in distributions in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, they cannot exercise their statutory liens against registered third parties with respect to amounts that would have been paid to them if they had participated in the distribution.
|
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(4)The provisions of the preceding three paragraphs shall not apply to cases where the proceeds of immovable properties are distributed prior to the proceeds of assets other than immovable properties, or the proceeds of immovable properties that is the subject matter of a special security are distributed prior to the proceeds of other immovable properties.
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(一般の先取特権の対抗力)
|
(Perfection of General Statutory Liens)
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第三百三十六条一般の先取特権は、不動産について登記をしなくても、特別担保を有しない債権者に対抗することができる。ただし、登記をした第三者に対しては、この限りでない。
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Article 336General statutory liens may be asserted against obligees without special security, even if the liens are not registered with respect to the relevant immovable property; provided, however, that this shall not apply to registered third parties.
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(不動産保存の先取特権の登記)
|
(Registration of Statutory Liens for Preservation of Immovable Properties)
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第三百三十七条不動産の保存の先取特権の効力を保存するためには、保存行為が完了した後直ちに登記をしなければならない。
|
Article 337In order to preserve the effectiveness of statutory liens for preservation of immovable properties, registration must be carried out immediately after the completion of the act of preservation.
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(不動産工事の先取特権の登記)
|
(Registration of Statutory Liens for Construction Work for Immovable Properties)
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第三百三十八条不動産の工事の先取特権の効力を保存するためには、工事を始める前にその費用の予算額を登記しなければならない。この場合において、工事の費用が予算額を超えるときは、先取特権は、その超過額については存在しない。
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Article 338(1)In order to preserve the effectiveness of statutory liens for construction work for immovable properties, the budgeted expenses of the construction work must be registered prior to the commencement of the same. In such cases, if the expenses of the construction work exceed the budgeted amount, a statutory lien shall not exist with respect to the amount in excess of the same.
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(登記をした不動産保存又は不動産工事の先取特権)
|
(Registered Statutory Liens for Preservation of Immovable Properties or Construction Work for Immovable Properties)
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第三百三十九条前二条の規定に従って登記をした先取特権は、抵当権に先立って行使することができる。
|
Article 339Statutory liens registered in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two Articles may be exercised prior to mortgages.
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(不動産売買の先取特権の登記)
|
(Registration of Statutory Liens for Sales of Immovable Properties)
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第三百四十条不動産の売買の先取特権の効力を保存するためには、売買契約と同時に、不動産の代価又はその利息の弁済がされていない旨を登記しなければならない。
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Article 340In order to preserve the effectiveness of statutory liens for the sale of immovable properties, a statement to the effect that the price of the immovable properties or interest on the same has not been paid must be registered simultaneously with the execution of the sales contract.
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(抵当権に関する規定の準用)
|
(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions regarding Mortgages)
|
第三百四十一条先取特権の効力については、この節に定めるもののほか、その性質に反しない限り、抵当権に関する規定を準用する。
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Article 341In addition to the provisions of this Section, the provisions regarding mortgages shall apply mutatis mutandis to the effects of statutory liens, to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same.
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第九章 質権
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Chapter IX Pledges
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(質権の内容)
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(Content of Pledges)
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第三百四十二条質権者は、その債権の担保として債務者又は第三者から受け取った物を占有し、かつ、その物について他の債権者に先立って自己の債権の弁済を受ける権利を有する。
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Article 342Pledgees shall have the right to possess Thing received from obligors or third parties as security for their claims and to have their own claims paid prior to other obligees out of that Thing.
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(質権の目的)
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(Subject Matter of Pledges)
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第三百四十三条質権は、譲り渡すことができない物をその目的とすることができない。
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Article 343Pledges cannot be created over a Thing that cannot be assigned to others.
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(質権の設定)
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(Creation of Pledges)
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第三百四十四条質権の設定は、債権者にその目的物を引き渡すことによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 344The creation of a pledge shall take effect by delivering the subject matter of the same to the obligee.
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(質権設定者による代理占有の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Possession by Pledgors as Agents)
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第三百四十五条質権者は、質権設定者に、自己に代わって質物の占有をさせることができない。
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Article 345A pledgee may not allow a pledgor to possess the Thing pledged on behalf of the pledgee.
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(質権の被担保債権の範囲)
|
(Scope of Secured Claims under Pledges)
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第三百四十六条質権は、元本、利息、違約金、質権の実行の費用、質物の保存の費用及び債務の不履行又は質物の隠れた瑕疵によって生じた損害の賠償を担保する。ただし、設定行為に別段の定めがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 346Pledges shall secure the principal, interest, penalties, expenses of executing the pledge, expense of preserving the Thing pledged and the compensation of damage arising from failure to perform obligations or latent defects in the Thing pledged; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the act establishing the pledge provides otherwise.
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(質物の留置)
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(Retention of the Thing Pledged)
|
第三百四十七条質権者は、前条に規定する債権の弁済を受けるまでは、質物を留置することができる。ただし、この権利は、自己に対して優先権を有する債権者に対抗することができない。
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Article 347Pledgees may retain the Thing pledged until the claims provided for in the preceding Article are satisfied; provided, however, that this right cannot be asserted against obligees who have priority over the pledgees.
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(転質)
|
(Sub-pledges)
|
第三百四十八条質権者は、その権利の存続期間内において、自己の責任で、質物について、転質をすることができる。この場合において、転質をしたことによって生じた損失については、不可抗力によるものであっても、その責任を負う。
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Article 348Pledgees may sub-pledge the Thing pledged within the duration of their rights, upon their own responsibility. In such cases, the pledgees shall be responsible for any loss arising from the -pledge even if the same is caused by force majeure.
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(契約による質物の処分の禁止)
|
(Prohibition on Disposition of the Thing Pledged by Contract)
|
第三百四十九条質権設定者は、設定行為又は債務の弁済期前の契約において、質権者に弁済として質物の所有権を取得させ、その他法律に定める方法によらないで質物を処分させることを約することができない。
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Article 349Pledgors cannot, either by the acts establishing pledges or by contracts made prior to the due dates for performance of their obligations, allow pledgees to acquire ownership of the Thing pledged as payment, nor promise to allow pledgees to dispose of it in any manner other than is prescribed by law.
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(留置権及び先取特権の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Rights of Retention and Statutory Liens)
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第三百五十条第二百九十六条から第三百条まで及び第三百四条の規定は、質権について準用する。
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Article 350The provisions of Articles 296 through 300 and those of Article 304 shall apply mutatis mutandis to pledges.
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(物上保証人の求償権)
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(Third Party Pledgors' Rights to Obtain Reimbursement)
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第三百五十一条他人の債務を担保するため質権を設定した者は、その債務を弁済し、又は質権の実行によって質物の所有権を失ったときは、保証債務に関する規定に従い、債務者に対して求償権を有する。
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Article 351If persons who created pledges to secure the obligations of others have performed those obligations or have lost ownership of the Thing pledged due to the execution of the pledges, they shall have the right to obtain reimbursement from the obligors in accordance with the provisions regarding guarantee obligations.
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第二節 動産質
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Section 2 Pledges of Movables
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(動産質の対抗要件)
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(Requirements for the Perfection of Pledges of Movables)
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第三百五十二条動産質権者は、継続して質物を占有しなければ、その質権をもって第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 352Pledgees of movables cannot assert their pledges against third parties unless they are in continuous possession of the Thing pledged.
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(質物の占有の回復)
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(Recovery of Possession of the Thing Pledged )
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第三百五十三条動産質権者は、質物の占有を奪われたときは、占有回収の訴えによってのみ、その質物を回復することができる。
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Article 353Pledgees of movables may, if the pledged Thing is usurped, recover the same solely by bringing actions for recovery of possession.
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(動産質権の実行)
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(Execution of Pledges of Movables)
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第三百五十四条動産質権者は、その債権の弁済を受けないときは、正当な理由がある場合に限り、鑑定人の評価に従い質物をもって直ちに弁済に充てることを裁判所に請求することができる。この場合において、動産質権者は、あらかじめ、その請求をする旨を債務者に通知しなければならない。
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Article 354If claims of pledgees of movables are not performed, they may, limited to cases where there are reasonable grounds, demand from a court immediate appropriation of the Thing pledged to the performance of the claims in accordance with the evaluation of an appraiser. In such cases, the pledgees of movables must notify the obligors in advance of the demand.
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(動産質権の順位)
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(Order of Priority of Pledges of Movables)
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第三百五十五条同一の動産について数個の質権が設定されたときは、その質権の順位は、設定の前後による。
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Article 355If more than one pledge is created with respect to the same movables, the order of priority of those pledges shall follow the chronological order of their creation.
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第三節 不動産質
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Section 3 Pledges of Immovable Properties
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(不動産質権者による使用及び収益)
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(Use and Profit by Pledgees of Immovable Properties)
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第三百五十六条不動産質権者は、質権の目的である不動産の用法に従い、その使用及び収益をすることができる。
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Article 356Pledgees of immovable property may use and receive the profits from the immovable property that is the subject matter of a pledge, in accordance with the method of its use.
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(不動産質権者による管理の費用等の負担)
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(Management Expenses Borne by Pledgees of Immovable Properties)
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第三百五十七条不動産質権者は、管理の費用を支払い、その他不動産に関する負担を負う。
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Article 357Pledgees of immovable properties shall pay the expenses of management and otherwise bear burdens in relation to the immovable properties.
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(不動産質権者による利息の請求の禁止)
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(Prohibition on Charging of Interest by Pledgees of Immovable Properties)
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第三百五十八条不動産質権者は、その債権の利息を請求することができない。
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Article 358Pledgees of immovable properties cannot demand interest on their claims.
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(設定行為に別段の定めがある場合等)
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(Cases of Other Provisions in Act of Establishment)
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第三百五十九条前三条の規定は、設定行為に別段の定めがあるとき、又は担保不動産収益執行(民事執行法(昭和五十四年法律第四号)第百八十条第二号に規定する担保不動産収益執行をいう。以下同じ。)の開始があったときは、適用しない。
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Article 359The provisions of the preceding three Articles shall not apply in cases where the acts establishing pledges provide otherwise or execution against profits derived from the immovable properties as collateral (hereinafter referring to the execution against profits from secured immovable properties provided for in item (ii) of Article 180 of the Civil Execution Act (Act No. 4 of 1979)) has been commenced.
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(不動産質権の存続期間)
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(Duration of Pledges of Immovable Properties)
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第三百六十条不動産質権の存続期間は、十年を超えることができない。設定行為でこれより長い期間を定めたときであっても、その期間は、十年とする。
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Article 360(1)The duration of pledges of immovable properties cannot exceed ten years. Even if a longer period is provided for in the act establishing the pledge, the duration of the same shall be ten years.
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(抵当権の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Mortgages)
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第三百六十一条不動産質権については、この節に定めるもののほか、その性質に反しない限り、次章(抵当権)の規定を準用する。
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Article 361In addition to the provisions of this Section, the provisions of the next Chapter shall apply mutatis mutandis to pledges of immovable properties to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same.
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第四節 権利質
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Section 4 Pledges of Rights
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(権利質の目的等)
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(Subject Matter of Pledges of Rights)
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第三百六十二条質権は、財産権をその目的とすることができる。
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Article 362(1)Pledges may have property rights for their subject matters.
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(2)In addition to the provisions of this Section, the provisions of the preceding three Sections (General Provisions, Pledges of Movables and Pledges of Immovable properties) shall apply mutatis mutandis to pledges under the preceding paragraph, to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same.
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(債権質の設定)
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(Creation of Pledges over Claims)
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第三百六十三条債権であってこれを譲り渡すにはその証書を交付することを要するものを質権の目的とするときは、質権の設定は、その証書を交付することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 363When a pledges is to be created over a claim, and the delivery of an instrument evidencing it is required for its assignment, the creation of the pledge shall take effect by the delivery of such instrument.
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(指名債権を目的とする質権の対抗要件)
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(Requirements for Perfection of Pledges over Nominative Claims)
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第三百六十四条指名債権を質権の目的としたときは、第四百六十七条の規定に従い、第三債務者に質権の設定を通知し、又は第三債務者がこれを承諾しなければ、これをもって第三債務者その他の第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 364If a pledge is created over a nominative claim, that pledge cannot be asserted against third parties including third party obligors unless notice of the creation of the pledge is given to third party obligors in accordance with the provisions of Article 467, or unless the third party obligors acknowledge the same.
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(指図債権を目的とする質権の対抗要件)
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(Requirements for Perfection of Pledges over Debts Payable to Order)
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第三百六十五条指図債権を質権の目的としたときは、その証書に質権の設定の裏書をしなければ、これをもって第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 365If a pledge is created over debts payable to order, that pledge cannot be asserted against third parties unless the creation of the pledge is endorsed on the instrument of the same.
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(質権者による債権の取立て等)
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(Collection of Claims by Pledgees)
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第三百六十六条質権者は、質権の目的である債権を直接に取り立てることができる。
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Article 366(1)A pledgee may directly collect the claim that is the subject matter of the pledge.
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第十章 抵当権
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Chapter X Mortgages
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(抵当権の内容)
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(Content of Mortgages)
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第三百六十九条抵当権者は、債務者又は第三者が占有を移転しないで債務の担保に供した不動産について、他の債権者に先立って自己の債権の弁済を受ける権利を有する。
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Article 369(1)A Mortgagee shall have the right to receive the performance of his/her claim prior to other obligees out of the immovable properties that the obligor or a third party provided to secure the obligation without transferring possession.
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(抵当権の効力の及ぶ範囲)
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(Scope of Effect of Mortgages)
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第三百七十条抵当権は、抵当地の上に存する建物を除き、その目的である不動産(以下「抵当不動産」という。)に付加して一体となっている物に及ぶ。ただし、設定行為に別段の定めがある場合及び第四百二十四条の規定により債権者が債務者の行為を取り消すことができる場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 370A mortgage shall extend to the Things that is an integral part of immovable properties that is the subject matter of the mortgage (hereinafter referred to as "Mortgaged Immovable Properties") except for buildings on the mortgaged land; provided, however, that this shall not apply in cases where the act establishing the mortgage provides otherwise or the obligee can rescind the act of the obligor in accordance with the provisions of Article 424.
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(留置権等の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Right of Retention)
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第三百七十二条第二百九十六条、第三百四条及び第三百五十一条の規定は、抵当権について準用する。
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Article 372The provisions of Article 296, Article 304 and Article 351 shall apply mutatis mutandis to mortgages.
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第二節 抵当権の効力
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Section 2 Effect of Mortgages
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(抵当権の順位)
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(Order of Priority of Mortgages)
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第三百七十三条同一の不動産について数個の抵当権が設定されたときは、その抵当権の順位は、登記の前後による。
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Article 373If more than one mortgage is created with respect to the same immovable properties, the order of priority of those mortgages shall follow the chronological order of their registration.
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(抵当権の順位の変更)
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(Changes in Order of Priority of Mortgages)
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第三百七十四条抵当権の順位は、各抵当権者の合意によって変更することができる。ただし、利害関係を有する者があるときは、その承諾を得なければならない。
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Article 374(1)The order of priority of mortgages may be changed with the agreement of all mortgagees; provided, however, that, if there are interested persons, the consent of the same must be obtained.
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(抵当権の被担保債権の範囲)
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(Scope of Secured Claims under Mortgages)
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第三百七十五条抵当権者は、利息その他の定期金を請求する権利を有するときは、その満期となった最後の二年分についてのみ、その抵当権を行使することができる。ただし、それ以前の定期金についても、満期後に特別の登記をしたときは、その登記の時からその抵当権を行使することを妨げない。
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Article 375(1)If mortgagees have rights to demand periodic payments including interest, they may exercise their mortgages solely with respect to payments that have fallen due in the most recent two years; provided, however, that, if special registration is effected with respect to prior periodical payments that have fallen due, the mortgagees shall not be precluded from exercising their mortgages as from the time of that registration.
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(2)In cases where mortgagees have rights to demand the compensation for damages resulting from defaults in obligations, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the damages of the most recent two years; provided, however, that the aggregate period including the interest and other periodical payments may not exceed two years.
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(抵当権の処分)
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(Disposition of Mortgages)
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第三百七十六条抵当権者は、その抵当権を他の債権の担保とし、又は同一の債務者に対する他の債権者の利益のためにその抵当権若しくはその順位を譲渡し、若しくは放棄することができる。
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Article 376(1)A mortgagee may apply his/her mortgage to secure other claims, or assign or waive his/her mortgage, or its order of priority, for the benefit of other obligees of the same obligor.
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(2)In the cases provided for in the preceding paragraph, if a mortgagee disposes of his/her mortgage for the benefit of two or more persons, the order of priority of the rights of persons who receive the benefit of that disposition shall follow the chronological order noted in the registration of the mortgage.
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(抵当権の処分の対抗要件)
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(Requirements for Perfection of Disposition of Mortgages)
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第三百七十七条前条の場合には、第四百六十七条の規定に従い、主たる債務者に抵当権の処分を通知し、又は主たる債務者がこれを承諾しなければ、これをもって主たる債務者、保証人、抵当権設定者及びこれらの者の承継人に対抗することができない。
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Article 377(1)In the cases in the preceding Article, in accordance with the provisions of Article 467, mortgagees cannot assert the disposition of mortgages against principal obligors, guarantors, mortgagors or their respective successors unless the disposition is notified to the primary obligors or the principal obligors acknowledge that disposition.
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(代価弁済)
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(Payment of Mortgage Proceeds)
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第三百七十八条抵当不動産について所有権又は地上権を買い受けた第三者が、抵当権者の請求に応じてその抵当権者にその代価を弁済したときは、抵当権は、その第三者のために消滅する。
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Article 378If a third party who purchases the ownership or superficies of Mortgaged Immovable Properties pay the price of the same to the relevant mortgagee at the request of the mortgagee, the mortgage shall be extinguished for the benefit of that third party.
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(抵当権消滅請求)
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(Claims for Extinction of Mortgages)
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第三百七十九条抵当不動産の第三取得者は、第三百八十三条の定めるところにより、抵当権消滅請求をすることができる。
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Article 379A third party acquirer of Mortgaged Immovable Properties may make a claim for the extinction of a mortgage as prescribed in Article 383.
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(抵当権消滅請求の時期)
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(Timing of Claims for Extinction of Mortgages)
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第三百八十二条抵当不動産の第三取得者は、抵当権の実行としての競売による差押えの効力が発生する前に、抵当権消滅請求をしなければならない。
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Article 382A third party acquirer of Mortgaged Immovable Properties must make a claim for the extinction of a mortgage before attachment by auction as a result of the execution of the mortgage takes effect.
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(抵当権消滅請求の手続)
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(Procedures for Claims for Extinction of Mortgages)
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第三百八十三条抵当不動産の第三取得者は、抵当権消滅請求をするときは、登記をした各債権者に対し、次に掲げる書面を送付しなければならない。
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Article 383If a third party acquirer of Mortgaged Immovable Properties intends to make a claim for the extinction of a mortgage, he/she must send the documents listed below to each registered obligee:
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一取得の原因及び年月日、譲渡人及び取得者の氏名及び住所並びに抵当不動産の性質、所在及び代価その他取得者の負担を記載した書面
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(i)A document that specifies the cause and date of the acquisition, the name and address of the assignor and the acquirer, the nature, location and price of the Mortgaged Immovable Properties and burdens of the acquirer;
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二抵当不動産に関する登記事項証明書(現に効力を有する登記事項のすべてを証明したものに限る。)
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(ii)A certificate of registered matters regarding the Mortgaged Immovable Properties (limited to certificates certifying all registered matters currently in effect); and
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三債権者が二箇月以内に抵当権を実行して競売の申立てをしないときは、抵当不動産の第三取得者が第一号に規定する代価又は特に指定した金額を債権の順位に従って弁済し又は供託すべき旨を記載した書面
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(iii)A document to the effect that, if the obligee does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage within two months, the third party acquirer of the immovable properties will pay or deposit the price provided for in item (i) or an amount specifically designated in accordance with the order of priority of claims.
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(債権者のみなし承諾)
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(Deemed Approval of Obligees)
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第三百八十四条次に掲げる場合には、前条各号に掲げる書面の送付を受けた債権者は、抵当不動産の第三取得者が同条第三号に掲げる書面に記載したところにより提供した同号の代価又は金額を承諾したものとみなす。
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Article 384In the cases listed below, obligees who have received the documents listed in each item of the preceding Article shall be deemed to have approved the price or amount that the third party acquirer of Mortgaged Immovable Properties has offered as stated in the document listed in item (iii) of that Article:
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一その債権者が前条各号に掲げる書面の送付を受けた後二箇月以内に抵当権を実行して競売の申立てをしないとき。
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(i)If the obligee does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage within two months after receipt of the documents listed in each item of the preceding Article;
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二その債権者が前号の申立てを取り下げたとき。
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(ii)If the obligee withdraws a petition under the preceding item;
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三第一号の申立てを却下する旨の決定が確定したとき。
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(iii)If a ruling dismissing a petition under item (i) has become final and binding; or
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四第一号の申立てに基づく競売の手続を取り消す旨の決定(民事執行法第百八十八条において準用する同法第六十三条第三項若しくは第六十八条の三第三項の規定又は同法第百八十三条第一項第五号の謄本が提出された場合における同条第二項の規定による決定を除く。)が確定したとき。
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(iv)If a ruling rescinding auction procedures based on a petition under item (i) (excluding rulings under the provisions of paragraph (3) of Article 63 or paragraph (3) of Article 68-3 of the Civil Execution Act applied mutatis mutandis under Article 188 of the same Act, or under the provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 183 of the same Act in cases where the certified copy under item (v), paragraph (1) of the same Article is provided) has become final and binding.
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(競売の申立ての通知)
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(Notice of Petitions for Auction)
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第三百八十五条第三百八十三条各号に掲げる書面の送付を受けた債権者は、前条第一号の申立てをするときは、同号の期間内に、債務者及び抵当不動産の譲渡人にその旨を通知しなければならない。
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Article 385If an obligee who has received the documents listed in each item of Article 383 files a petition under item (i) of the preceding Article, he/she must give notice to such effect to the obligor and assignor of the Mortgaged Immovable Properties within the period under that item.
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(抵当権消滅請求の効果)
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(Effect of Claims for Extinction of Mortgages)
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第三百八十六条登記をしたすべての債権者が抵当不動産の第三取得者の提供した代価又は金額を承諾し、かつ、抵当不動産の第三取得者がその承諾を得た代価又は金額を払い渡し又は供託したときは、抵当権は、消滅する。
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Article 386A mortgage shall be extinguished if all registered obligees approve the price or amount offered by the third party acquirer of the Mortgaged Immovable Properties , and the third party acquirer of the Mortgaged Immovable Properties has paid or deposited the price or amount approved.
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(抵当権者の同意の登記がある場合の賃貸借の対抗力)
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(Perfection of Leases with Registered Consent of Mortgagees)
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第三百八十七条登記をした賃貸借は、その登記前に登記をした抵当権を有するすべての者が同意をし、かつ、その同意の登記があるときは、その同意をした抵当権者に対抗することができる。
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Article 387(1)If all persons holding mortgages, the registrations of which precede the registration of a lease, give their consent, and such consents are registered, the lease so registered can be asserted against those mortgagees who gave their consent.
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(法定地上権)
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(Statutory Superficies)
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第三百八十八条土地及びその上に存する建物が同一の所有者に属する場合において、その土地又は建物につき抵当権が設定され、その実行により所有者を異にするに至ったときは、その建物について、地上権が設定されたものとみなす。この場合において、地代は、当事者の請求により、裁判所が定める。
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Article 388In cases where land and a building on the land belong to the same owner, if a mortgage is created with respect to that land or building, and the execution of that mortgage results in the creation of different owners, it shall be deemed that a superficies has been created with respect to that building. In such cases, the rent shall be fixed by the court at the request of the parties.
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(抵当地の上の建物の競売)
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(Auction of Buildings on Mortgaged Lands)
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第三百八十九条抵当権の設定後に抵当地に建物が築造されたときは、抵当権者は、土地とともにその建物を競売することができる。ただし、その優先権は、土地の代価についてのみ行使することができる。
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Article 389(1)If a building is constructed on mortgaged land after the creation of a mortgage, the mortgagee may auction the building together with the land; provided, however, that his/her right of priority may be exercised solely against the proceeds of the land.
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(抵当不動産の第三取得者による買受け)
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(Purchases of Mortgaged Immovable Properties by Third Party Acquirers)
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第三百九十条抵当不動産の第三取得者は、その競売において買受人となることができる。
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Article 390A third party acquirer of Mortgaged Immovable Properties may be the purchaser at the auction of the same.
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(抵当不動産の第三取得者による費用の償還請求)
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(Claims for Reimbursement of Expenses by Third Party Acquirers of Mortgaged Immovable Properties)
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第三百九十一条抵当不動産の第三取得者は、抵当不動産について必要費又は有益費を支出したときは、第百九十六条の区別に従い、抵当不動産の代価から、他の債権者より先にその償還を受けることができる。
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Article 391If a third party acquirer of Mortgaged Immovable Properties has incurred necessary or beneficial expenses with respect to the Mortgaged Immovable Properties, he/she shall be entitled to obtain reimbursement of the same out of the proceeds of the Mortgaged Immovable Properties prior to other obligees, in accordance with the distinctions in Article 196.
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(共同抵当における代価の配当)
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(Distribution of Proceeds in cases of Joint Mortgage)
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第三百九十二条債権者が同一の債権の担保として数個の不動産につき抵当権を有する場合において、同時にその代価を配当すべきときは、その各不動産の価額に応じて、その債権の負担を按分する。
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Article 392(1)In cases where an obligee holds mortgages on several immovable properties to secure the same claim, if the proceeds of those immovable properties are to be distributed simultaneously, the obligee shall divide the burden of the claim in proportion to the value of each immovable property.
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(2)In cases where an obligee holds mortgages on several immovable properties to secure the same claim, if the proceeds from a particular immovable property alone are to be distributed, the mortgagee may receive the payment of his/her entire claim out of those proceeds. In such cases, subordinated mortgagees may exercise their mortgages in subrogation of that mortgagee, up to the amount that that mortgagee who receives payment would otherwise be entitled to receive from the proceeds of other immovable properties, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
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(共同抵当における代位の付記登記)
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(Note in Registration of Subrogation in case of Joint Mortgages)
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第三百九十三条前条第二項後段の規定により代位によって抵当権を行使する者は、その抵当権の登記にその代位を付記することができる。
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Article 393A person who exercises a mortgage by way of subrogation under the provisions of the second sentence of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article may note his/her subrogation in the registration of that mortgage.
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(抵当不動産以外の財産からの弁済)
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(Payment from Assets other than Mortgaged Immovable Properties)
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第三百九十四条抵当権者は、抵当不動産の代価から弁済を受けない債権の部分についてのみ、他の財産から弁済を受けることができる。
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Article 394(1)A mortgagee may receive payment from assets other than the Mortgaged Immovable Properties, limited to the extent of the portion of his/her claim not paid from the proceeds of that Mortgaged Immovable Properties.
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(2)The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to cases where the proceeds of other assets are to be distributed prior to the proceeds of the Mortgaged Immovable Properties. In such cases, each other obligee may demand that the amount to be distributed to the mortgagee be deposited in order to have the mortgagee receive payment under the provisions of that paragraph.
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(抵当建物使用者の引渡しの猶予)
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(Suspension of Delivery by Users of Mortgaged Buildings)
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第三百九十五条抵当権者に対抗することができない賃貸借により抵当権の目的である建物の使用又は収益をする者であって次に掲げるもの(次項において「抵当建物使用者」という。)は、その建物の競売における買受人の買受けの時から六箇月を経過するまでは、その建物を買受人に引き渡すことを要しない。
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Article 395(1)Any person who uses or receives profits from a building subject to a mortgage by virture of a lease that cannot be asserted against the mortgagee, and who is listed as follows (in the following paragraph referred to as "Mortgaged Building User") shall not be required to deliver that building to the purchaser thereof until six months have elapsed from the time when the purchaser purchased that building at auction:
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一競売手続の開始前から使用又は収益をする者
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(i)A person who has been using or receiving profits from the building since prior to the commencement of auction procedures; or
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二強制管理又は担保不動産収益執行の管理人が競売手続の開始後にした賃貸借により使用又は収益をする者
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(ii)A person who is using or receiving profits from the building by virtue of a lease given after the commencement of auction procedures by the administrator of compulsory administration or execution against profits from secured immovable properties.
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(2)The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply in cases where the purchaser issues a notice to the Mortgaged Building User demanding payment of consideration for a period of one month or more with respect to the use of the building in that paragraph that has occurred after the time of purchase by the purchaser, establishing a reasonable period, and no payment is made within that reasonable period.
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第三節 抵当権の消滅
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Section 3 Extinction of Mortgages
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(抵当権の消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription of Mortgages)
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第三百九十六条抵当権は、債務者及び抵当権設定者に対しては、その担保する債権と同時でなければ、時効によって消滅しない。
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Article 396No mortgage shall be extinguished by prescription in relation to obligors and mortgagors unless it is extinguished simultaneously with the claim the mortgage secures.
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(抵当不動産の時効取得による抵当権の消滅)
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(Extinction of Mortgages by Acquisition by Prescription of Mortgaged Immovable Properties)
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第三百九十七条債務者又は抵当権設定者でない者が抵当不動産について取得時効に必要な要件を具備する占有をしたときは、抵当権は、これによって消滅する。
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Article 397If a person who is neither an obligor nor a mortgagor has possessed the Mortgaged Immovable Properties in complete conformity with the requirements for acquisitive prescription, the mortgage shall be extinguished thereby.
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(抵当権の目的である地上権等の放棄)
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(Renouncement of Mortgaged Superficies)
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第三百九十八条地上権又は永小作権を抵当権の目的とした地上権者又は永小作人は、その権利を放棄しても、これをもって抵当権者に対抗することができない。
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Article 398Even if a holder of superficies or a emphyteuta who created mortgage on his/her superficies or emphyteusis renounces his/her rights, the renouncement cannot be asserted against the mortgagee.
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第四節 根抵当
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Section 4 Revolving Mortgages
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(根抵当権)
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(Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の二抵当権は、設定行為で定めるところにより、一定の範囲に属する不特定の債権を極度額の限度において担保するためにも設定することができる。
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Article 398-2(1)Mortgages may be created, by an establishing act, in order to secure unspecified claims of a certain scope, up to the limit of a maximum amount.
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(2)The scope of the unspecified claims to be secured by the mortgage under the provisions of the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to as "Revolving Mortgage") must be prescribed by limiting the scope to claims arising from specific contracts with the obligor for continuous transactions or other claims arising from certain kinds of transactions with the obligor.
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(根抵当権の被担保債権の範囲)
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(Scope of Secured Claims under Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の三根抵当権者は、確定した元本並びに利息その他の定期金及び債務の不履行によって生じた損害の賠償の全部について、極度額を限度として、その根抵当権を行使することができる。
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Article 398-3(1)A revolving mortgagee may exercise his/her Revolving Mortgage up to the maximum amount with respect to all fixed payments of principal as well as periodical payments including interest and compensation for damages resulting from failure to perform obligations.
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(2)In cases where a claim on a negotiable instrument or check acquired by way of causes other than the transactions with the obligor is treated as a claim to be secured by a Revolving Mortgage, if any of the following grounds exist, such Revolving Mortgage may be exercised only with respect to claims acquired before such grounds arose; provided, however, that even with respect to claims acquired after such grounds arose, the exercise of the Revolving Mortgage shall not be precluded as far as the claims were acquired without knowledge of those grounds:
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一債務者の支払の停止
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(i)The suspension of payments by the obligor;
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二債務者についての破産手続開始、再生手続開始、更生手続開始又は特別清算開始の申立て
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(ii)A petition for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures, the commencement of rehabilitation procedures, the commencement of reorganization procedures or the commencement for special liquidation with respect to the obligor; or
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三抵当不動産に対する競売の申立て又は滞納処分による差押え
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(iii)A petition for auction in relation to Mortgaged Immovable Properties or attachment for delinquent taxes.
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(根抵当権の被担保債権の範囲及び債務者の変更)
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(Alterations in Scope of Secured Claims under Revolving Mortgages and of Obligors)
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第三百九十八条の四元本の確定前においては、根抵当権の担保すべき債権の範囲の変更をすることができる。債務者の変更についても、同様とする。
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Article 398-4(1)The scope of the claims to be secured by a Revolving Mortgage may be altered if the alteration is effected before the principal is fixed. The same shall likewise apply with respect to alterations of obligors.
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(根抵当権の極度額の変更)
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(Alterations in Maximum Amounts of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の五根抵当権の極度額の変更は、利害関係を有する者の承諾を得なければ、することができない。
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Article 398-5Alterations in the maximum amount of a Revolving Mortgage cannot be made unless the approval of the interested parties is obtained.
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(根抵当権の元本確定期日の定め)
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(Provision of Date for Fixing Principal of Revolving Mortgage)
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第三百九十八条の六根抵当権の担保すべき元本については、その確定すべき期日を定め又は変更することができる。
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Article 398-6(1)With respect to the principal secured by a Revolving Mortgage, the date when the principal is to be fixed may be prescribed or changed.
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(根抵当権の被担保債権の譲渡等)
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(Assignments of Secured Claims under Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の七元本の確定前に根抵当権者から債権を取得した者は、その債権について根抵当権を行使することができない。元本の確定前に債務者のために又は債務者に代わって弁済をした者も、同様とする。
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Article 398-7(1)A person who acquires a claim from a revolving mortgagee before the principal is fixed may not exercise the Revolving Mortgage with respect to such claim. The same shall likewise apply to a person who made payment for or on behalf of an obligor before the principal was fixed.
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(根抵当権者又は債務者の相続)
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(Inheritances of Revolving Mortgagees or Obligors)
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第三百九十八条の八元本の確定前に根抵当権者について相続が開始したときは、根抵当権は、相続開始の時に存する債権のほか、相続人と根抵当権設定者との合意により定めた相続人が相続の開始後に取得する債権を担保する。
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Article 398-8(1)If an inheritance of a revolving mortgagee commences before the principal is fixed, the Revolving Mortgage shall secure the claims that exist at the time of the commencement of the inheritance and shall otherwise secure claims the heir prescribed by agreement between the heirs and the revolving mortgagor acquires after the commencement of the inheritance.
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(2)If an inheritance of an obligor commences before the principal is fixed, the Revolving Mortgage shall secure the obligations that exist at the time of the commencement of the inheritance and shall otherwise secure the claims that the heir prescribed by agreement between the revolving mortgagee and the revolving mortgagor assumes after the commencement of the inheritance.
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(根抵当権者又は債務者の合併)
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(Mergers of Revolving Mortgagees or Obligors)
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第三百九十八条の九元本の確定前に根抵当権者について合併があったときは、根抵当権は、合併の時に存する債権のほか、合併後存続する法人又は合併によって設立された法人が合併後に取得する債権を担保する。
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Article 398-9(1)If there is a merger with respect to a revolving mortgagee before the principal is fixed for that revolving mortgagee, the Revolving Mortgage shall secure the claims that exist at the time of the merger and shall otherwise secure claims that a juridical person that survives the merger or a juridical person that is incorporated by the merger acquires after the merger.
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(2)If there is a merger with respect to an obligor before the principal is fixed for that obligor, the Revolving Mortgage shall secure the obligations that exist at the time of the merger and shall otherwise secure the obligations that a juridical person that survives the merger or a juridical person that is incorporated by the merger assumes after the merger.
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(根抵当権者又は債務者の会社分割)
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(Company Splits of Revolving Mortgagees or Obligors)
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第三百九十八条の十元本の確定前に根抵当権者を分割をする会社とする分割があったときは、根抵当権は、分割の時に存する債権のほか、分割をした会社及び分割により設立された会社又は当該分割をした会社がその事業に関して有する権利義務の全部又は一部を当該会社から承継した会社が分割後に取得する債権を担保する。
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Article 398-10(1)If, before the principal is fixed, a split in which the relevant revolving mortgagee is the company to be split is effected, the Revolving Mortgage shall secure the claims that exist at the time of the split and shall otherwise secure claims acquired after the split by the split company and the company incorporated by the split, or claims acquired after the split by the company that succeeded to some or all of the rights and obligations of the split company regarding its business.
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(2)If, before the principal is fixed, a split in which the relevant obligor is the company to be split is effected, the Revolving Mortgage shall secure the obligations that exist at the time of the split and shall otherwise secure obligations that are assumed after the split by the split company and the company incorporated by the split, or claims acquired after the split by the company that assumed some or all of the rights and obligations of the split company regarding its business.
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(根抵当権の処分)
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(Disposition of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十一元本の確定前においては、根抵当権者は、第三百七十六条第一項の規定による根抵当権の処分をすることができない。ただし、その根抵当権を他の債権の担保とすることを妨げない。
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Article 398-11(1)Before the principal is fixed, a revolving mortgagee cannot dispose of a Revolving Mortgage under the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 376; provided, however, that he/she shall not be precluded from applying that Revolving Mortgage to secure other claims.
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(根抵当権の譲渡)
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(Assignments of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十二元本の確定前においては、根抵当権者は、根抵当権設定者の承諾を得て、その根抵当権を譲り渡すことができる。
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Article 398-12(1)Before the principal is fixed, a revolving mortgagee may assign a Revolving Mortgage, with the approval of the revolving mortgagor.
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(2)A revolving mortgagee may divide his/her Revolving Mortgage into two Revolving Mortgages and assign either of the same in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. In such cases, the rights for which that Revolving Mortgage is the subject matter shall be extinguished with respect to the Revolving Mortgage that was assigned.
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(根抵当権の一部譲渡)
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(Partial Assignments of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十三元本の確定前においては、根抵当権者は、根抵当権設定者の承諾を得て、その根抵当権の一部譲渡(譲渡人が譲受人と根抵当権を共有するため、これを分割しないで譲り渡すことをいう。以下この節において同じ。)をすることができる。
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Article 398-13Before the principal is fixed, a revolving mortgagee may, with the approval of the revolving mortgagor, effect a partial assignment of the Revolving Mortgage (hereinafter in this Section referring to assignments of Revolving Mortgages that the assignor effects without dividing the Revolving Mortgage in order to co-own the same with the assignee).
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(根抵当権の共有)
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(Co-ownership of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十四根抵当権の共有者は、それぞれその債権額の割合に応じて弁済を受ける。ただし、元本の確定前に、これと異なる割合を定め、又はある者が他の者に先立って弁済を受けるべきことを定めたときは、その定めに従う。
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Article 398-14(1)Co-owners of a Revolving Mortgage shall be paid in proportion to the amount of their respective claims; provided, however, that, if before the principal is fixed, a proportion other than the above is agreed, or if it is agreed that a certain person should be paid prior to the others, that agreement shall prevail.
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(抵当権の順位の譲渡又は放棄と根抵当権の譲渡又は一部譲渡)
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(Assignments or Waivers of Order of Priority of Mortgages and Assignments or Partial Assignments of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十五抵当権の順位の譲渡又は放棄を受けた根抵当権者が、その根抵当権の譲渡又は一部譲渡をしたときは、譲受人は、その順位の譲渡又は放棄の利益を受ける。
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Article 398-15If a revolving mortgagee who has accepted an assignment or waiver of the order of priority of a mortgage has assigned or partially assigned his/her Revolving Mortgage, the assignee shall receive the benefit of the assignment or waiver of that order of priority.
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(共同根抵当)
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(Joint Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十六第三百九十二条及び第三百九十三条の規定は、根抵当権については、その設定と同時に同一の債権の担保として数個の不動産につき根抵当権が設定された旨の登記をした場合に限り、適用する。
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Article 398-16The provisions of Articles 392 and 393 shall apply with respect to Revolving Mortgages, limited to cases where, simultaneously with the establishment of the same, it is registered that a Revolving Mortgage has been established on several immovable properties to secure the same claim.
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(共同根抵当の変更等)
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(Alterations of Joint Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十七前条の登記がされている根抵当権の担保すべき債権の範囲、債務者若しくは極度額の変更又はその譲渡若しくは一部譲渡は、その根抵当権が設定されているすべての不動産について登記をしなければ、その効力を生じない。
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Article 398-17(1)An alteration in the scope, obligors or maximum amount of the claims to be secured, or assignment or partial assignment of the Revolving Mortgages for which registration is effected in accordance with the preceding Article shall not take effect unless registration is effected with respect to all immovable properties over which that Revolving Mortgages are established.
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(累積根抵当)
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(Aggregate Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十八数個の不動産につき根抵当権を有する者は、第三百九十八条の十六の場合を除き、各不動産の代価について、各極度額に至るまで優先権を行使することができる。
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Article 398-18A person who has Revolving Mortgages on several immovable properties may exercise his/her right of priority with respect to the proceeds of each immovable property up to the respective maximum amounts, except for cases provided for in Article 398-16.
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(根抵当権の元本の確定請求)
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(Requests for Fixing of Principal of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の十九根抵当権設定者は、根抵当権の設定の時から三年を経過したときは、担保すべき元本の確定を請求することができる。この場合において、担保すべき元本は、その請求の時から二週間を経過することによって確定する。
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Article 398-19(1)If three years have elapsed from the time of the creation of a Revolving Mortgage, the revolving mortgagor may request the fixing of the principal secured. In such cases, the principal secured shall be fixed when two weeks have elapsed since the time of that request.
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(根抵当権の元本の確定事由)
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(Grounds for Fixing of Principal of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の二十次に掲げる場合には、根抵当権の担保すべき元本は、確定する。
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Article 398-20(1)The principal secured by a Revolving Mortgage shall be fixed in the following cases:
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一根抵当権者が抵当不動産について競売若しくは担保不動産収益執行又は第三百七十二条において準用する第三百四条の規定による差押えを申し立てたとき。ただし、競売手続若しくは担保不動産収益執行手続の開始又は差押えがあったときに限る。
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(i)If the revolving mortgagee has filed, with respect to the Mortgaged Immovable Properties, a petition for auction or execution against profits from secured immovable properties or the attachment under the provisions of Article 304 cited in Article 372; provided, however, that this provision shall apply only in cases where the commencement of either auction procedures or execution procedures against secured immovable properties to realize profits, or an attachment has been effected;
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二根抵当権者が抵当不動産に対して滞納処分による差押えをしたとき。
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(ii)If the revolving mortgagee has effected an attachment for delinquent taxes against the Mortgaged Immovable Properties;
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三根抵当権者が抵当不動産に対する競売手続の開始又は滞納処分による差押えがあったことを知った時から二週間を経過したとき。
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(iii)If two weeks have elapsed from the time when the revolving mortgagee acquired knowledge of the commencement of auction procedures or attachment for delinquent taxes against the Mortgaged Immovable Properties; or
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四債務者又は根抵当権設定者が破産手続開始の決定を受けたとき。
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(iv)If the obligor or revolving mortgagor has become subject to a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures.
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(2)If the effect of the commencement of auction procedures, the attachment under item (iii) of the preceding paragraph or the ruling to commence bankruptcy procedures under item (iv) of that paragraph has been extinguished, it shall be deemed that the principal secured was not fixed; provided, however, that this shall not apply if any person has acquired that Revolving Mortgage or a right for which the Revolving Mortgage is the subject matter on the assumption that the principal was fixed.
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(根抵当権の極度額の減額請求)
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(Requests for Reductions in Maximum Amount of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の二十一元本の確定後においては、根抵当権設定者は、その根抵当権の極度額を、現に存する債務の額と以後二年間に生ずべき利息その他の定期金及び債務の不履行による損害賠償の額とを加えた額に減額することを請求することができる。
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Article 398-21(1)After the principal is fixed, the revolving mortgagor may request a reduction in the maximum amount of that Revolving Mortgage, to the amount of the obligations actually in existence plus the amount of the periodical payments including interest and the amount of damages due to default in obligations that will arise in the following two years.
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(根抵当権の消滅請求)
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(Requests for Extinction of Revolving Mortgages)
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第三百九十八条の二十二元本の確定後において現に存する債務の額が根抵当権の極度額を超えるときは、他人の債務を担保するためその根抵当権を設定した者又は抵当不動産について所有権、地上権、永小作権若しくは第三者に対抗することができる賃借権を取得した第三者は、その極度額に相当する金額を払い渡し又は供託して、その根抵当権の消滅請求をすることができる。この場合において、その払渡し又は供託は、弁済の効力を有する。
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Article 398-22(1)If the amount of the obligations actually in existence after the principal is fixed exceeds the maximum amount of the Revolving Mortgage, a person who created his/her Revolving Mortgage to secure obligations of others or a third party who acquired ownership, superficies, emphyteusis or a lease that can be asserted against any third party with respect to the Mortgaged Immovable Properties, may request the extinction of that Revolving Mortgage by tendering or depositing an amount equivalent to that maximum amount. In such cases, that tender or deposit shall have the effect of payment.
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第三編 債権
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Part III Claims
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第一章 総則
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Chapter I General Provisions
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第一節 債権の目的
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Section 1 Subject of Claim
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(債権の目的)
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(Subject of Claim)
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第三百九十九条債権は、金銭に見積もることができないものであっても、その目的とすることができる。
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Article 399Even a matter that cannot be given an estimated monetary value may be the subject of a claim.
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(特定物の引渡しの場合の注意義務)
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(Duty of Care in cases of Delivery of Specified Things)
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第四百条債権の目的が特定物の引渡しであるときは、債務者は、その引渡しをするまで、善良な管理者の注意をもって、その物を保存しなければならない。
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Article 400If the subject of a claim is the delivery of any specified things, the obligor must take custody of such property with due care of a prudent manager until the completion of such delivery.
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(種類債権)
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(Fungible Claim)
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第四百一条債権の目的物を種類のみで指定した場合において、法律行為の性質又は当事者の意思によってその品質を定めることができないときは、債務者は、中等の品質を有する物を給付しなければならない。
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Article 401(1)In cases the subject of the claim is specified only with reference to a type and if the quality of such property cannot be identified due to the nature of the juristic act or intention of the relevant party(ies), the obligor must deliver the property of intermediate quality.
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(金銭債権)
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(Monetary Claim)
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第四百二条債権の目的物が金銭であるときは、債務者は、その選択に従い、各種の通貨で弁済をすることができる。ただし、特定の種類の通貨の給付を債権の目的としたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 402(1)If the subject of the claim is money, the obligor may, at his/her choice, make the payment in currency of any kind; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the delivery of specific kind of currency is identified as the subject of the claim.
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(法定利率)
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(Statutory Interest Rate)
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第四百四条利息を生ずべき債権について別段の意思表示がないときは、その利率は、年五分とする。
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Article 404Unless the parties otherwise manifest their intention with respect to a claim which bears interest, the rate of such interest shall be 5% per annum.
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(利息の元本への組入れ)
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(Incorporation of Interest into Principal)
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第四百五条利息の支払が一年分以上延滞した場合において、債権者が催告をしても、債務者がその利息を支払わないときは、債権者は、これを元本に組み入れることができる。
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Article 405In cases the payment of interest corresponding to one year or more is delayed, and if the obligor does not pay such interest notwithstanding the demand by the obligee, the obligee may incorporate such interest into the principal.
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(選択債権における選択権の帰属)
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(Attribution of Right of Choice in cases of Alternative Obligation)
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第四百六条債権の目的が数個の給付の中から選択によって定まるときは、その選択権は、債務者に属する。
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Article 406If the subject of the claim is to be identified by way of choice among more than one performance, the right to make the choice shall vest in the obligor.
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(選択権の行使)
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(Exercise of Right of Choice)
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第四百七条前条の選択権は、相手方に対する意思表示によって行使する。
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Article 407(1)The right of choice under the preceding Article shall be exercised by manifesting the intention to the counterparty.
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(選択権の移転)
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(Transfer of Right of Choice)
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第四百八条債権が弁済期にある場合において、相手方から相当の期間を定めて催告をしても、選択権を有する当事者がその期間内に選択をしないときは、その選択権は、相手方に移転する。
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Article 408In cases a claim is due and, notwithstanding a demand by the counterparty stipulating a reasonable period of time, the party who holds the right of choice does not exercise the right within such period of time, the right of choice shall be transferred to the counterparty.
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(第三者の選択権)
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(Right of Choice of Third Party)
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第四百九条第三者が選択をすべき場合には、その選択は、債権者又は債務者に対する意思表示によってする。
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Article 409(1)In cases a third party holds the right of choice, such choice shall be made by manifesting its intention to either the obligee or the obligor.
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(不能による選択債権の特定)
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(Identification of Alternative Obligation due to Impossibility)
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第四百十条債権の目的である給付の中に、初めから不能であるもの又は後に至って不能となったものがあるときは、債権は、その残存するものについて存在する。
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Article 410(1)If any performance which is included in the subject of a claim is impossible from the beginning, or later becomes impossible, the claim shall exist to the extent of the performance which still remains.
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(選択の効力)
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(Effect of Choice)
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第四百十一条選択は、債権の発生の時にさかのぼってその効力を生ずる。ただし、第三者の権利を害することはできない。
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Article 411The choice shall become effective retroactively as of the time of the accrual of the claim; provided, however that this shall not prejudice the rights of a third party.
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第二節 債権の効力
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Section 2 Effect of Claims
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第一款 債務不履行の責任等
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Subsection 1 Responsibility for Default
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(履行期と履行遅滞)
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(Time for Performance and Delay in Performance)
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第四百十二条債務の履行について確定期限があるときは、債務者は、その期限の到来した時から遅滞の責任を負う。
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Article 412(1)If any specified due date is assigned to the performance of an obligation, the obligor shall be responsible for the delay on and after the time of the arrival of such time limit.
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(受領遅滞)
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(Obligee's Delay in Acceptance)
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第四百十三条債権者が債務の履行を受けることを拒み、又は受けることができないときは、その債権者は、履行の提供があった時から遅滞の責任を負う。
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Article 413If the obligee refuses, or is unable, to accept the tender of the performance of any obligation, the relevant obligee shall be responsible for the delay on and after the time of the tender of the performance.
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(履行の強制)
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(Enforcement of Performance)
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第四百十四条債務者が任意に債務の履行をしないときは、債権者は、その強制履行を裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、債務の性質がこれを許さないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 414(1)If an obligor voluntarily fails to perform any obligation, the obligee may request the enforcement of specific performance from the court; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the nature of the obligation does not permit such enforcement.
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(2)In cases the nature of the obligation does not permit the enforcement of the specific performance, if it is an obligation for an act, the obligee may request the court to cause a third party to perform such act at the expense of the obligor; provided, however, that with respect to any obligation for any juristic act, the manifestation of intention of the obligor may be achieved by a judgment.
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(債務不履行による損害賠償)
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(Damages due to Default)
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第四百十五条債務者がその債務の本旨に従った履行をしないときは、債権者は、これによって生じた損害の賠償を請求することができる。債務者の責めに帰すべき事由によって履行をすることができなくなったときも、同様とする。
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Article 415If an obligor fails to perform consistent with the purpose of its obligation, the obligee shall be entitled to demand damages arising from such failure. The same shall apply in cases it has become impossible to perform due to reasons attributable to the obligor.
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(損害賠償の範囲)
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(Scope of Damages)
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第四百十六条債務の不履行に対する損害賠償の請求は、これによって通常生ずべき損害の賠償をさせることをその目的とする。
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Article 416(1)The purpose of the demand for the damages for failure to perform an obligation shall be to demand the compensation for damages which would ordinarily arise from such failure.
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(損害賠償の方法)
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(Method of Compensation for Damages)
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第四百十七条損害賠償は、別段の意思表示がないときは、金銭をもってその額を定める。
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Article 417Unless other intention is manifested, the amount of the damages shall be determined with reference to monetary value.
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(過失相殺)
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(Comparative Negligence)
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第四百十八条債務の不履行に関して債権者に過失があったときは、裁判所は、これを考慮して、損害賠償の責任及びその額を定める。
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Article 418If the obligee is negligent regarding the failure of performance of the obligation, the court shall determine the liability for damages and the amount thereof by taking such elements into consideration.
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(金銭債務の特則)
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(Special Provisions for Monetary Debt)
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第四百十九条金銭の給付を目的とする債務の不履行については、その損害賠償の額は、法定利率によって定める。ただし、約定利率が法定利率を超えるときは、約定利率による。
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Article 419(1)The amount of the damages for failure to perform any obligation for the delivery of any money shall be determined with reference to the statutory interest rate; provided, however, that, in cases the agreed interest rate exceeds the statutory interest rate, the agreed interest rate shall prevail.
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(賠償額の予定)
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(Liquidated Damages)
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第四百二十条当事者は、債務の不履行について損害賠償の額を予定することができる。この場合において、裁判所は、その額を増減することができない。
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Article 420(1)The parties may agree on the amount of the liquidated damages with respect to the failure to perform the obligation. In such case, the court may not increase or decrease the amount thereof.
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(損害賠償による代位)
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(Subrogation for Damages)
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第四百二十二条債権者が、損害賠償として、その債権の目的である物又は権利の価額の全部の支払を受けたときは、債務者は、その物又は権利について当然に債権者に代位する。
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Article 422If an obligee receives the full value of any Thing or right which is the subject of the claim as the compensation for damages, the obligor shall be subrogated to the creditor in relation to such property or right by operation of law.
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第二款 債権者代位権及び詐害行為取消権
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Subsection 2 Obligee's Subrogation Right and Obligee's Right to Demand Rescission of Fraudulent Act
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(債権者代位権)
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(Obligee's Subrogation Right)
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第四百二十三条債権者は、自己の債権を保全するため、債務者に属する権利を行使することができる。ただし、債務者の一身に専属する権利は、この限りでない。
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Article 423(1)An obligee may exercise the right vested in the obligor in order to preserve his/her own claim; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to rights which are exclusive and personal to the obligor.
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(詐害行為取消権)
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(Obligee's Right to Demand the Rescission of Fraudulent Act)
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第四百二十四条債権者は、債務者が債権者を害することを知ってした法律行為の取消しを裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、その行為によって利益を受けた者又は転得者がその行為又は転得の時において債権者を害すべき事実を知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 424(1)An obligee may demand the court to rescind any juristic act which an obligor commits knowing that it will prejudice the obligee; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where any person who benefits from such act, or any person who succeeds to such benefit, did not know, at the time of such act or succession, the fact that the obligee is to be prejudiced.
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(詐害行為の取消しの効果)
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(Effect of Rescission of Fraudulent Act)
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第四百二十五条前条の規定による取消しは、すべての債権者の利益のためにその効力を生ずる。
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Article 425The rescission pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article shall have an effect for the benefit of all obligees.
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(詐害行為取消権の期間の制限)
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(Limitation Period of Obligee's Right to Rescind Fraudulent Act)
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第四百二十六条第四百二十四条の規定による取消権は、債権者が取消しの原因を知った時から二年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。行為の時から二十年を経過したときも、同様とする。
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Article 426The right to rescind pursuant to the provision of Article 424 shall be extinguished by operation of prescription if not exercised within two years from the time that the obligee acquired knowledge of the cause of the rescission. The same shall apply if twenty years pass from the time of the act.
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第三節 多数当事者の債権及び債務
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Section 3 Claims and Obligations of Multiple-Parties
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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(分割債権及び分割債務)
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(Divisible Claims and Divisible Obligations)
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第四百二十七条数人の債権者又は債務者がある場合において、別段の意思表示がないときは、各債権者又は各債務者は、それぞれ等しい割合で権利を有し、又は義務を負う。
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Article 427In cases there are more than one obligee or obligor, unless any other intention is manifested, each obligee or each obligor shall have the equally proportionate rights or obligations.
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第二款 不可分債権及び不可分債務
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Subsection 2 Indivisible Claims and Indivisible Obligations
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(不可分債権)
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(Indivisible Claim)
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第四百二十八条債権の目的がその性質上又は当事者の意思表示によって不可分である場合において、数人の債権者があるときは、各債権者はすべての債権者のために履行を請求し、債務者はすべての債権者のために各債権者に対して履行をすることができる。
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Article 428In cases the subject of a claim is indivisible by its nature or due to the manifestation of intention of the parties involved, if there are more than one obligees, each obligee may demand the performance for the benefit of all obligees, and the relevant obligor may tender its performance to each obligee for the benefit of all obligees.
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(不可分債権者の一人について生じた事由等の効力)
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(Effect of Circumstances on Particular Circumstance which Arises with respect to One Indivisible Obligee)
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第四百二十九条不可分債権者の一人と債務者との間に更改又は免除があった場合においても、他の不可分債権者は、債務の全部の履行を請求することができる。この場合においては、その一人の不可分債権者がその権利を失わなければ分与される利益を債務者に償還しなければならない。
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Article 429(1)Even in cases where there is a novation or release between one indivisible obligee and the obligor, other indivisible obligee(s) may request the obligor to tender the entire performance. In such cases, the benefit which would have been allocated to the above-mentioned one indivisible obligee if he/she did not lose his/her right must be reimbursed to the relevant obligor.
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(不可分債務)
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(Indivisible Obligation)
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第四百三十条前条の規定及び次款(連帯債務)の規定(第四百三十四条から第四百四十条までの規定を除く。)は、数人が不可分債務を負担する場合について準用する。
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Article 430The provisions of the preceding Article, and the provisions of the following Subsection 3 (Joint and Several Obligation)(excluding the provisions of Articles 434 to 440 inclusive) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where more than one person bears any indivisible obligation.
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(可分債権又は可分債務への変更)
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(Changing into Divisible Claims or Divisible Obligations)
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第四百三十一条不可分債権が可分債権となったときは、各債権者は自己が権利を有する部分についてのみ履行を請求することができ、不可分債務が可分債務となったときは、各債務者はその負担部分についてのみ履行の責任を負う。
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Article 431If any indivisible claim becomes a divisible claim, each obligee may request the performance only to the extent of such portion of the claim on which he/she has his/her own right, and if any indivisible obligation becomes a divisible obligation, each obligor shall bear his/her responsibility only to the extent of the portion of the obligation which he/she bears.
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第三款 連帯債務
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Subsection 3 Joint and Several Obligations
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(履行の請求)
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(Request for Performance)
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第四百三十二条数人が連帯債務を負担するときは、債権者は、その連帯債務者の一人に対し、又は同時に若しくは順次にすべての連帯債務者に対し、全部又は一部の履行を請求することができる。
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Article 432If more than one person bears a joint and several obligation, the obligee may request one of the joint and several obligors, or all of such joint and several obligors, simultaneously or successively, to perform the obligation, in whole or in part.
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(連帯債務者の一人についての法律行為の無効等)
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(Invalidity of Juristic Act with respect to One Joint and Several Obligor)
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第四百三十三条連帯債務者の一人について法律行為の無効又は取消しの原因があっても、他の連帯債務者の債務は、その効力を妨げられない。
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Article 433Even if there are any grounds for the voidance or rescission of a juristic act with respect to only one joint and several obligor, the validity of the obligation(s) of other joint and several obligor(s) shall not be impaired.
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(連帯債務者の一人に対する履行の請求)
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(Request for Performance to One Joint and Several Obligor)
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第四百三十四条連帯債務者の一人に対する履行の請求は、他の連帯債務者に対しても、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 434A request for performance made to one joint and several obligor shall also be effective with respect to other joint and several obligor(s).
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(連帯債務者の一人との間の更改)
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(Novation with One Joint and Several Obligor)
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第四百三十五条連帯債務者の一人と債権者との間に更改があったときは、債権は、すべての連帯債務者の利益のために消滅する。
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Article 435If there is any novation between one joint and several obligor and the obligee, the claim shall be extinguished for the benefit of all joint and several obligors.
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(連帯債務者の一人による相殺等)
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(Setoffs by One Joint and Several Obligor)
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第四百三十六条連帯債務者の一人が債権者に対して債権を有する場合において、その連帯債務者が相殺を援用したときは、債権は、すべての連帯債務者の利益のために消滅する。
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Article 436(1)In cases one joint and several obligor has a claim vis-a-vis the obligee, if such joint and several obligor invokes a setoff, the claim shall be extinguished for the benefit of all joint and several obligors.
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(連帯債務者の一人に対する免除)
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(Releases of One Joint and Several Obligor)
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第四百三十七条連帯債務者の一人に対してした債務の免除は、その連帯債務者の負担部分についてのみ、他の連帯債務者の利益のためにも、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 437A release of an obligation effected for one joint and several obligor shall also be effective for the benefit of other joint and several obligor(s) solely to the extent of the portion of the obligation which is borne by such joint and several obligor.
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(連帯債務者の一人との間の混同)
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(Merger with One Joint and Several Obligor)
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第四百三十八条連帯債務者の一人と債権者との間に混同があったときは、その連帯債務者は、弁済をしたものとみなす。
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Article 438If there is any merger between one joint and several obligor and the relevant obligee, it is deemed that such joint and several obligor has performed his/her obligation.
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(連帯債務者の一人についての時効の完成)
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(Completion of Prescription with respect to One Joint and Several Obligor)
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第四百三十九条連帯債務者の一人のために時効が完成したときは、その連帯債務者の負担部分については、他の連帯債務者も、その義務を免れる。
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Article 439If the prescription is completed with respect to one joint and several obligor, the other joint and several obligors also shall be relieved of liability to the extent of the portion of the obligation which is borne by such joint and several obligor.
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(相対的効力の原則)
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(Principle of Relative Effect)
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第四百四十条第四百三十四条から前条までに規定する場合を除き、連帯債務者の一人について生じた事由は、他の連帯債務者に対してその効力を生じない。
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Article 440Except as set forth in Articles 434 to the preceding Article inclusive, any circumstance which arises with respect to one joint and several obligor shall be void vis-a-vis other joint and several obligor(s).
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(連帯債務者についての破産手続の開始)
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(Commencement of Bankruptcy Procedures for Joint and Several Obligors)
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第四百四十一条連帯債務者の全員又はそのうちの数人が破産手続開始の決定を受けたときは、債権者は、その債権の全額について各破産財団の配当に加入することができる。
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Article 441When some or all of the joint and several obligors have become subject to the ruling of the commencement of bankruptcy procedures, the obligee may participate in the distribution of each bankruptcy estate with respect to the entire amount of his/her claim.
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(連帯債務者間の求償権)
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(Right to Obtain Reimbursement among Joint and Several Obligors)
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第四百四十二条連帯債務者の一人が弁済をし、その他自己の財産をもって共同の免責を得たときは、その連帯債務者は、他の連帯債務者に対し、各自の負担部分について求償権を有する。
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Article 442(1)If one joint and several obligor performs the obligation, or has otherwise acquired any common discharge in exchange for his/her own property, such joint and several obligor shall have right to obtain reimbursement from other joint and several obligors to the extent of the respective portion of the obligations which is borne by each of other joint and several obligors.
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(通知を怠った連帯債務者の求償の制限)
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(Limitation on Reimbursement to Joint and Several Obligor who Failed to give Notice)
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第四百四十三条連帯債務者の一人が債権者から履行の請求を受けたことを他の連帯債務者に通知しないで弁済をし、その他自己の財産をもって共同の免責を得た場合において、他の連帯債務者は、債権者に対抗することができる事由を有していたときは、その負担部分について、その事由をもってその免責を得た連帯債務者に対抗することができる。この場合において、相殺をもってその免責を得た連帯債務者に対抗したときは、過失のある連帯債務者は、債権者に対し、相殺によって消滅すべきであった債務の履行を請求することができる。
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Article 443(1)When one joint and several obligor performs his/her obligation or has otherwise acquired any common discharge in exchange for his/her own property without giving to the other joint and several obligor(s) a notice that there was the request for the performance from the relevant obligee, if any of the other joint and several obligor(s) has any defense vis-a-vis the obligee, such joint and several obligor may raise such defense vis-a-vis the joint and several obligor who acquired the discharge to the extent of the portion of the obligation which is borne by himself/herself. In such case, if any defense vis-a-vis the joint and several obligor who acquired the discharge is raised on the grounds of set-off, the negligent joint and several obligor may request the relevant obligee to perform the obligation which should have been extinguished due to set-off.
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(2)When one joint and several obligor performs the obligation or has otherwise acquired any common discharge in exchange for his/her own property and has failed to give notice of such fact to other joint and several obligor(s), and as a result of such failure, any other joint and several obligor acquires discharge by performing the obligation or otherwise in exchange for an act performed for consideration without knowledge, the joint and several obligor who was so discharged shall be entitled to regard his/her act to perform or other act to acquire the discharge as effective.
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(償還をする資力のない者の負担部分の分担)
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(Allocation of Portion of Person who does not have Sufficient Financial Resources for Reimbursement)
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第四百四十四条連帯債務者の中に償還をする資力のない者があるときは、その償還をすることができない部分は、求償者及び他の資力のある者の間で、各自の負担部分に応じて分割して負担する。ただし、求償者に過失があるときは、他の連帯債務者に対して分担を請求することができない。
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Article 444If there is any person among the joint and several obligors who does not have the sufficient financial resources to make the reimbursement, the portion that cannot be reimbursed shall be borne among the person(s) who demand(s) the reimbursement and other person(s) who has/have the financial resources, in proportion to the respective portion which is borne by each of such persons; provided, however, that the person who requests the reimbursement may not demand other joint and several obligor(s) to bear the burden if he/she is negligent.
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(連帯の免除と弁済をする資力のない者の負担部分の分担)
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(Release from Joint and Several Obligations and Allocation of Portion of Burden of Person who does not have Sufficient Financial Resources to Pay)
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第四百四十五条連帯債務者の一人が連帯の免除を得た場合において、他の連帯債務者の中に弁済をする資力のない者があるときは、債権者は、その資力のない者が弁済をすることができない部分のうち連帯の免除を得た者が負担すべき部分を負担する。
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Article 445In cases any one joint and several obligor is released from the joint and several obligation, if there is any person among other joint and several obligors who does not have the sufficient financial resources to pay the obligation, the obligee shall bear such portion of the obligation which may not be performed by such person without sufficient financial resources as should have been borne by the person who was released from the joint and several obligation.
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第四款 保証債務
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Subsection 4 Guarantee Obligation
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第一目 総則
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Division 1 General Provisions
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(保証人の責任等)
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(Responsibility of Guarantor)
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第四百四十六条保証人は、主たる債務者がその債務を履行しないときに、その履行をする責任を負う。
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Article 446(1)A guarantor shall have the responsibility to perform the obligation of the principal obligor when the latter fails to perform such obligation.
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(3)If a contract of guarantee is concluded by electromagnetic record (meaning a record produced by electronic means, magnetic means, or any other means unrecognizable by natural sensory functions that is for computer data-processing use) which records the contents thereof, the contract of guarantee is deemed to be made in writing, and the provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply.
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(保証債務の範囲)
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(Scope of Guarantee Obligation)
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第四百四十七条保証債務は、主たる債務に関する利息、違約金、損害賠償その他その債務に従たるすべてのものを包含する。
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Article 447(1)The guarantee obligation shall include interest, penalty and compensation for damages in connection with the principal obligation, and all other charges incidental to such obligation.
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(保証人の負担が主たる債務より重い場合)
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(Cases where Burden of Guarantor is More Onerous than That of the Principal Obligor)
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第四百四十八条保証人の負担が債務の目的又は態様において主たる債務より重いときは、これを主たる債務の限度に減縮する。
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Article 448If the burden of a guarantor is more onerous than that of the principal obligor as to either its subject or its terms, it shall be reduced to the extent of the principal obligation.
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(取り消すことができる債務の保証)
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(Guarantee of Rescindable Obligation)
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第四百四十九条行為能力の制限によって取り消すことができる債務を保証した者は、保証契約の時においてその取消しの原因を知っていたときは、主たる債務の不履行の場合又はその債務の取消しの場合においてこれと同一の目的を有する独立の債務を負担したものと推定する。
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Article 449If a guarantor, who has guaranteed an obligation which may be rescinded by reason of the principal obligor's limited capacity to act, was aware, at the time of entering into a contract guarantee, of the cause for its voidability, such guarantor shall be presumed to have assumed an independent obligation of the same subject in the event of nonperformance by the principal obligor or rescission of the obligation.
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(保証人の要件)
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(Requirements for Guarantor)
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第四百五十条債務者が保証人を立てる義務を負う場合には、その保証人は、次に掲げる要件を具備する者でなければならない。
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Article 450(1)Where an obligor has the obligation to furnish a guarantor, such guarantor must:
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一行為能力者であること。
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(i)be a person with capacity to act; and
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二弁済をする資力を有すること。
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(ii)have sufficient financial resources to pay the obligation.
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(他の担保の供与)
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(Providing Other Security)
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第四百五十一条債務者は、前条第一項各号に掲げる要件を具備する保証人を立てることができないときは、他の担保を供してこれに代えることができる。
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Article 451If the obligor is unable to furnish a guarantor meeting the requirements listed in any item of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, he/she may furnish other security in lieu thereof.
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(催告の抗弁)
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(Defense of Demand)
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第四百五十二条債権者が保証人に債務の履行を請求したときは、保証人は、まず主たる債務者に催告をすべき旨を請求することができる。ただし、主たる債務者が破産手続開始の決定を受けたとき、又はその行方が知れないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 452If an obligee has demanded performance of an obligation from the guarantor, the guarantor may demand the obligee to demand performance of the principal obligor first; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the principal obligor has received a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures or where his/her whereabouts are unknown.
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(検索の抗弁)
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(Defense of Reference)
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第四百五十三条債権者が前条の規定に従い主たる債務者に催告をした後であっても、保証人が主たる債務者に弁済をする資力があり、かつ、執行が容易であることを証明したときは、債権者は、まず主たる債務者の財産について執行をしなければならない。
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Article 453Even after the obligee has made a demand to the principal obligor in accordance with the provision of the preceding Article, the obligee must first execute on the property of the principal obligor if the guarantor has proved that the principal obligor has the financial resource to pay his/her obligation and that the execution would be easily performed.
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(連帯保証の場合の特則)
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(Special Provisions for Joint and Several Guarantee)
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第四百五十四条保証人は、主たる債務者と連帯して債務を負担したときは、前二条の権利を有しない。
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Article 454If a guarantor has assumed an obligation jointly and severally with the principal obligor, the guarantor shall not have the rights set forth in the preceding two Articles.
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(催告の抗弁及び検索の抗弁の効果)
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(Effect of Defense of Demand and Defense of Reference)
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第四百五十五条第四百五十二条又は第四百五十三条の規定により保証人の請求又は証明があったにもかかわらず、債権者が催告又は執行をすることを怠ったために主たる債務者から全部の弁済を得られなかったときは、保証人は、債権者が直ちに催告又は執行をすれば弁済を得ることができた限度において、その義務を免れる。
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Article 455Where demand has been made or proof has been given by a guarantor pursuant to the provisions of Article 452 or Article 453, if the obligee fails to demand or to levy execution and is subsequently unable to obtain full performance from the principal obligor, the guarantor shall be relieved of liability to the extent that the obligee would have received performance if the obligee had immediately demanded or levied execution.
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(数人の保証人がある場合)
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(Cases where More Than One Guarantor Exists)
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第四百五十六条数人の保証人がある場合には、それらの保証人が各別の行為により債務を負担したときであっても、第四百二十七条の規定を適用する。
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Article 456Where there is more than one guarantor for a single obligation, the provision of Article 427 shall apply even if they have assumed their obligations by separate acts.
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(主たる債務者について生じた事由の効力)
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(Effect of Circumstance which Arises with respect to the Principal Obligor)
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第四百五十七条主たる債務者に対する履行の請求その他の事由による時効の中断は、保証人に対しても、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 457(1)The nullification of prescription by operation of a demand vis-a-vis the principal obligor or on any other grounds shall also be effective vis-a-vis the guarantor.
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(連帯保証人について生じた事由の効力)
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(Effect of Circumstance which Arises with respect to Jointly and Severally Liable Guarantor)
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第四百五十八条第四百三十四条から第四百四十条までの規定は、主たる債務者が保証人と連帯して債務を負担する場合について準用する。
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Article 458The provisions of Articles 434 to 440 inclusive shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where the principal obligor assumes an obligation jointly and severally with the guarantor.
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(委託を受けた保証人の求償権)
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(Right to Obtain Reimbursement of Guarantor Entrusted by the Principal Obligor)
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第四百五十九条保証人が主たる債務者の委託を受けて保証をした場合において、過失なく債権者に弁済をすべき旨の裁判の言渡しを受け、又は主たる債務者に代わって弁済をし、その他自己の財産をもって債務を消滅させるべき行為をしたときは、その保証人は、主たる債務者に対して求償権を有する。
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Article 459(1)In cases where a guarantor has given a guarantee as entrusted by the principal obligor, if he/she has, without negligence, had a judgment ordering him/her to perform the obligation to the obligee, or has performed the obligation on behalf of the principal obligor, or has otherwise in exchange for his/her own property performed any other act intended to cause the obligation to be extinguished, such guarantor shall have a right to obtain reimbursement from the principal obligor.
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(委託を受けた保証人の事前の求償権)
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(Entrusted Guarantor's Right to Obtain Reimbursement in Advance)
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第四百六十条保証人は、主たる債務者の委託を受けて保証をした場合において、次に掲げるときは、主たる債務者に対して、あらかじめ、求償権を行使することができる。
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Article 460In cases where a guarantor has given a guarantee as entrusted by the principal obligor, the guarantor may exercise in advance his/her right to obtain reimbursement vis-a-vis the principal obligor if:
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一主たる債務者が破産手続開始の決定を受け、かつ、債権者がその破産財団の配当に加入しないとき。
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(i)the principal obligor is subject to a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures, and the obligee does not participate in the distribution of the bankruptcy estate;
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二債務が弁済期にあるとき。ただし、保証契約の後に債権者が主たる債務者に許与した期限は、保証人に対抗することができない。
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(ii)the obligation is due; provided, however, that, no extension of time granted by the obligee to the principal obligor after the conclusion of the contract of guarantee may be raised as a defense vis-a-vis the guarantor; and
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三債務の弁済期が不確定で、かつ、その最長期をも確定することができない場合において、保証契約の後十年を経過したとき。
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(iii)ten years have elapsed after the conclusion of the contract of guarantee in the cases where the time for performing the obligation is uncertain and even its maximum duration cannot be ascertained.
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(主たる債務者が保証人に対して償還をする場合)
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(Cases where Principal Obligor Reimburses Guarantor)
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第四百六十一条前二条の規定により主たる債務者が保証人に対して償還をする場合において、債権者が全部の弁済を受けない間は、主たる債務者は、保証人に担保を供させ、又は保証人に対して自己に免責を得させることを請求することができる。
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Article 461(1)In cases where a principal obligor reimburses a guarantor pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the principal obligor may demand the guarantor to provide security or to obtain the discharge of the principal obligor until and unless the obligee has received the full satisfaction of the entire obligation.
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(委託を受けない保証人の求償権)
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(Right to Obtain Reimbursement of Guarantor Not Entrusted by Principal Obligor)
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第四百六十二条主たる債務者の委託を受けないで保証をした者が弁済をし、その他自己の財産をもって主たる債務者にその債務を免れさせたときは、主たる債務者は、その当時利益を受けた限度において償還をしなければならない。
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Article 462(1)If a person, who has become a guarantor without the entrustment of the principal obligor, has performed the obligation or has otherwise in exchange for his/her own property procured the release from liability of the principal obligor, the principal obligor must reimburse the guarantor to the extent that the principal obligor was enriched at the time of such performance of the obligation.
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(2)A person who has become a guarantor against the will of the principal obligor shall have the right to obtain reimbursement only to the extent that the principal obligor is actually enriched. In such case, if the principal obligor asserts that he/she had, prior to the day of the demand for reimbursement, grounds for set-off against the obligee, the guarantor may demand that the obligee perform the obligation which would have been extinguished by operation of such set-off.
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(通知を怠った保証人の求償の制限)
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(Limitation on Reimbursement for Guarantor who Failed to give Notice)
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第四百六十三条第四百四十三条の規定は、保証人について準用する。
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Article 463(1)The provisions of Article 443 shall apply mutatis mutandis to a guarantor.
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(2)In cases where a guarantor has become a guarantor as entrusted by the principal obligor, if he/she performed the obligation or otherwise in exchange for his/her own property performed any act to cause the obligation to be extinguished without knowledge, the provision of Article 443 shall apply mutatis mutandis also with respect to the principal obligor.
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(連帯債務又は不可分債務の保証人の求償権)
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(Right to Obtain Reimbursement of Guarantor for Jointly and Several Obligation or Indivisible Obligation)
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第四百六十四条連帯債務者又は不可分債務者の一人のために保証をした者は、他の債務者に対し、その負担部分のみについて求償権を有する。
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Article 464A person who has become a guarantor for one of the jointly and several obligors or for one of the indivisible obligors shall have the right to obtain reimbursement from the other obligors only to the extent of such portion of the obligation which he/she bears.
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(共同保証人間の求償権)
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(Right of Joint Guarantors to Obtain Reimbursement for One Obligation)
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第四百六十五条第四百四十二条から第四百四十四条までの規定は、数人の保証人がある場合において、そのうちの一人の保証人が、主たる債務が不可分であるため又は各保証人が全額を弁済すべき旨の特約があるため、その全額又は自己の負担部分を超える額を弁済したときについて準用する。
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Article 465(1)Where there are several guarantors, if one guarantor has paid the entire amount of the obligation or any amount exceeding the portion which is borne by such guarantor because the principal obligation is indivisible, or because there is a special provision that each guarantor should pay the entire amount, the provisions of Articles 442 to 444 inclusive shall apply mutatis mutandis.
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第二目 貸金等根保証契約
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Division 2 Revolving Guarantee on Loans
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(貸金等根保証契約の保証人の責任等)
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(Liability of Guarantor of Contract for Revolving Guarantee on Loans)
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第四百六十五条の二一定の範囲に属する不特定の債務を主たる債務とする保証契約(以下「根保証契約」という。)であってその債務の範囲に金銭の貸渡し又は手形の割引を受けることによって負担する債務(以下「貸金等債務」という。)が含まれるもの(保証人が法人であるものを除く。以下「貸金等根保証契約」という。)の保証人は、主たる債務の元本、主たる債務に関する利息、違約金、損害賠償その他その債務に従たるすべてのもの及びその保証債務について約定された違約金又は損害賠償の額について、その全部に係る極度額を限度として、その履行をする責任を負う。
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Article 465-2(1)A guarantor to a contract of guarantee the principal obligation of which is one or more unidentified obligations within a certain specified scope (hereinafter referred to as a "contract for revolving guarantee") whereby the scope of such obligation includes any obligation which is incurred as a result of the transaction of lending money or accepting discount of a negotiable instrument (hereinafter referred to as an "loan obligation")(excluding any contract in which the guarantor is a juridical person, hereinafter referred to as a "contract for revolving guarantee on loans") shall be liable for the satisfaction of the amount of the principal of the relevant principal obligation, interest, any penalty and damages in connection with such principal obligation, and all other amounts incidental to such obligation, as well as the amount of any penalty and damages which are agreed on with regard to such guarantee obligation, which liability shall be limited in aggregate, however, to a certain maximum amount which pertains to all of the above-mentioned amounts.
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(貸金等根保証契約の元本確定期日)
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(Principal Determination Date for Contract for Revolving Guarantee on Loans)
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第四百六十五条の三貸金等根保証契約において主たる債務の元本の確定すべき期日(以下「元本確定期日」という。)の定めがある場合において、その元本確定期日がその貸金等根保証契約の締結の日から五年を経過する日より後の日と定められているときは、その元本確定期日の定めは、その効力を生じない。
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Article 465-3(1)In the cases where a contract for revolving guarantee on loans provides the date on which the principal of the principal obligation should be determined (hereinafter referred to as the "principal determination date"), if it is provided that such principal determination date shall fall on any day on and or after the day on which five years have elapsed after the day of the conclusion of the relevant contract for the revolving guarantee on loans, such provision for the principal determination date shall not be effective.
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(2)In the cases where a contract for revolving guarantee on loans does not provide a principal determination date (including cases where the provision on the principal determination date is not effective pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph), the principal determination date thereof shall fall on the day on which three years have elapsed after the day of the conclusion of the relevant contract for revolving guarantee on loans.
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(3)In the cases where any change of the principal determination date provided in a contract for revolving guarantee on loans is to be effected, if the principal determination date as changed falls on a day on and or after the day on which five years have elapsed after the day of such change, such change of the principal determination date shall not be effective; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the change of the principal determination date is effected within two months immediately preceding the principal determination date, and the principal determination date as changed falls on a day within five years from the original principal determination date.
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(4)The provisions of paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of Article 446 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of a principal determination date set forth in a contract for revolving guarantee on loans and a change thereof (excluding any provision which provides to the effect that the principal determination date shall fall on a day within three years from the day of the conclusion of such contract for revolving guarantee on loans, and any change which is intended to change the principal determination date to a day preceding the original principal determination date).
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(貸金等根保証契約の元本の確定事由)
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(Grounds for Determination of Principal in Contract for Revolving Guarantee on Loans)
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第四百六十五条の四次に掲げる場合には、貸金等根保証契約における主たる債務の元本は、確定する。
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Article 465-4The principal for the principal obligation under a contract for revolving guarantee on loans shall be determined if:
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一債権者が、主たる債務者又は保証人の財産について、金銭の支払を目的とする債権についての強制執行又は担保権の実行を申し立てたとき。ただし、強制執行又は担保権の実行の手続の開始があったときに限る。
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(i)an obligee has filed a petition for compulsory execution or exercise of any security interest with respect to a claim the subject- matter of which is payment of money on any property of the relevant principal obligor or guarantor; provided, however, that this provision shall apply only in cases where the proceedings for the compulsory execution or exercise of the security interest have been commenced;
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二主たる債務者又は保証人が破産手続開始の決定を受けたとき。
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(ii)the relevant principal obligor or guarantor has become subject to a ruling of the commencement of bankruptcy procedures; or
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三主たる債務者又は保証人が死亡したとき。
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(iii)the relevant principal obligor or guarantor has died.
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(保証人が法人である貸金等債務の根保証契約の求償権)
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(Right to Obtain Reimbursement in Contract for Revolving Guarantees for Loan Obligation in cases where Guarantor is Juridical Person)
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第四百六十五条の五保証人が法人である根保証契約であってその主たる債務の範囲に貸金等債務が含まれるものにおいて、第四百六十五条の二第一項に規定する極度額の定めがないとき、元本確定期日の定めがないとき、又は元本確定期日の定め若しくはその変更が第四百六十五条の三第一項若しくは第三項の規定を適用するとすればその効力を生じないものであるときは、その根保証契約の保証人の主たる債務者に対する求償権についての保証契約(保証人が法人であるものを除く。)は、その効力を生じない。
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Article 465-5In cases of a contract for revolving guarantee under which the guarantor is a juridical person and the scope of the principal obligation thereof includes an obligation on loans, if the maximum amount provided in paragraph (1) of Article 465-2 is not provided, if the principal determination date is not specified, or if the provision on the determination date or any change thereof would not be effective should the provisions of paragraph (1) or paragraph (3) of Article 465-3 be applied, a contract of guarantee with regard to the right to obtain reimbursement of the guarantor for the contract for revolving guarantee against the principal obligor (excluding cases where the guarantor is a juridical person) shall not be effective.
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第四節 債権の譲渡
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Section 4 Assignment of Claims
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(債権の譲渡性)
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(Assignability of Claims)
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第四百六十六条債権は、譲り渡すことができる。ただし、その性質がこれを許さないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 466(1)A claim may be assigned; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where its nature does not permit the assignment.
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(指名債権の譲渡の対抗要件)
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(Requirement for Assertion of Assignment of Nominative Claim against Third Parties)
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第四百六十七条指名債権の譲渡は、譲渡人が債務者に通知をし、又は債務者が承諾をしなければ、債務者その他の第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 467(1)The assignment of a nominative claim may not be asserted against the applicable obligor or any other third party, unless the assignor gives a notice thereof to the obligor or the obligor has acknowledged the same.
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(指名債権の譲渡における債務者の抗弁)
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(Defense of Obligor upon Assignment of Nominative Claim)
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第四百六十八条債務者が異議をとどめないで前条の承諾をしたときは、譲渡人に対抗することができた事由があっても、これをもって譲受人に対抗することができない。この場合において、債務者がその債務を消滅させるために譲渡人に払い渡したものがあるときはこれを取り戻し、譲渡人に対して負担した債務があるときはこれを成立しないものとみなすことができる。
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Article 468(1)In the cases where the obligor has given the acknowledgement referred to in the preceding Article without objection, even if there are grounds which could have been raised as a defense against the assignor, he/she may not raise such grounds as a defense against the assignee. In such case, if the obligor has paid any money or delivered anything or assumed a new obligation to or for the benefit of the assignor to obtain the extinction of his/her obligation, the obligor may recover the money paid or other thing delivered, or may deem that the new obligation had not been assumed, as the case may be.
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(指図債権の譲渡の対抗要件)
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(Requirement for Assertion of Assignment of Debt Payable to Order against Third Parties)
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第四百六十九条指図債権の譲渡は、その証書に譲渡の裏書をして譲受人に交付しなければ、債務者その他の第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 469The assignment of any debt payable to order may not be asserted against the relevant obligor or any other third party unless the certificate representing such claim is tendered to the assignee with the endorsement of the relevant assignment.
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(指図債権の債務者の調査の権利等)
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(Examination Right of Obligor of Debt Payable to Order)
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第四百七十条指図債権の債務者は、その証書の所持人並びにその署名及び押印の真偽を調査する権利を有するが、その義務を負わない。ただし、債務者に悪意又は重大な過失があるときは、その弁済は、無効とする。
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Article 470The obligor of any debt payable to order shall have the right, but not the obligation, to examine the authenticity of the identity of the bearer of the relevant certificate and the signature and seal affixed thereon; provided, however, that the performance of the applicable obligation shall be void if the obligor has knowledge or is grossly negligent.
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(記名式所持人払債権の債務者の調査の権利等)
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(Examination Right of Obligor of Claim Payable to Obligee or Holder)
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第四百七十一条前条の規定は、債権に関する証書に債権者を指名する記載がされているが、その証書の所持人に弁済をすべき旨が付記されている場合について準用する。
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Article 471The provisions of the preceding Article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where any certificate regarding the claim specifies the name of the obligee and note that the payment should be made to the bearer of such certificate.
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(指図債権の譲渡における債務者の抗弁の制限)
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(Limitation on Defense of Obligor in cases of Assignment of Debt Payable to Order)
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第四百七十二条指図債権の債務者は、その証書に記載した事項及びその証書の性質から当然に生ずる結果を除き、その指図債権の譲渡前の債権者に対抗することができた事由をもって善意の譲受人に対抗することができない。
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Article 472The obligor of a debt payable to order may not use any grounds which could have been raised as defenses against the obligee before the assignment of the relevant debt payable to order as defenses against an assignee without knowledge, except for the matter specified on the relevant certificate or any result which necessarily arises from the nature of such certificate.
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(無記名債権の譲渡における債務者の抗弁の制限)
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(Limitation on Defense of Obligor in cases of Assignment of Bearer Certificate of Claims)
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第四百七十三条前条の規定は、無記名債権について準用する。
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Article 473The provisions of the preceding Article shall apply mutatis mutandis to a bearer certificate of claims.
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第五節 債権の消滅
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Section 5 Extinction of Claims
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第一款 弁済
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Subsection 1 Performance
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第一目 総則
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Division 1 General Provisions
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(第三者の弁済)
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(Performance by Third Parties)
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第四百七十四条債務の弁済は、第三者もすることができる。ただし、その債務の性質がこれを許さないとき、又は当事者が反対の意思を表示したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 474(1)The performance of an obligation may be effected by a third party; provided, however, that, this shall not apply in cases where the nature of such obligation does not permit such performance or the parties have manifested their intention to the contrary.
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(弁済として引き渡した物の取戻し)
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(Recover of any Property Tendered to Perform Obligation)
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第四百七十五条弁済をした者が弁済として他人の物を引き渡したときは、その弁済をした者は、更に有効な弁済をしなければ、その物を取り戻すことができない。
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Article 475In cases where a person who performed his/her obligation delivered any property owned by others as the performance of the obligation, the person who made such performance may not recover such property unless he/she effects an effective performance de novo.
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Article 476In cases where any possessor who has limited capacity to act with respect to the act of assignment delivers any property to perform any obligation, and later rescinds such performance, the relevant possessor may not recover such property unless he/she effects an effective performance de novo.
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(弁済として引き渡した物の消費又は譲渡がされた場合の弁済の効力等)
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(Effect of Performance in cases Any Property Delivered to Perform Obligation is Consumed or Assigned)
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第四百七十七条前二条の場合において、債権者が弁済として受領した物を善意で消費し、又は譲り渡したときは、その弁済は、有効とする。この場合において、債権者が第三者から賠償の請求を受けたときは、弁済をした者に対して求償をすることを妨げない。
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Article 477In the case referred to in the preceding two Articles, if an obligee without knowledge consumes or assigns any property which he/she received as the performance of the obligation, such performance shall be effective. In such case, if the relevant obligee has received any request for compensation from a third party, he/she shall not be precluded from seeking reimbursement from the person who performed the obligation.
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(債権の準占有者に対する弁済)
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(Performance to a Holder of Quasi-Possession of Claim)
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第四百七十八条債権の準占有者に対してした弁済は、その弁済をした者が善意であり、かつ、過失がなかったときに限り、その効力を有する。
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Article 478Any performance made vis-a-vis a holder of quasi-possession of the claim shall remain effective to the extent the person who performed such obligation acted without knowledge, and was free from any negligence.
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(受領する権限のない者に対する弁済)
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(Performance to Person Without Authority to Receive Performance)
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第四百七十九条前条の場合を除き、弁済を受領する権限を有しない者に対してした弁済は、債権者がこれによって利益を受けた限度においてのみ、その効力を有する。
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Article 479Except as provided in the preceding Article, any performance made vis-a-vis any person who has no authority to receive the performance shall have the effect only to the extent the relevant obligee is enriched as a result thereof.
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(受取証書の持参人に対する弁済)
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(Performance to Bearer of Receipt)
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第四百八十条受取証書の持参人は、弁済を受領する権限があるものとみなす。ただし、弁済をした者がその権限がないことを知っていたとき、又は過失によって知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 480A bearer of a receipt is deemed to have the authority to accept performance; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the person who made the performance knew, or was negligent in not knowing, that the bearer did not have the authority.
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(支払の差止めを受けた第三債務者の弁済)
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(Performance by Third-party Obligor who had been Ordered to Suspend Payment)
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第四百八十一条支払の差止めを受けた第三債務者が自己の債権者に弁済をしたときは、差押債権者は、その受けた損害の限度において更に弁済をすべき旨を第三債務者に請求することができる。
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Article 481(1)If a third-party obligor who has been enjoined from making payment has paid his/her obligation to his/her own obligee, the relevant attaching obligee shall be entitled to request such third-party obligor to make payment de novo to the extent he/she suffered the damages.
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(代物弁済)
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(Substitute Performance)
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第四百八十二条債務者が、債権者の承諾を得て、その負担した給付に代えて他の給付をしたときは、その給付は、弁済と同一の効力を有する。
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Article 482If an obligor, in lieu of the performance he/she originally incurred, provided any other type of performance with the acknowledgment of the obligee, such performance shall have the same effect as that of the original performance.
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(特定物の現状による引渡し)
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(Delivery of Specific Thing in its Existing State)
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第四百八十三条債権の目的が特定物の引渡しであるときは、弁済をする者は、その引渡しをすべき時の現状でその物を引き渡さなければならない。
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Article 483If the subject of a claim is the delivery of a specific thing, the person who intends to effect any performance must deliver such thing on an "as-is" basis as of the time when the delivery is due.
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(弁済の場所)
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(Place of Performance)
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第四百八十四条弁済をすべき場所について別段の意思表示がないときは、特定物の引渡しは債権発生の時にその物が存在した場所において、その他の弁済は債権者の現在の住所において、それぞれしなければならない。
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Article 484Unless any other intention is manifested with respect to the place where the performance should take place, the delivery of a specific thing must be effected at the place where such thing was located when the relevant claim accrued, and the discharge of any other obligation must be effected at the current domicile of the obligee, respectively.
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(弁済の費用)
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(Expense of Performance)
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第四百八十五条弁済の費用について別段の意思表示がないときは、その費用は、債務者の負担とする。ただし、債権者が住所の移転その他の行為によって弁済の費用を増加させたときは、その増加額は、債権者の負担とする。
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Article 485Unless any other intention is manifested with respect to the expense of performance, such expenses shall be borne by the obligor; provided, however, that, in cases the relevant obligee caused the expense of performance to increase by relocating his/her domicile or taking any other actions, such incremental amount shall be borne by the obligee.
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(受取証書の交付請求)
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(Request for Issuance of Receipt)
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第四百八十六条弁済をした者は、弁済を受領した者に対して受取証書の交付を請求することができる。
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Article 486Any person who made the performance shall be entitled to request the person who received the performance to issue a receipt.
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(債権証書の返還請求)
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(Request for Return of Claim Instrument)
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第四百八十七条債権に関する証書がある場合において、弁済をした者が全部の弁済をしたときは、その証書の返還を請求することができる。
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Article 487In the cases where there is any instrument which evidences the claim, if the person who makes the performance has completed his/her entire performance, he/she may demand the return of such instrument.
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(弁済の充当の指定)
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(Designation of Obligations to be Performed)
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第四百八十八条債務者が同一の債権者に対して同種の給付を目的とする数個の債務を負担する場合において、弁済として提供した給付がすべての債務を消滅させるのに足りないときは、弁済をする者は、給付の時に、その弁済を充当すべき債務を指定することができる。
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Article 488(1)In the cases where an obligor owes to a single obligee more than one obligations which requires the performance of the same kind, if any performance tendered to discharge the obligation is not sufficient to extinguish all obligations, the person who tenders the performance may, at the time of such tender, designate particular obligations to which such performance should be allocated before any others.
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(2)If the person who tenders the performance does not make the designation pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, the person who receives the performance may, at the time of such receipt, designate a particular obligation to which such performance should be allocated before any others; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the person who tenders the performance immediately raises his/her objection to such allocation.
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(法定充当)
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(Statutory Allocation)
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第四百八十九条弁済をする者及び弁済を受領する者がいずれも前条の規定による弁済の充当の指定をしないときは、次の各号の定めるところに従い、その弁済を充当する。
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Article 489In cases where neither the person who tenders the performance nor the person who receives such performance does not designate the allocation of performance pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article, the allocation shall be effected as stipulated in each of the following items:
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一債務の中に弁済期にあるものと弁済期にないものとがあるときは、弁済期にあるものに先に充当する。
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(i)if the obligations include those which are due and those which are not due yet, the applicable performance shall be allocated to those which are due;
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二すべての債務が弁済期にあるとき、又は弁済期にないときは、債務者のために弁済の利益が多いものに先に充当する。
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(ii)if all obligations are due, or none of the obligations are due, the applicable performance shall be allocated in the order of the obligations which shall result in more benefit to the obligor when performed;
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三債務者のために弁済の利益が相等しいときは、弁済期が先に到来したもの又は先に到来すべきものに先に充当する。
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(iii)if all obligations would have equal benefit to the obligor when performed, the applicable performance shall be allocated in the order of the obligations which have, or should have, the earliest due date; and
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四前二号に掲げる事項が相等しい債務の弁済は、各債務の額に応じて充当する。
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(iv)the performance of obligations which are equal in terms of the matters listed in the preceding two items shall be allocated in proportion to the amount of each obligation.
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(数個の給付をすべき場合の充当)
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(Allocation in cases More than One Performance Should be Tendered)
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第四百九十条一個の債務の弁済として数個の給付をすべき場合において、弁済をする者がその債務の全部を消滅させるのに足りない給付をしたときは、前二条の規定を準用する。
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Article 490In the cases where more than one performance should be tendered to discharge a single obligation, if the person who must perform tenders any performance which is not sufficient to extinguish such obligation in its entirety, the provision of the preceding two Articles shall apply mutatis mutandis.
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(元本、利息及び費用を支払うべき場合の充当)
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(Allocation in cases Principal, Interest, and Expenses Should be Paid)
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第四百九十一条債務者が一個又は数個の債務について元本のほか利息及び費用を支払うべき場合において、弁済をする者がその債務の全部を消滅させるのに足りない給付をしたときは、これを順次に費用、利息及び元本に充当しなければならない。
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Article 491(1)In cases where the obligor should pay the principal as well as the applicable interest and expenses with respect to one or more obligation(s), if the person who must perform tenders any performance which is not sufficient to extinguish such obligation in its entirety, such performance must be allocated first to the expense, and then to the interest and principal, in this order.
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(弁済の提供の効果)
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(Effect of Tender of Performances)
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第四百九十二条債務者は、弁済の提供の時から、債務の不履行によって生ずべき一切の責任を免れる。
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Article 492Upon tendering the performance, the relevant obligor shall be relieved from any and all responsibilities which may arise from the nonperformance of the obligation.
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(弁済の提供の方法)
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(Method of Tender of Performances)
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第四百九十三条弁済の提供は、債務の本旨に従って現実にしなければならない。ただし、債権者があらかじめその受領を拒み、又は債務の履行について債権者の行為を要するときは、弁済の準備をしたことを通知してその受領の催告をすれば足りる。
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Article 493The tender of the performance must be made actually consistent with the main purport of the obligation; provided, however, that, if the obligee refuses to accept such performance in advance, or any act is required on the part of the obligee with respect to the performance of the obligation, it shall be sufficient if the obligor demands the acceptance thereof by giving a notice that the tender of the performance has been prepared.
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第二目 弁済の目的物の供託
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Division 2 Deposit of Subject-Matter of Performance
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(供託)
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(Deposit)
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第四百九十四条債権者が弁済の受領を拒み、又はこれを受領することができないときは、弁済をすることができる者(以下この目において「弁済者」という。)は、債権者のために弁済の目的物を供託してその債務を免れることができる。弁済者が過失なく債権者を確知することができないときも、同様とする。
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Article 494If an obligee refuses, or is unable, to accept the performance, the person who can make the performance (hereinafter in this Division referred to as the "performer") may be relieved from his/her obligation by depositing the subject-matter of the performance with an official depository. The same shall apply in cases the performer is unable to ascertain the obligee without any negligence on the part of the performer.
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(供託の方法)
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(Method of Deposit)
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第四百九十五条前条の規定による供託は、債務の履行地の供託所にしなければならない。
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Article 495(1)The deposit pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article must be made with the official depository having jurisdiction over the district where the relevant obligation must be performed.
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(供託物の取戻し)
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(Recovery of Deposited Property)
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第四百九十六条債権者が供託を受諾せず、又は供託を有効と宣告した判決が確定しない間は、弁済者は、供託物を取り戻すことができる。この場合においては、供託をしなかったものとみなす。
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Article 496(1)As long as the obligee does not accept the deposit, or the judgment which pronounces that the deposit is effective does not become unappealable, the performer may recover the deposited property. In such case, it is deemed that no deposit has been effected.
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(供託に適しない物等)
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(Property Not Suitable for Deposit)
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第四百九十七条弁済の目的物が供託に適しないとき、又はその物について滅失若しくは損傷のおそれがあるときは、弁済者は、裁判所の許可を得て、これを競売に付し、その代金を供託することができる。その物の保存について過分の費用を要するときも、同様とする。
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Article 497If any subject of the performance is not suitable for deposit, or such property is likely to suffer any loss or damage, the performer may, with the permission of the court, sell such property at public auction and deposit the proceeds of such sales with the official depository. The same shall apply in cases excessive expenses are required for the preservation of such property.
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(供託物の受領の要件)
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(Requirements for Acceptance of Deposited Property)
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第四百九十八条債務者が債権者の給付に対して弁済をすべき場合には、債権者は、その給付をしなければ、供託物を受け取ることができない。
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Article 498In cases where the obligor is required to perform in exchange for the performance of the obligee, the obligee may not accept the relevant deposited property unless he/she tenders his/her performance.
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第三目 弁済による代位
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Division 3 Subrogation by Performance
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(任意代位)
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(Voluntary Subrogation)
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第四百九十九条債務者のために弁済をした者は、その弁済と同時に債権者の承諾を得て、債権者に代位することができる。
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Article 499(1)A person who has performed the obligation for the benefit of an obligor may be subrogated to the claim of the obligee by acquiring the acknowledgment of the obligee upon such performance.
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(法定代位)
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(Statutory Subrogation)
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第五百条弁済をするについて正当な利益を有する者は、弁済によって当然に債権者に代位する。
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Article 500A person who has legitimate interest in effecting performance shall be subrogated by operation of law to the claim of the obligee by effecting performance.
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(弁済による代位の効果)
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(Effect of Subrogation by Performance)
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第五百一条前二条の規定により債権者に代位した者は、自己の権利に基づいて求償をすることができる範囲内において、債権の効力及び担保としてその債権者が有していた一切の権利を行使することができる。この場合においては、次の各号の定めるところに従わなければならない。
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Article 501A person who is subrogated to the claim of the obligee pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two Articles may exercise any and all rights possessed by such obligee as the effect of, and as a security for, such right to the extent he/she may seek reimbursement under his/her own right; provided, however, that:
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一保証人は、あらかじめ先取特権、不動産質権又は抵当権の登記にその代位を付記しなければ、その先取特権、不動産質権又は抵当権の目的である不動産の第三取得者に対して債権者に代位することができない。
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(i)unless the fact of subrogation is noted in advance in the register of an applicable statutory lien, pledge of real estate, or mortgage, a guarantor may not be subrogated to the claim of the obligee vis-a-vis any third party acquirer of the real estate which is encumbered by such statutory lien, pledge of real estate, or mortgage;
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二第三取得者は、保証人に対して債権者に代位しない。
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(ii)a third party acquirer may not be subrogated to the claim of the obligee vis-a-vis the guarantor;
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三第三取得者の一人は、各不動産の価格に応じて、他の第三取得者に対して債権者に代位する。
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(iii)one of the third party acquirers of the real estate shall be subrogated to the claim of the obligee vis-a-vis other third party acquirers in proportion to the value of each real estate;
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四物上保証人の一人は、各財産の価格に応じて、他の物上保証人に対して債権者に代位する。
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(iv)one of the third party pledgors shall be subrogated to the claim of the obligee vis-a-vis other third party pledgors in proportion to the value of each property;
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五保証人と物上保証人との間においては、その数に応じて、債権者に代位する。ただし、物上保証人が数人あるときは、保証人の負担部分を除いた残額について、各財産の価格に応じて、債権者に代位する。
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(v)as between a guarantor and a third party pledgor, the subrogation to the claim of the obligee shall be effected depending on the number of such persons involved; provided, however, that, if there are more than one third party pledgor, such persons shall be subrogated to the claim of the obligee in proportion to the value of each property with respect only to the residual amount which remains after deduction of the portion to be borne by the guarantor; and
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六前号の場合において、その財産が不動産であるときは、第一号の規定を準用する。
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(vi)in the cases referred to in the preceding item, if the property in question is real estate, the provisions of item (i) shall apply mutatis mutandis.
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(一部弁済による代位)
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(Subrogation by Partial Performance)
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第五百二条債権の一部について代位弁済があったときは、代位者は、その弁済をした価額に応じて、債権者とともにその権利を行使する。
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Article 502(1)If any performance by subrogation occurs with respect to any portion of a claim, the subrogee shall exercise his/her right together with the obligee in proportion to the value of his/her performance.
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(債権者による債権証書の交付等)
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(Delivery of Claim Instrument by Obligee)
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第五百三条代位弁済によって全部の弁済を受けた債権者は、債権に関する証書及び自己の占有する担保物を代位者に交付しなければならない。
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Article 503(1)An obligee who has received full performance by way of performance by subrogation must deliver to the subrogee the instruments regarding the claim and any security he/she possesses.
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(債権者による担保の喪失等)
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(Loss of Security by Obligee)
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第五百四条第五百条の規定により代位をすることができる者がある場合において、債権者が故意又は過失によってその担保を喪失し、又は減少させたときは、その代位をすることができる者は、その喪失又は減少によって償還を受けることができなくなった限度において、その責任を免れる。
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Article 504In cases where there exists a person who has the right of subrogation pursuant to the provision of Article 500, if the obligee lost, or diminished, his/her security due to his/her intentional act or negligence, the person who has the right of subrogation shall be relieved to the extent he/she can no longer seek the reimbursement due to such loss or diminution.
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第二款 相殺
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Subsection 2 Set-offs
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(相殺の要件等)
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(Requirements for Set-offs)
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第五百五条二人が互いに同種の目的を有する債務を負担する場合において、双方の債務が弁済期にあるときは、各債務者は、その対当額について相殺によってその債務を免れることができる。ただし、債務の性質がこれを許さないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 505(1)In cases where two persons mutually owe to the other any obligation with the same kind of purpose, if both obligations are due, each obligor may be relieved from his/her own obligation by setting off each value thereof against the corresponding amount of the obligation of the other obligor; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where the nature of the obligation does not permit such set-off.
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(相殺の方法及び効力)
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(Method and Effect of Set-offs)
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第五百六条相殺は、当事者の一方から相手方に対する意思表示によってする。この場合において、その意思表示には、条件又は期限を付することができない。
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Article 506(1)Set-offs shall be effected by means of manifestation of one party's intention to the other. In such case, no condition or time limit may be added to such manifestation of intention.
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(履行地の異なる債務の相殺)
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(Set-offs between Obligations with Different Places of Performance)
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第五百七条相殺は、双方の債務の履行地が異なるときであっても、することができる。この場合において、相殺をする当事者は、相手方に対し、これによって生じた損害を賠償しなければならない。
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Article 507Set-offs may be effected even if the place of performance of both obligations are different. In such case, the party who intends to effect the set-off shall be liable for any damages suffered by the counterparty as result of such set-off.
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(時効により消滅した債権を自働債権とする相殺)
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(Set-offs Intended to Invoke a Claim Extinguished by Prescription )
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第五百八条時効によって消滅した債権がその消滅以前に相殺に適するようになっていた場合には、その債権者は、相殺をすることができる。
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Article 508In cases where any claim which was extinguished by a prescription had been suitable for set-off prior to such extinguishment, the relevant obligee may effect the set-off.
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(不法行為により生じた債権を受働債権とする相殺の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Effecting Set-offs Against Any Claim Arising from Tortious Acts)
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第五百九条債務が不法行為によって生じたときは、その債務者は、相殺をもって債権者に対抗することができない。
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Article 509If any claim arises from a tortious act, the relevant obligor may not assert the set-off against the obligee.
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(差押禁止債権を受働債権とする相殺の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Set-offs Against Any Claim Immune from Attachment)
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第五百十条債権が差押えを禁じたものであるときは、その債務者は、相殺をもって債権者に対抗することができない。
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Article 510If any claim is immune from any attachment, the relevant obligor may not assert the set-off against the obligee.
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(支払の差止めを受けた債権を受働債権とする相殺の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Set-offs Against Any Claim Subject to Injunction)
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第五百十一条支払の差止めを受けた第三債務者は、その後に取得した債権による相殺をもって差押債権者に対抗することができない。
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Article 511A third-party obligor who has been enjoined from making payment may not assert the set-off against any after-acquired claim against the relevant attaching obligee.
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(相殺の充当)
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(Allocation of Set-off)
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第五百十二条第四百八十八条から第四百九十一条までの規定は、相殺について準用する。
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Article 512The provisions of Articles 488 to 491 inclusive shall apply mutatis mutandis to the set-off.
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第三款 更改
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Subsection 3 Novation
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(更改)
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(Novation)
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第五百十三条当事者が債務の要素を変更する契約をしたときは、その債務は、更改によって消滅する。
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Article 513(1)If the parties conclude a contract which changes any element of an obligation, such obligation shall be extinguished by novation.
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(債務者の交替による更改)
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(Novation by Substitution of Obligor)
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第五百十四条債務者の交替による更改は、債権者と更改後に債務者となる者との契約によってすることができる。ただし、更改前の債務者の意思に反するときは、この限りでない。
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Article 514A novation by substitution of obligor may be effected between the obligee and a person who becomes the obligor after the novation; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to the cases where it is contrary to the intention of the obligor prior to the novation.
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(債権者の交替による更改)
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(Novation by Substitution of Obligee)
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第五百十五条債権者の交替による更改は、確定日付のある証書によってしなければ、第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 515A novation by substitution of obligee may not be asserted against a third party unless it is made using an instrument bearing a fixed date.
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(更改前の債務が消滅しない場合)
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(Cases where Obligations Existing Prior to Novation are not Extinguished)
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第五百十七条更改によって生じた債務が、不法な原因のため又は当事者の知らない事由によって成立せず又は取り消されたときは、更改前の債務は、消滅しない。
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Article 517If any obligation which arises by novation is not established or is rescinded on the ground of illegality or due to reasons unknown to the parties, the obligation which existed prior to the novation shall not be extinguished.
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(更改後の債務への担保の移転)
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(Conversion of Security to Obligation After Novation)
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第五百十八条更改の当事者は、更改前の債務の目的の限度において、その債務の担保として設定された質権又は抵当権を更改後の債務に移すことができる。ただし、第三者がこれを設定した場合には、その承諾を得なければならない。
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Article 518To the extent of the purpose of the obligation in effect prior to the novation, the parties to the novation may convert the pledge or mortgage created as the security of such obligation to the obligation in effect after the novation; provided, however, that, in cases where any third party created such security, the acknowledgment of such third party must be obtained.
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第四款 免除
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Subsection 4 Release
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第五款 混同
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Subsection 5 Merger
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第二章 契約
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Chapter II Contracts
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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第一款 契約の成立
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Subsection 1 Formation of Contracts
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(承諾の期間の定めのある申込み)
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(Offers that Specify Period for Acceptance)
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第五百二十一条承諾の期間を定めてした契約の申込みは、撤回することができない。
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Article 521(1)An offer which specifies a period for acceptance may not be revoked.
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(承諾の通知の延着)
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(Late Arrival of Notices of Acceptance)
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第五百二十二条前条第一項の申込みに対する承諾の通知が同項の期間の経過後に到達した場合であっても、通常の場合にはその期間内に到達すべき時に発送したものであることを知ることができるときは、申込者は、遅滞なく、相手方に対してその延着の通知を発しなければならない。ただし、その到達前に遅延の通知を発したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 522(1)Even in cases where the notice of acceptance of the offer under paragraph (1) of the preceding Article arrives after the lapse of the period referred to in the same paragraph, if the offeror is in a position to know that the notice was dispatched at a time which, under normal circumstances, would have allowed the notice to arrive within that period, the offeror must dispatch a notice of late arrival to the other party without delay; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the offeror dispatches the notice of delay before the arrival of the notice of acceptance.
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(遅延した承諾の効力)
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(Effect of Delayed Acceptance)
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第五百二十三条申込者は、遅延した承諾を新たな申込みとみなすことができる。
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Article 523The offeror may deem a delayed acceptance to be a new offer.
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(承諾の期間の定めのない申込み)
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(Offers that do not Specify Period for Acceptance)
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第五百二十四条承諾の期間を定めないで隔地者に対してした申込みは、申込者が承諾の通知を受けるのに相当な期間を経過するまでは、撤回することができない。
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Article 524An offer made to a person at a distance without specifying a period for acceptance may not be revoked until the lapse of a reasonable period for the offeror to receive a notice of acceptance.
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(申込者の死亡又は行為能力の喪失)
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(Offeror's Death or Loss of Capacity to Act)
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第五百二十五条第九十七条第二項の規定は、申込者が反対の意思を表示した場合又はその相手方が申込者の死亡若しくは行為能力の喪失の事実を知っていた場合には、適用しない。
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Article 525The provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 97 shall not apply where the offeror expresses his/her intention to the contrary, or the other party has come to know the fact of the offeror's death or loss of capacity to act.
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(隔地者間の契約の成立時期)
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(Time of Formation of Contract between Persons at Distance)
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第五百二十六条隔地者間の契約は、承諾の通知を発した時に成立する。
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Article 526(1)A contract between persons at a distance shall be formed upon dispatch of the notice of acceptance.
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(申込みの撤回の通知の延着)
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(Late Arrival of Notices of Revocation of Offer)
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第五百二十七条申込みの撤回の通知が承諾の通知を発した後に到達した場合であっても、通常の場合にはその前に到達すべき時に発送したものであることを知ることができるときは、承諾者は、遅滞なく、申込者に対してその延着の通知を発しなければならない。
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Article 527(1)Even if a notice to revoke an offer arrives after the dispatch of the acceptance notice, if the offeree is in a position to know that the notice was dispatched at a time which, under normal circumstances would have allowed the notice to arrive before the dispatch of the acceptance notice, the offeree must dispatch a notice of the late arrival to the offeror without delay.
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(申込みに変更を加えた承諾)
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(Acceptances which Modify Offer)
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第五百二十八条承諾者が、申込みに条件を付し、その他変更を加えてこれを承諾したときは、その申込みの拒絶とともに新たな申込みをしたものとみなす。
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Article 528If the offeree has accepted the offer by adding any condition or by making any other modification, it shall be deemed that the offeree has refused the offer and has made a new offer.
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(懸賞広告)
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(Advertisements Offering Prizes)
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第五百二十九条ある行為をした者に一定の報酬を与える旨を広告した者(以下この款において「懸賞広告者」という。)は、その行為をした者に対してその報酬を与える義務を負う。
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Article 529A person who places an advertisement to the effect that any person who performs a defined act will be given a set reward (hereinafter in this Subsection referred to as an "advertiser offering prizes") shall be obligated to give the reward to the person who has performed the act.
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(懸賞広告の撤回)
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(Revocation of Advertisements Offering Prizes)
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第五百三十条前条の場合において、懸賞広告者は、その指定した行為を完了する者がない間は、前の広告と同一の方法によってその広告を撤回することができる。ただし、その広告中に撤回をしない旨を表示したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 530(1)In the case set forth in the preceding Article, the advertiser offering prizes may revoke its advertisement using a method identical to that used for the above advertisement whilst no person has completed the designated act; provided, however, that this shall not apply when a statement to the effect that the offer will not be revoked was made in the advertisement.
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(懸賞広告の報酬を受ける権利)
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(Right to Receive Rewards in Advertisements Offering Prizes)
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第五百三十一条広告に定めた行為をした者が数人あるときは、最初にその行為をした者のみが報酬を受ける権利を有する。
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Article 531(1)If more than one person has performed the act designated in the advertisement, only the person who performed the act first shall be entitled to receive the reward.
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(2)Where two or more persons have performed the act set forth in the preceding paragraph simultaneously, each shall be entitled to receive an equal share of the reward; provided, however, that the person entitled to the reward shall be selected by lot if the reward is by nature indivisible, or the advertisement provides that only one person is entitled to receive the reward.
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(優等懸賞広告)
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(Advertisement Offering Prizes to Most Outstanding Applicant)
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第五百三十二条広告に定めた行為をした者が数人ある場合において、その優等者のみに報酬を与えるべきときは、その広告は、応募の期間を定めたときに限り、その効力を有する。
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Article 532(1)If, in cases where two or more persons have performed the act designated in the advertisement, the reward is to be given only to the most outstanding applicant, the advertisement shall be effective only if it specifies the application period.
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第二款 契約の効力
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Subsection 2 Effect of Contracts
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(同時履行の抗弁)
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(Defense for Simultaneous Performance)
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第五百三十三条双務契約の当事者の一方は、相手方がその債務の履行を提供するまでは、自己の債務の履行を拒むことができる。ただし、相手方の債務が弁済期にないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 533A party to a bilateral contract may refuse to perform his/her own obligation until the other party tenders the performance of his/her obligation; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the obligation of the other party is not yet due.
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(債権者の危険負担)
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(Obligees to Assume Risk)
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第五百三十四条特定物に関する物権の設定又は移転を双務契約の目的とした場合において、その物が債務者の責めに帰することができない事由によって滅失し、又は損傷したときは、その滅失又は損傷は、債権者の負担に帰する。
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Article 534(1)In cases where the purpose of a bilateral contract is the creation or transfer of real rights regarding specified things, if the things have been lost or damaged due to reasons not attributable to the obligor, such loss or damage shall fall on the obligee.
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(停止条件付双務契約における危険負担)
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(Assumption of Risk in Bilateral Contract with Condition Precedent)
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第五百三十五条前条の規定は、停止条件付双務契約の目的物が条件の成否が未定である間に滅失した場合には、適用しない。
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Article 535(1)The provisions of the preceding Article shall not apply where the subject matter of a bilateral contract with conditions precedent is lost whilst the conditions are pending.
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(3)In cases where the subject matter of a bilateral contract with conditions precedent has been lost or damaged due to reasons attributable to the obligor, if the condition has been satisfied, the obligee may, at his/her choice, demand performance or exercise the obligee's right to cancel. In such cases, claims for damages shall not be precluded.
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(債務者の危険負担等)
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(Obligors' Assumption of Risk)
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第五百三十六条前二条に規定する場合を除き、当事者双方の責めに帰することができない事由によって債務を履行することができなくなったときは、債務者は、反対給付を受ける権利を有しない。
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Article 536(1)Except in the cases provided for in the preceding two Articles, if the performance of any obligation has become impossible due to reasons not attributable to either party, the obligor shall not have the right to receive performance in return.
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(2)If the performance of any obligation has become impossible due to reasons attributable to the obligee, the obligor shall not lose his/her right to receive performance in return. In such cases, if the obligor gains any benefit as a result of being released from his/her own obligation, the obligor must reimburse the obligee for the benefit.
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(第三者のためにする契約)
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(Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties)
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第五百三十七条契約により当事者の一方が第三者に対してある給付をすることを約したときは、その第三者は、債務者に対して直接にその給付を請求する権利を有する。
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Article 537(1)If one of the parties promises in a contract that he/she will tender a certain performance to any third party, the third party shall have the right to claim that performance directly from the obligor.
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(第三者の権利の確定)
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(Determination of Rights of the Third Party)
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第五百三十八条前条の規定により第三者の権利が発生した後は、当事者は、これを変更し、又は消滅させることができない。
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Article 538After rights of the third party have come into existence in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article, the parties may not modify or extinguish those rights.
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(債務者の抗弁)
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(Obligors' Defense)
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第五百三十九条債務者は、第五百三十七条第一項の契約に基づく抗弁をもって、その契約の利益を受ける第三者に対抗することができる。
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Article 539The obligor may raise the defense founded on the contract referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 537 against a third party who is to enjoy the benefit of the contract.
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第三款 契約の解除
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Subsection 3 Cancellation of Contracts
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(解除権の行使)
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(Exercise of Right to Cancel)
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第五百四十条契約又は法律の規定により当事者の一方が解除権を有するときは、その解除は、相手方に対する意思表示によってする。
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Article 540(1)If one of the parties has a right to cancel in accordance with the provisions of the contract or law, the cancellation shall be effected by manifestation of intention to the other party.
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(履行遅滞等による解除権)
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(Right to Cancel for Delayed Performance)
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第五百四十一条当事者の一方がその債務を履行しない場合において、相手方が相当の期間を定めてその履行の催告をし、その期間内に履行がないときは、相手方は、契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 541In cases where one of the parties does not perform his/her obligations, if the other party demands performance of the obligations, specifying a reasonable period and no performance is tendered during that period, the other party may cancel the contract.
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(定期行為の履行遅滞による解除権)
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(Right to Cancel for Delayed Performance where Time is of the Essence)
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第五百四十二条契約の性質又は当事者の意思表示により、特定の日時又は一定の期間内に履行をしなければ契約をした目的を達することができない場合において、当事者の一方が履行をしないでその時期を経過したときは、相手方は、前条の催告をすることなく、直ちにその契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 542In cases where, due to the nature of the contract or a manifestation of intention by the parties, the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved unless the performance is carried out at a specific time and date or within a certain period of time, if one of the parties has failed to perform at the time that period lapses, the other party may immediately cancel the contract without making the demand referred to in the preceding Article.
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(履行不能による解除権)
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(Right to Cancel for Impossibility of Performance)
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第五百四十三条履行の全部又は一部が不能となったときは、債権者は、契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、その債務の不履行が債務者の責めに帰することができない事由によるものであるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 543If performance has become impossible, in whole or in part, the obligee may cancel the contract; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the failure to perform the obligation is due to reasons not attributable to the obligor.
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(解除権の不可分性)
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(Indivisible Nature of Right to Cancel)
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第五百四十四条当事者の一方が数人ある場合には、契約の解除は、その全員から又はその全員に対してのみ、することができる。
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Article 544(1)If one party is constituted of two or more persons, the cancellation of the contract may be effected only by, or against, all of those persons.
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(解除の効果)
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(Effect of Cancellation)
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第五百四十五条当事者の一方がその解除権を行使したときは、各当事者は、その相手方を原状に復させる義務を負う。ただし、第三者の権利を害することはできない。
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Article 545(1)If one of the parties exercises his/her right to cancel, each party shall assume an obligation to restore the other party to that other party's original position; provided, however, that this shall not prejudice the rights of a third party.
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(契約の解除と同時履行)
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(Cancellation of Contract and Simultaneous Performance)
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第五百四十六条第五百三十三条の規定は、前条の場合について準用する。
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Article 546The provisions of Article 533 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding Article.
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(催告による解除権の消滅)
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(Extinguishment of Right to Cancel by Demand)
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第五百四十七条解除権の行使について期間の定めがないときは、相手方は、解除権を有する者に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その期間内に解除をするかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、その期間内に解除の通知を受けないときは、解除権は、消滅する。
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Article 547If no period is provided for the exercise of the right to cancel, the other party may issue a notice of demand to the holder of the right to cancel, specifying a reasonable period, to the effect that the holder of the right to cancel is to give a definite answer as to whether or not the right will be exercised within that period. In such cases, if no notice of cancellation is received within that period, the right to cancel shall be extinguished.
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(解除権者の行為等による解除権の消滅)
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(Extinguishment of Right to Cancel by Acts of Holder of Right to Cancel)
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第五百四十八条解除権を有する者が自己の行為若しくは過失によって契約の目的物を著しく損傷し、若しくは返還することができなくなったとき、又は加工若しくは改造によってこれを他の種類の物に変えたときは、解除権は、消滅する。
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Article 548(1)The right to cancel shall be extinguished if the holder of the right to cancel has significantly damaged, or has become unable to return, the subject matter of the contract due to his/her act or negligence, or has converted the subject matter into any other kind of thing by processing or alteration.
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第二節 贈与
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Section 2 Gifts
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(贈与)
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(Gifts)
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第五百四十九条贈与は、当事者の一方が自己の財産を無償で相手方に与える意思を表示し、相手方が受諾をすることによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 549Gifts shall become effective by the manifestation by one of the parties of his/her intention to give his/her property to the other party gratuitously, and the acceptance of the other party thereof.
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(書面によらない贈与の撤回)
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(Revocation of Gift Not in Writing)
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第五百五十条書面によらない贈与は、各当事者が撤回することができる。ただし、履行の終わった部分については、この限りでない。
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Article 550Gifts not in writing may be revoked by either party; provided, however, that this shall not apply to any portion of the gift for which performance has been completed.
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(贈与者の担保責任)
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(Warranty by Donor)
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第五百五十一条贈与者は、贈与の目的である物又は権利の瑕疵又は不存在について、その責任を負わない。ただし、贈与者がその瑕疵又は不存在を知りながら受贈者に告げなかったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 551(1)The donor shall not be liable for any defect in or absence of the thing or right that is the subject matter of the gift; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the donor has knowledge of the defect or absence and fails to inform the donee thereof.
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(定期贈与)
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(Periodic Gifts)
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第五百五十二条定期の給付を目的とする贈与は、贈与者又は受贈者の死亡によって、その効力を失う。
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Article 552Periodic gifts shall lose its effect on the death of the donor or the donee.
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(負担付贈与)
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(Encumbered Gifts)
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第五百五十三条負担付贈与については、この節に定めるもののほか、その性質に反しない限り、双務契約に関する規定を準用する。
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Article 553With respect to gifts with burden, in addition to the provisions of this Section, the provisions regarding bilateral contracts shall apply mutatis mutandis, to the extent those provisions are not inconsistent with the nature of gifts with burden.
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(死因贈与)
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(Gifts on Donor's Death)
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第五百五十四条贈与者の死亡によって効力を生ずる贈与については、その性質に反しない限り、遺贈に関する規定を準用する。
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Article 554With respect to gifts that become effective on the death of the donor, the provisions regarding testamentary gifts shall apply mutatis mutandis, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the nature of gifts that become effective on the death of the donor.
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第三節 売買
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Section 3 Sale
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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(売買)
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(Sale)
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第五百五十五条売買は、当事者の一方がある財産権を相手方に移転することを約し、相手方がこれに対してその代金を支払うことを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 555A sale shall become effective when one of the parties promises to transfer a certain real rights to the other party and the other party promises to pay the purchase money for it.
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(売買の一方の予約)
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(Pre-contract of Sales Exercisable by One Party)
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第五百五十六条売買の一方の予約は、相手方が売買を完結する意思を表示した時から、売買の効力を生ずる。
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Article 556(1)A pre-contract to sell or purchase made by one party shall take the effect of a sale when the other party has manifested his/her intention to complete such sale.
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(2)If no period is provided in relation to the manifestation of intention set forth in the preceding paragraph, the other party to the pre-contact may issue a notice of demand to the other party, specifying a reasonable period, to the effect that the other party is to give a definite answer as to whether or not he/she will complete the sale within that period. In such cases, if the other party fails to give a definite answer within that period, the pre-contract of sale by one party shall lose its effect.
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(手付)
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(Earnest Money)
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第五百五十七条買主が売主に手付を交付したときは、当事者の一方が契約の履行に着手するまでは、買主はその手付を放棄し、売主はその倍額を償還して、契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 557(1)When the buyer delivers earnest money to the seller, the buyer may cancel the contract by forfeiting his/her earnest money or the seller may cancel the contract by reimbursing twice its amount, until either party commences performance of the contract.
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(売買契約に関する費用)
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(Expenses of Contracts for Sale)
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第五百五十八条売買契約に関する費用は、当事者双方が等しい割合で負担する。
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Article 558The expenses of contracts for sale shall be borne equally by both parties.
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(有償契約への準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application to Contracts for Value)
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第五百五十九条この節の規定は、売買以外の有償契約について準用する。ただし、その有償契約の性質がこれを許さないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 559The provisions of this Section shall apply mutatis mutandis to contracts for value other than contracts for sale; provided, however that this shall not apply when it is not permitted by the nature of the contract for value.
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第二款 売買の効力
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Subsection 2 Effect of Sale
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(他人の権利の売買における売主の義務)
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(Seller's Obligation when Selling Rights of Others)
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第五百六十条他人の権利を売買の目的としたときは、売主は、その権利を取得して買主に移転する義務を負う。
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Article 560If the subject matter of the sale is the rights of others, the seller shall assume an obligation to acquire the rights and transfer the same to the buyer.
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(他人の権利の売買における売主の担保責任)
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(Seller's Warranty when Selling Rights of Others)
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第五百六十一条前条の場合において、売主がその売却した権利を取得して買主に移転することができないときは、買主は、契約の解除をすることができる。この場合において、契約の時においてその権利が売主に属しないことを知っていたときは、損害賠償の請求をすることができない。
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Article 561In the cases set forth in the preceding Article, if the seller cannot acquire and transfer to the buyer the rights the seller has sold, the buyer may cancel the contract. In such cases, if the buyer knew, at the time of the contract, that the rights did not belong to the seller, the buyer may not demand compensation for damages.
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(他人の権利の売買における善意の売主の解除権)
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(Innocent Seller's Right of Cancellation in a Sale of Others' Rights)
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第五百六十二条売主が契約の時においてその売却した権利が自己に属しないことを知らなかった場合において、その権利を取得して買主に移転することができないときは、売主は、損害を賠償して、契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 562(1)In cases where the seller, at the moment of the contract, does not know that the rights the seller has sold do not belong to him/her, if the seller cannot acquire the rights and transfer the same to the buyer, the seller may cancel the contract by compensating any damages.
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(権利の一部が他人に属する場合における売主の担保責任)
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(Seller's Warranty where Rights Partially Belonged to Others)
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第五百六十三条売買の目的である権利の一部が他人に属することにより、売主がこれを買主に移転することができないときは、買主は、その不足する部分の割合に応じて代金の減額を請求することができる。
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Article 563(1)If the seller cannot transfer any part of the rights which are the subject matter of the sale because the part of the rights belongs to others, the seller may demand a reduction of the purchase money in proportion to the value of the part in shortage.
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(数量の不足又は物の一部滅失の場合における売主の担保責任)
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(Seller's Warranty in Cases of Shortage in Quantity or Partial Loss of Object)
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第五百六十五条前二条の規定は、数量を指示して売買をした物に不足がある場合又は物の一部が契約の時に既に滅失していた場合において、買主がその不足又は滅失を知らなかったときについて準用する。
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Article 565The provisions of the preceding two Articles shall apply mutatis mutandis in cases where there is any shortage in the object of a sale made for a designated quantity, or in cases where part of the object was already lost at the time of the contract, if the buyer did not know of the shortage or loss.
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(地上権等がある場合等における売主の担保責任)
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(Seller's Warranty in cases of Superficies or Other Rights)
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第五百六十六条売買の目的物が地上権、永小作権、地役権、留置権又は質権の目的である場合において、買主がこれを知らず、かつ、そのために契約をした目的を達することができないときは、買主は、契約の解除をすることができる。この場合において、契約の解除をすることができないときは、損害賠償の請求のみをすることができる。
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Article 566(1)In cases where the subject matter of the sale is encumbered with for the purpose of a superficies, an emphyteusis, an easement, a right of retention or a pledge, if the buyer does not know the same and cannot achieve the purpose of the contract on account thereof, the buyer may cancel the contract. In such cases, if the contract cannot be cancelled, the buyer may only demand compensation for damages.
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(2)The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis in cases where an easement that was referred to as being in existence for the benefit of immovable property that is the subject matter of a sale, does not exist, and in cases where a leasehold is registered with respect to the immovable property.
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(抵当権等がある場合における売主の担保責任)
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(Seller's Warranty in cases of Mortgage or Other Rights)
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第五百六十七条売買の目的である不動産について存した先取特権又は抵当権の行使により買主がその所有権を失ったときは、買主は、契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 567(1)If the buyer loses his/her ownership of immovable property that is the object of a sale because of the exercise of an existing statutory lien or mortgage, the buyer may cancel the contract.
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(強制競売における担保責任)
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(Warranty in cases of Compulsory Auctions)
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第五百六十八条強制競売における買受人は、第五百六十一条から前条までの規定により、債務者に対し、契約の解除をし、又は代金の減額を請求することができる。
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Article 568(1)The successful bidder at compulsory auction may cancel the contract or demand a reduction from the purchase money against the obligor in accordance with the provisions from Article 561 through to the preceding Article.
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(債権の売主の担保責任)
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(Seller's Warranty for Claims)
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第五百六十九条債権の売主が債務者の資力を担保したときは、契約の時における資力を担保したものと推定する。
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Article 569(1)If the seller of a claim warrants the solvency of the obligor, it shall be presumed that the seller warranted the solvency as at the time of the contract.
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(売主の瑕疵担保責任)
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(Seller's Warranty against Defects)
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第五百七十条売買の目的物に隠れた瑕疵があったときは、第五百六十六条の規定を準用する。ただし、強制競売の場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 570If there is any latent defect in the subject matter of a sale, the provisions of Article 566 shall apply mutatis mutandis; provided, however, that this shall not apply in cases of compulsory auction.
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(売主の担保責任と同時履行)
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(Seller's Warranty and Simultaneous Performance)
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第五百七十一条第五百三十三条の規定は、第五百六十三条から第五百六十六条まで及び前条の場合について準用する。
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Article 571The provisions of Article 533 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the cases set forth from Article 563 through to Article 566 and in the preceding Article.
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(担保責任を負わない旨の特約)
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(Special Agreement Disclaiming Warranty)
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第五百七十二条売主は、第五百六十条から前条までの規定による担保の責任を負わない旨の特約をしたときであっても、知りながら告げなかった事実及び自ら第三者のために設定し又は第三者に譲り渡した権利については、その責任を免れることができない。
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Article 572Even if the seller makes a special agreement to the effect that the seller will not provide the warranties set forth from Article 560 through to the preceding Article, the seller may not be released from that responsibility with respect to any fact that the seller knew but did not disclose, and with respect to any right that the seller himself/herself created for or assigned to a third party.
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(代金の支払期限)
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(Due Date for Payment of Purchase money)
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第五百七十三条売買の目的物の引渡しについて期限があるときは、代金の支払についても同一の期限を付したものと推定する。
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Article 573If there is a due date for the delivery of the subject matter of the sale, it shall be presumed that the same due date was also agreed for the payment of the purchase money.
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(代金の支払場所)
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(Place of Payment of Purchase money)
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第五百七十四条売買の目的物の引渡しと同時に代金を支払うべきときは、その引渡しの場所において支払わなければならない。
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Article 574If the purchase money is to be paid simultaneously with delivery of the subject matter of the sale, the payment must be made at the place of delivery.
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(果実の帰属及び代金の利息の支払)
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(Ownership in Fruit and Payment of Interest on Purchase money)
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第五百七十五条まだ引き渡されていない売買の目的物が果実を生じたときは、その果実は、売主に帰属する。
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Article 575(1)If any subject matter of a sale that is not delivered yet bears any fruit, the fruit shall vest in the seller.
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(権利を失うおそれがある場合の買主による代金の支払の拒絶)
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(Refusal by Buyer to Pay Purchase money where Loss of Rights is Likely)
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第五百七十六条売買の目的について権利を主張する者があるために買主がその買い受けた権利の全部又は一部を失うおそれがあるときは、買主は、その危険の限度に応じて、代金の全部又は一部の支払を拒むことができる。ただし、売主が相当の担保を供したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 576If the buyer is likely to lose the rights he/she has bought, in whole or in part, due to the existence of persons who assert rights to the subject matter of the sale, the buyer may refuse to pay the purchase money, in whole or in part, in proportion to the extent of that likelihood; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the seller has provided reasonable security.
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(抵当権等の登記がある場合の買主による代金の支払の拒絶)
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(Refusal by Buyer to Pay Purchase money in cases of Registered Mortgage)
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第五百七十七条買い受けた不動産について抵当権の登記があるときは、買主は、抵当権消滅請求の手続が終わるまで、その代金の支払を拒むことができる。この場合において、売主は、買主に対し、遅滞なく抵当権消滅請求をすべき旨を請求することができる。
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Article 577(1)If any mortgage is registered on immovable property that has been purchased, the buyer may refuse to pay the purchase money until the completion of the procedures of the claim for extinguishment of the mortgage. In such cases, the seller may demand that the buyer file the claim for extinguishment of the mortgage without delay.
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(売主による代金の供託の請求)
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(Seller's Demand for Deposit of Purchase money)
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第五百七十八条前二条の場合においては、売主は、買主に対して代金の供託を請求することができる。
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Article 578In the cases of the preceding two paragraphs, the seller may demand that the buyer deposit the purchase money.
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第三款 買戻し
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Subsection 3 Redemption
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(買戻しの特約)
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(Special Agreement on Redemption)
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第五百七十九条不動産の売主は、売買契約と同時にした買戻しの特約により、買主が支払った代金及び契約の費用を返還して、売買の解除をすることができる。この場合において、当事者が別段の意思を表示しなかったときは、不動産の果実と代金の利息とは相殺したものとみなす。
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Article 579The buyer of immovable property may cancel the sale by refunding the purchase money and costs of the contract paid by the buyer in accordance with a special agreement on redemption executed simultaneously with the contract for sale. In such cases, unless a contrary intention is manifested by the parties, it shall be deemed that the fruit of the immovable property and the interest on the purchase money have been set off against each other.
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(買戻しの期間)
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(Period for Redemption)
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第五百八十条買戻しの期間は、十年を超えることができない。特約でこれより長い期間を定めたときは、その期間は、十年とする。
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Article 580(1)The period for the redemption may not exceed ten years. If any special agreement provides for any period longer than the above, the period shall be ten years.
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(買戻しの特約の対抗力)
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(Perfection of Special Agreement on Redemption)
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第五百八十一条売買契約と同時に買戻しの特約を登記したときは、買戻しは、第三者に対しても、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 581(1)If the special agreement on redemption is registered simultaneously with the contract for sale, the redemption shall also be effective against third parties.
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(買戻権の代位行使)
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(Exercise of Right of Redemption by way of Subrogation)
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第五百八十二条売主の債権者が第四百二十三条の規定により売主に代わって買戻しをしようとするときは、買主は、裁判所において選任した鑑定人の評価に従い、不動産の現在の価額から売主が返還すべき金額を控除した残額に達するまで売主の債務を弁済し、なお残余があるときはこれを売主に返還して、買戻権を消滅させることができる。
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Article 582If an obligee of the seller intends to effect redemption on behalf of the seller in accordance with the provisions of Article 423, the buyer may extinguish the right of redemption by paying the debts of the seller, to the extent of the balance obtained by deducting the amount the seller is to pay from the current value of the immovable property as evaluated by a court-appointed appraiser, and, if any positive balance remains, by refunding the same to the seller.
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(買戻しの実行)
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(Implementation of Redemption)
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第五百八十三条売主は、第五百八十条に規定する期間内に代金及び契約の費用を提供しなければ、買戻しをすることができない。
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Article 583(1)A seller may not effect redemption unless the seller provides the purchase money and the costs of the contract within the period provided for in Article 580.
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(2)If a buyer or subsequent acquirer incurs expenses with respect to immovable property, the seller must reimburse those expenses in accordance with the provisions of Article 196; provided, however, that, with respect to useful expenses, the court may, at the seller's request, grant a reasonable period for the reimbursement.
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(共有持分の買戻特約付売買)
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(Sale of Co-ownership Interest with Special Agreements on Redemption)
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第五百八十四条不動産の共有者の一人が買戻しの特約を付してその持分を売却した後に、その不動産の分割又は競売があったときは、売主は、買主が受け、若しくは受けるべき部分又は代金について、買戻しをすることができる。ただし、売主に通知をしないでした分割及び競売は、売主に対抗することができない。
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Article 584If one of the co-owners of immovable property sells his/her equity interest with special agreements on its redemption and the immovable property is then divided or subjected to auction, the seller may redeem the portion or purchase money that the buyer receives or is to receive; provided, however, that any division or auction effected without notice to the seller may not be asserted against the seller.
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Article 585(1)In the cases of the preceding Article, if the buyer is the successful bidder at the auction of the immovable property, the seller may effect the redemption by paying the auction price and the costs provided for in Article 583. In such cases, the seller shall acquire full ownership of the immovable property.
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第四節 交換
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Section 4 Exchange
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第五節 消費貸借
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Section 5 Loans for Consumption
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(消費貸借)
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(Loans for Consumption)
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第五百八十七条消費貸借は、当事者の一方が種類、品質及び数量の同じ物をもって返還をすることを約して相手方から金銭その他の物を受け取ることによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 587A loan for consumption shall become effective when one of the parties receives money or other things from the other party by promising that he/she will return by means of things that are the same in kind, quality and quantity.
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(準消費貸借)
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(Quasi-loans for Consumption)
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第五百八十八条消費貸借によらないで金銭その他の物を給付する義務を負う者がある場合において、当事者がその物を消費貸借の目的とすることを約したときは、消費貸借は、これによって成立したものとみなす。
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Article 588In cases where any person has an obligation to provide money or other things under any arrangement which is not a loan for consumption, if the parties agree to regard such things as the subject matter of a loan for consumption, it shall be deemed that this establishes a loan for consumption.
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(消費貸借の予約と破産手続の開始)
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(Pre-contract of Loans for Consumption and Commencement of Bankruptcy Procedures)
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第五百八十九条消費貸借の予約は、その後に当事者の一方が破産手続開始の決定を受けたときは、その効力を失う。
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Article 589The pre-contract of a loan for consumption shall lose its effect if a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures is subsequently made against one of the parties.
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(貸主の担保責任)
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(Lender's Warranty)
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第五百九十条利息付きの消費貸借において、物に隠れた瑕疵があったときは、貸主は、瑕疵がない物をもってこれに代えなければならない。この場合においては、損害賠償の請求を妨げない。
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Article 590(1)If there is any latent defect in any borrowed Thing in a loan for consumption with interest, the lender must replace it with another Thing without defect. In such cases, claims for damages shall not be precluded.
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(返還の時期)
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(Timing of Returns)
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第五百九十一条当事者が返還の時期を定めなかったときは、貸主は、相当の期間を定めて返還の催告をすることができる。
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Article 591(1)If the parties do not define the time for return of borrowed Things, the lender may demand their return, specifying a reasonable period.
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(価額の償還)
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(Reimbursement of Value)
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第五百九十二条借主が貸主から受け取った物と種類、品質及び数量の同じ物をもって返還をすることができなくなったときは、その時における物の価額を償還しなければならない。ただし、第四百二条第二項に規定する場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 592If the borrower has become unable to return Things in the same kind, quality and quantity as that of the Things the borrower received from the lender, the borrower must return the current value of the Things; provided, however, that this shall not apply in the cases provided for in paragraph (2) of Article 402.
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第六節 使用貸借
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Section 6 Loans for Use
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(使用貸借)
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(Loans for Use)
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第五百九十三条使用貸借は、当事者の一方が無償で使用及び収益をした後に返還をすることを約して相手方からある物を受け取ることによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 593A loan for use shall become effective when one of the parties receives a defined Thing from the other party by promising that he/she will return the Thing after he/she has gratuitously made use of and taken the profits of the same.
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(借主による使用及び収益)
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(Borrower's Use and Profit)
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第五百九十四条借主は、契約又はその目的物の性質によって定まった用法に従い、その物の使用及び収益をしなければならない。
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Article 594(1)A borrower must make use of and take the profits of the Thing in compliance with the method of use specified by the contract or by the nature of the Thing which is the subject matter of the contract.
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(借用物の費用の負担)
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(Responsibility for Costs of Borrowed Things)
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第五百九十五条借主は、借用物の通常の必要費を負担する。
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Article 595(1)The borrower shall bear the ordinarily necessary costs of borrowed Things.
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(貸主の担保責任)
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(Lender's Warranty)
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第五百九十六条第五百五十一条の規定は、使用貸借について準用する。
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Article 596The provisions of Article 551 shall apply mutatis mutandis to loans for use.
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(借用物の返還の時期)
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(Timing of Returns of Borrowed Things)
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第五百九十七条借主は、契約に定めた時期に、借用物の返還をしなければならない。
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Article 597(1)A borrower must return borrowed Things at the time specified in the contract.
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(2)When the parties have not specified a time for return, the borrower must return the borrowed Things when he/she has completed to make use of or take the profits of the same in compliance with the purposes provided for in the contract; provided, however, that the lender may demand the immediate return of the borrowed Things even before the completion of using or taking profits if a period sufficient for using or taking profits has elapsed.
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(借主による収去)
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(Removal by Borrower)
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第五百九十八条借主は、借用物を原状に復して、これに附属させた物を収去することができる。
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Article 598A borrower may restore a borrowed Thing to its original condition and remove anything attached to the same.
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(借主の死亡による使用貸借の終了)
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(Termination of Loan for Use upon Death of Borrower)
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第五百九十九条使用貸借は、借主の死亡によって、その効力を失う。
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Article 599Loans for use shall lose its effect on the death of the borrower.
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(損害賠償及び費用の償還の請求権についての期間の制限)
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(Restriction on Period of Rights to Demand Compensation for Damages and Reimbursement of Costs)
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第六百条契約の本旨に反する使用又は収益によって生じた損害の賠償及び借主が支出した費用の償還は、貸主が返還を受けた時から一年以内に請求しなければならない。
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Article 600Claims for compensation for damages resulting from using or taking profits of the Thing inconsistent with the main purport of the contract, and for the reimbursement of costs incurred by the borrower, must be submitted within one year from the time when the lender receives the return of the borrowed Things.
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第七節 賃貸借
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Section 7 Leases
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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(賃貸借)
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(Leases)
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第六百一条賃貸借は、当事者の一方がある物の使用及び収益を相手方にさせることを約し、相手方がこれに対してその賃料を支払うことを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 601A lease shall become effective when one of the parties promises to make a certain Thing available for the using and taking the profits by the other party and the other party promises to pay rent for the same.
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(短期賃貸借)
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(Short-term Leases)
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第六百二条処分につき行為能力の制限を受けた者又は処分の権限を有しない者が賃貸借をする場合には、次の各号に掲げる賃貸借は、それぞれ当該各号に定める期間を超えることができない。
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Article 602In cases where a person with limited capacity to act or a person with no authority with respect to the act of disposition makes a lease contract, the leases listed in the following items shall not exceed the terms prescribed respectively in those items:
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一樹木の栽植又は伐採を目的とする山林の賃貸借十年
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(i)Leases of forest for the purpose of planting or felling trees:10 years;
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二前号に掲げる賃貸借以外の土地の賃貸借五年
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(ii)Leases of land other than the leases listed in the preceding item:5 years;
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三建物の賃貸借三年
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(iii)Lease of a building:3 years; and
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四動産の賃貸借六箇月
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(iv)Lease of a movable:6 months.
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(短期賃貸借の更新)
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(Renewal of Short-term Leases)
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第六百三条前条に定める期間は、更新することができる。ただし、その期間満了前、土地については一年以内、建物については三箇月以内、動産については一箇月以内に、その更新をしなければならない。
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Article 603The terms prescribed in the preceding Article may be renewed; provided, however, that the renewal must be carried out within one year prior to the expiration of the term for land, and within 3 months prior to the expiration of the term for a building, and within 1 month prior to the expiration of the term for a movable.
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(賃貸借の存続期間)
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(Duration of Lease)
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第六百四条賃貸借の存続期間は、二十年を超えることができない。契約でこれより長い期間を定めたときであっても、その期間は、二十年とする。
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Article 604(1)The duration of a lease may not exceed twenty years. Even if the contract prescribes a longer term, the term shall be 20 years.
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第二款 賃貸借の効力
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Subsection 2 Effect of Lease
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(不動産賃貸借の対抗力)
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(Perfection of Leasehold)
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第六百五条不動産の賃貸借は、これを登記したときは、その後その不動産について物権を取得した者に対しても、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 605A lease of immovable property, when registered, shall also be effective against a person who subsequently acquires real rights with respect to the immovable property.
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(賃貸物の修繕等)
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(Repairs of Leased Things)
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第六百六条賃貸人は、賃貸物の使用及び収益に必要な修繕をする義務を負う。
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Article 606(1)A lessor shall assume an obligation to effect repairs necessary for using and taking the profits of the leased Things.
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(賃借人の意思に反する保存行為)
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(Act to Preserve against the Will of the Lessee)
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第六百七条賃貸人が賃借人の意思に反して保存行為をしようとする場合において、そのために賃借人が賃借をした目的を達することができなくなるときは、賃借人は、契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 607In cases where the lessor intends to engage in an act to preserve the leased Thing against the will of the lessee, if the lessee cannot achieve the purpose of the lease as a result of the same, the lessee may cancel the contract.
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(賃借人による費用の償還請求)
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(Lessee's Demand for Reimbursement of Costs)
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第六百八条賃借人は、賃借物について賃貸人の負担に属する必要費を支出したときは、賃貸人に対し、直ちにその償還を請求することができる。
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Article 608(1)If a lessee has defrayed necessary expenses with respect to the leased Thing which ought to be borne by the lessor, the lessee may immediately demand the reimbursement of the same from the lessor.
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(2)If the lessee has incurred useful expenses with respect to the leased Thing, the lessor must reimburse those expenses on termination of the lease in compliance with the provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 196; provided, however, that the court may, at the lessor's request, grant a reasonable period for the reimbursement of the same.
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(減収による賃料の減額請求)
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(Demand for Reduction of Rent due to Decrease in Profits)
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第六百九条収益を目的とする土地の賃借人は、不可抗力によって賃料より少ない収益を得たときは、その収益の額に至るまで、賃料の減額を請求することができる。ただし、宅地の賃貸借については、この限りでない。
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Article 609A lessee of land for the purpose of profit making may, if he/she obtains profits less than the rent due to force majeure, demand that the amount of the rent be reduced to the level of the amount of the profits; provided, however, that this shall not apply with respect to leases of residential land.
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(減収による解除)
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(Termination due to Decrease in Profits)
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第六百十条前条の場合において、同条の賃借人は、不可抗力によって引き続き二年以上賃料より少ない収益を得たときは、契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 610In the cases of the preceding Article, the lessee referred to in that Article may cancel the contract if he/she has made profits less than the rent for at least two consecutive years due to force majeure.
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(賃借物の一部滅失による賃料の減額請求等)
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(Demands for Reduction of Rent due to Partial Loss of Leased Thing)
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第六百十一条賃借物の一部が賃借人の過失によらないで滅失したときは、賃借人は、その滅失した部分の割合に応じて、賃料の減額を請求することができる。
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Article 611(1)If any part of a leased thing is lost due to reasons not attributable to the negligence of the lessee, the lessee may demand a reduction of the rent in proportion to the value of the lost part.
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(賃借権の譲渡及び転貸の制限)
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(Restrictions on Assignment and Subleasing of Leasehold)
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第六百十二条賃借人は、賃貸人の承諾を得なければ、その賃借権を譲り渡し、又は賃借物を転貸することができない。
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Article 612(1)A lessee may not assign the lessee's rights or sublease a leased Thing without obtaining the approval of the lessor.
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(転貸の効果)
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(Effect of Subleases)
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第六百十三条賃借人が適法に賃借物を転貸したときは、転借人は、賃貸人に対して直接に義務を負う。この場合においては、賃料の前払をもって賃貸人に対抗することができない。
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Article 613(1)If a lessee lawfully subleases a leased Thing, the sublessee shall assume a direct obligation to the lessor. In such cases, advance payment of rent may not be asserted against the lessor.
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(賃料の支払時期)
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(Timing of Payment of Rent)
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第六百十四条賃料は、動産、建物及び宅地については毎月末に、その他の土地については毎年末に、支払わなければならない。ただし、収穫の季節があるものについては、その季節の後に遅滞なく支払わなければならない。
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Article 614Rent must be paid at the end of the month with respect to movables, buildings and land for residential purpose, and at the end of the year with respect to other land; provided, however, that, with respect to anything with a harvest season, the rent must be paid without delay after that season.
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(賃借人の通知義務)
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(Obligation of Lessee to Give Notice)
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第六百十五条賃借物が修繕を要し、又は賃借物について権利を主張する者があるときは、賃借人は、遅滞なくその旨を賃貸人に通知しなければならない。ただし、賃貸人が既にこれを知っているときは、この限りでない。
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Article 615If the leased Thing requires any repair, or if any person asserts rights with respect to the leased Thing, the lessee must notify the lessor without delay; provided, however, that this shall not apply if this is already known to the lessor.
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(使用貸借の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Loans for Use)
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第六百十六条第五百九十四条第一項、第五百九十七条第一項及び第五百九十八条の規定は、賃貸借について準用する。
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Article 616The provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 594, paragraph (1) of Article 597 and Article 598 shall apply mutatis mutandis to leases.
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第三款 賃貸借の終了
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Subsection 3 Termination of Leases
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(期間の定めのない賃貸借の解約の申入れ)
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(Offers to Terminate Leases with Indefinite Terms)
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第六百十七条当事者が賃貸借の期間を定めなかったときは、各当事者は、いつでも解約の申入れをすることができる。この場合においては、次の各号に掲げる賃貸借は、解約の申入れの日からそれぞれ当該各号に定める期間を経過することによって終了する。
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Article 617(1)If the parties do not specify the term of a lease, either party may request to terminate it at any time. In such cases, the leases listed in the following items shall terminate on the expiration of the respective periods from the day of the request to terminate prescribed respectively in those items:
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一土地の賃貸借一年
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(i)Leases of land:one year;
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二建物の賃貸借三箇月
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(ii)Leases of buildings:three months; and
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三動産及び貸席の賃貸借一日
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(iii)Leases of movables and seating hire facilities:one day.
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(期間の定めのある賃貸借の解約をする権利の留保)
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(Reservation of Rights to Terminate Leases with Definite Terms)
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第六百十八条当事者が賃貸借の期間を定めた場合であっても、その一方又は双方がその期間内に解約をする権利を留保したときは、前条の規定を準用する。
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Article 618Even if the parties specify the term of a lease, the provisions of the preceding Article shall apply mutatis mutandis if one party reserves, or both parties reserve, the right to terminate during that period.
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(賃貸借の更新の推定等)
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(Presumption of Renewal of Leases)
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第六百十九条賃貸借の期間が満了した後賃借人が賃借物の使用又は収益を継続する場合において、賃貸人がこれを知りながら異議を述べないときは、従前の賃貸借と同一の条件で更に賃貸借をしたものと推定する。この場合において、各当事者は、第六百十七条の規定により解約の申入れをすることができる。
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Article 619(1)In cases where a lessee continues to make use or take the profits of the Thing after the expiration of the term of the lease, if a lessor who knows of the same raises no objection, it shall be presumed that a further lease is entered into under conditions identical to those of the previous lease. In such cases, each party may request to terminate in accordance with the provisions of Article 617.
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(賃貸借の解除の効力)
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(Effect of Cancellations of Leases)
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第六百二十条賃貸借の解除をした場合には、その解除は、将来に向かってのみその効力を生ずる。この場合において、当事者の一方に過失があったときは、その者に対する損害賠償の請求を妨げない。
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Article 620In cases where a lease is cancelled, the cancellation shall be effective solely toward the future. In such cases, if one of the parties is negligent, claims for damages against that party shall not be precluded.
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(損害賠償及び費用の償還の請求権についての期間の制限)
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(Limitation on Periods of Rights to Demand Compensation for Damages and Reimbursement of Costs)
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第六百二十一条第六百条の規定は、賃貸借について準用する。
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Article 621The provisions of Article 600 shall apply mutatis mutandis to leases.
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第八節 雇用
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Section 8 Employment
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(雇用)
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(Employment)
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第六百二十三条雇用は、当事者の一方が相手方に対して労働に従事することを約し、相手方がこれに対してその報酬を与えることを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 623An employment contract shall become effective when one of the parties promises to the other party that he/she will engage in work and the other party promises to pay remuneration for the same.
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(報酬の支払時期)
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(Timing of Payment of Remuneration)
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第六百二十四条労働者は、その約した労働を終わった後でなければ、報酬を請求することができない。
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Article 624(1)An employee may not demand remuneration until the work he/she promised to perform has been completed.
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(使用者の権利の譲渡の制限等)
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(Restrictions on Assignment of Employer's Rights)
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第六百二十五条使用者は、労働者の承諾を得なければ、その権利を第三者に譲り渡すことができない。
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Article 625(1)An employer may not assign his/her rights to third parties unless the employer obtains the employee's consent.
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(期間の定めのある雇用の解除)
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(Cancellation of Employment with a Definite Term)
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第六百二十六条雇用の期間が五年を超え、又は雇用が当事者の一方若しくは第三者の終身の間継続すべきときは、当事者の一方は、五年を経過した後、いつでも契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、この期間は、商工業の見習を目的とする雇用については、十年とする。
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Article 626(1)If the term of employment exceeds five years, or employment is to continue during the life of either party or any third party, either party may cancel the contract at any time after the expiration of five years; provided, however, that said five years shall be ten years with respect to employment for the purpose of apprenticeship in commerce and industry.
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(期間の定めのない雇用の解約の申入れ)
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(Offer to Terminate Employment with Indefinite Term)
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第六百二十七条当事者が雇用の期間を定めなかったときは、各当事者は、いつでも解約の申入れをすることができる。この場合において、雇用は、解約の申入れの日から二週間を経過することによって終了する。
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Article 627(1)If the parties have not specified the term of employment, either party may request to terminate at any time. In such cases, employment shall terminate on the expiration of two weeks from the day of the request to terminate.
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(やむを得ない事由による雇用の解除)
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(Cancellation of Employment due to Unavoidable Reasons)
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第六百二十八条当事者が雇用の期間を定めた場合であっても、やむを得ない事由があるときは、各当事者は、直ちに契約の解除をすることができる。この場合において、その事由が当事者の一方の過失によって生じたものであるときは、相手方に対して損害賠償の責任を負う。
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Article 628Even in cases where the parties have specified the term of employment, if there are unavoidable reasons, either party may immediately cancel the contract. In such cases, if the reasons arise from the negligence of either one of the parties, that party shall be liable to the other party for damages.
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(雇用の更新の推定等)
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(Presumption of Renewal of Employment)
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第六百二十九条雇用の期間が満了した後労働者が引き続きその労働に従事する場合において、使用者がこれを知りながら異議を述べないときは、従前の雇用と同一の条件で更に雇用をしたものと推定する。この場合において、各当事者は、第六百二十七条の規定により解約の申入れをすることができる。
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Article 629(1)In cases where an employee continues to engage in his/her work after the expiration of a term of employment, if an employer knows of the same and raises no objection, it shall be presumed that the further employment is entered into under conditions identical to those of the previous employment. In such cases, each party may request to termination under the provisions of Article 627.
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(雇用の解除の効力)
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(Effect of Cancellation of Employment)
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第六百三十条第六百二十条の規定は、雇用について準用する。
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Article 630The provisions of Article 620 shall apply mutatis mutandis to employment.
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(使用者についての破産手続の開始による解約の申入れ)
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(Request to Terminate due to Commencement of Bankruptcy Procedures for Employer)
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第六百三十一条使用者が破産手続開始の決定を受けた場合には、雇用に期間の定めがあるときであっても、労働者又は破産管財人は、第六百二十七条の規定により解約の申入れをすることができる。この場合において、各当事者は、相手方に対し、解約によって生じた損害の賠償を請求することができない。
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Article 631In cases where the employer is subject to a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures, the employee or the trustee in bankruptcy may request to terminate under the provisions of Article 627 even if the employment is for a definite term. In such cases, neither party may claim compensation from the other party for damages suffered as a result of the termination.
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第九節 請負
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Section 9 Contracts for Work
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(請負)
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(Contracts for Work)
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第六百三十二条請負は、当事者の一方がある仕事を完成することを約し、相手方がその仕事の結果に対してその報酬を支払うことを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 632A contract for work shall become effective when one of the parties promises to complete work and the other party promises to pay remuneration for the outcome of the work.
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(報酬の支払時期)
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(Timing of Payment of Remuneration)
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第六百三十三条報酬は、仕事の目的物の引渡しと同時に、支払わなければならない。ただし、物の引渡しを要しないときは、第六百二十四条第一項の規定を準用する。
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Article 633Remuneration must be paid simultaneously with delivery of the subject matter of work performed; provided, however, that, if no delivery of a Thing is required, the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 624 shall apply mutatis mutandis.
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(請負人の担保責任)
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(Contractor's Warranty)
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第六百三十四条仕事の目的物に瑕疵があるときは、注文者は、請負人に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その瑕疵の修補を請求することができる。ただし、瑕疵が重要でない場合において、その修補に過分の費用を要するときは、この限りでない。
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Article 634(1)If there is any defect in the subject matter of work performed, the party ordering the work may demand that the contractor repair the defect, specifying a reasonable period; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the defect is not significant and excessive costs would be required for the repair.
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(請負人の担保責任に関する規定の不適用)
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(No Application of Provisions on Contractor's Warranty)
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第六百三十六条前二条の規定は、仕事の目的物の瑕疵が注文者の供した材料の性質又は注文者の与えた指図によって生じたときは、適用しない。ただし、請負人がその材料又は指図が不適当であることを知りながら告げなかったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 636The provisions of the preceding two Articles shall not apply if the defect in the subject matter of the work arises due to the nature of the materials supplied by, or instructions given by, the party ordering the work; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the contractor knew that the materials or instructions were inappropriate but did not disclose the same.
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(請負人の担保責任の存続期間)
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(Duration of Contractor's Warranty)
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第六百三十七条前三条の規定による瑕疵の修補又は損害賠償の請求及び契約の解除は、仕事の目的物を引き渡した時から一年以内にしなければならない。
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Article 637(1)The demand for repair or claim for damages and cancellation of the contract under the preceding three Articles must be made within one year from the time of the delivery of the subject matter of the work.
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Article 638(1)A contractor for a building or other structure on land shall be liable for a warranty against defects in the structure or ground for the period of five years from delivery; provided, however, that the period shall be ten years for structures made of stone, earth, bricks, concrete, steel and other similar structures.
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(担保責任の存続期間の伸長)
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(Extension of Duration of Warranty)
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第六百三十九条第六百三十七条及び前条第一項の期間は、第百六十七条の規定による消滅時効の期間内に限り、契約で伸長することができる。
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Article 639The periods set forth in Article 637 and paragraph (1) of the preceding Article may be extended by contract so long as they do not exceed the period of time provided for the extinctive prescription under the provisions of Article 167.
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(担保責任を負わない旨の特約)
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(Special Agreement of No Warranty)
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第六百四十条請負人は、第六百三十四条又は第六百三十五条の規定による担保の責任を負わない旨の特約をしたときであっても、知りながら告げなかった事実については、その責任を免れることができない。
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Article 640Even if the contractor agrees to a special agreement to the effect that the contractor will not be liable for the warranty provided in Article 634 or Article 635, the contractor may not be released from the contractor's liability with respect to facts the contractor knew and did not disclose.
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(注文者による契約の解除)
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(Cancellation of Contract by Party Ordering Work)
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第六百四十一条請負人が仕事を完成しない間は、注文者は、いつでも損害を賠償して契約の解除をすることができる。
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Article 641The party ordering work may cancel the contract at any time whilst the contractor has not completed the work by compensating any damages.
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(注文者についての破産手続の開始による解除)
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(Cancellation on Commencement of Bankruptcy Procedures for Party Ordering Work)
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第六百四十二条注文者が破産手続開始の決定を受けたときは、請負人又は破産管財人は、契約の解除をすることができる。この場合において、請負人は、既にした仕事の報酬及びその中に含まれていない費用について、破産財団の配当に加入することができる。
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Article 642(1)In cases where the party ordering work is subject to a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures, the contractor or the trustee in bankruptcy may cancel the contract. In such cases, the contractor may participate in the distribution of the bankrupt estate with respect to remuneration for the work already performed and any costs not included in that remuneration.
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(2)In the cases set forth in the preceding paragraph, claims for damages suffered as a result of the cancellation of the contract shall be permitted only for contractors under contracts cancelled by the trustee in bankruptcy. In such cases, the contractors shall participate in the distribution of the bankrupt estate with respect to such damages.
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第十節 委任
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Section 10 Mandates
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(委任)
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(Mandates)
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第六百四十三条委任は、当事者の一方が法律行為をすることを相手方に委託し、相手方がこれを承諾することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 643A mandate shall become effective when one of the parties mandates the other party to perform a juristic act, and the other party accepts the mandate.
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(受任者の注意義務)
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(Duty of Care of Mandatary)
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第六百四十四条受任者は、委任の本旨に従い、善良な管理者の注意をもって、委任事務を処理する義務を負う。
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Article 644A mandatary shall assume a duty to administer the mandated business with the care of a good manager compliance with the main purport of the mandate.
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(受任者による報告)
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(Reports by Mandatary)
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第六百四十五条受任者は、委任者の請求があるときは、いつでも委任事務の処理の状況を報告し、委任が終了した後は、遅滞なくその経過及び結果を報告しなければならない。
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Article 645A mandatary must, if so requested by the mandator, report the current status of the administration of the mandated business at any time, and must report the process and results without delay upon completion of the mandate.
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(受任者による受取物の引渡し等)
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(Delivery of Received Things by Mandatary)
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第六百四十六条受任者は、委任事務を処理するに当たって受け取った金銭その他の物を委任者に引き渡さなければならない。その収取した果実についても、同様とする。
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Article 646(1)The mandatary must deliver to the mandator monies and other Things that he/she has received during the course of administering the mandated business. The same shall apply to fruits the mandatary has reaped.
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(受任者の金銭の消費についての責任)
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(Mandatary's Responsibility for Consumption of Monies)
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第六百四十七条受任者は、委任者に引き渡すべき金額又はその利益のために用いるべき金額を自己のために消費したときは、その消費した日以後の利息を支払わなければならない。この場合において、なお損害があるときは、その賠償の責任を負う。
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Article 647If the mandatary has consumed monies for his/her personal benefit that the mandatary is to deliver to the mandator, or any monies that are to be used for the benefit of the mandator, the mandatary must pay interest for the period from the day of that consumption. In such cases, if any damages still remain, the mandatary shall be liable to compensate for the same.
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(受任者の報酬)
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(Remuneration for Mandatary)
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第六百四十八条受任者は、特約がなければ、委任者に対して報酬を請求することができない。
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Article 648(1)In the absence of any special agreements, the mandatary may not claim remuneration from the mandator.
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(2)In cases where the mandatary is to receive remuneration, the mandatary may not claim the same until and unless he/she has performed the mandated business; provided, however, that if the remuneration is specified with reference to period, the provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 624 shall apply mutatis mutandis.
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(受任者による費用の前払請求)
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(Mandatary's Claims for Advance for Costs)
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第六百四十九条委任事務を処理するについて費用を要するときは、委任者は、受任者の請求により、その前払をしなければならない。
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Article 649If costs will be incurred in administering the mandated business, the mandator must, at the request of the mandatary, pay an advance for those costs.
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(受任者による費用等の償還請求等)
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(Mandatary's Claims for Reimbursement of Expense)
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第六百五十条受任者は、委任事務を処理するのに必要と認められる費用を支出したときは、委任者に対し、その費用及び支出の日以後におけるその利息の償還を請求することができる。
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Article 650(1)If the mandatary has incurred costs found to be necessary for the administration of the mandated business, the mandatary may claim reimbursement of those costs from the mandator and any interest on the same from the day the costs were incurred.
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(2)If the mandatary has incurred any obligation found to be necessary for the administration of the mandated business, the mandatary may demand that the mandator perform the obligation on the mandatary's behalf. In such cases, if the obligation has not yet fallen due, the mandatary may require the mandator to tender reasonable security.
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(委任の解除)
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(Cancellation of Mandate)
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第六百五十一条委任は、各当事者がいつでもその解除をすることができる。
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Article 651(1)A mandate may be cancelled by either party at any time.
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(委任の解除の効力)
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(Effect of Cancellation of Mandate)
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第六百五十二条第六百二十条の規定は、委任について準用する。
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Article 652The provision of Article 620 shall apply mutatis mutandis to mandates.
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(委任の終了事由)
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(Grounds for Termination of Mandate)
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第六百五十三条委任は、次に掲げる事由によって終了する。
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Article 653A mandate shall terminate when:
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一委任者又は受任者の死亡
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(i)The mandator or mandatary dies;
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二委任者又は受任者が破産手続開始の決定を受けたこと。
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(ii)The mandator or mandatary is subject to a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures;
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三受任者が後見開始の審判を受けたこと。
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(iii)The mandatary is subject to an order for the commencement of guardianship.
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(委任の終了後の処分)
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(Disposition after Termination of Mandate)
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第六百五十四条委任が終了した場合において、急迫の事情があるときは、受任者又はその相続人若しくは法定代理人は、委任者又はその相続人若しくは法定代理人が委任事務を処理することができるに至るまで、必要な処分をしなければならない。
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Article 654In cases where a mandate has terminated, if there are pressing circumstances, the mandatary or his/her heir or legal representative must effect necessary dispositions until the time when the mandator or his/her heir or legal representatives is able to take charge of the mandated business.
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(委任の終了の対抗要件)
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(Requirement for Perfection of Termination of Mandate)
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第六百五十五条委任の終了事由は、これを相手方に通知したとき、又は相手方がこれを知っていたときでなければ、これをもってその相手方に対抗することができない。
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Article 655The grounds of termination of mandate may not be asserted against the other party unless the other party was notified of or knew of the same.
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(準委任)
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(Quasi-Mandate)
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第六百五十六条この節の規定は、法律行為でない事務の委託について準用する。
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Article 656The provisions of this Section shall apply mutatis mutandis to mandates of business that do not constitute juristic acts.
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第十一節 寄託
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Section 11 Deposits
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(寄託)
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(Deposits)
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第六百五十七条寄託は、当事者の一方が相手方のために保管をすることを約してある物を受け取ることによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 657A deposit shall become effective when one of the parties receives a certain Thing by promising that he/she will retain it for the other party.
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(寄託物の使用及び第三者による保管)
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(Use of Deposited Thing and Retention by Third Parties)
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第六百五十八条受寄者は、寄託者の承諾を得なければ、寄託物を使用し、又は第三者にこれを保管させることができない。
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Article 658(1)A depositary may not use, or allow third parties to retain, the Thing deposited without obtaining the consent of the depositor.
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(無償受寄者の注意義務)
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(Duty of Care of Gratuitous Depositary)
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第六百五十九条無報酬で寄託を受けた者は、自己の財産に対するのと同一の注意をもって、寄託物を保管する義務を負う。
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Article 659A person who has undertaken a deposit gratuitously shall assume a duty to retain the Thing deposited exercising care identical to that he/she exercises for his/her own property.
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(受寄者の通知義務)
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(Obligation of Depositary to Give Notice)
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第六百六十条寄託物について権利を主張する第三者が受寄者に対して訴えを提起し、又は差押え、仮差押え若しくは仮処分をしたときは、受寄者は、遅滞なくその事実を寄託者に通知しなければならない。
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Article 660If a third party asserting rights with respect to the Thing deposited has brought a lawsuit against the depositary, or has effected an attachment, provisional attachment, or provisional disposition, the depositary must notify the depositor of that fact without delay.
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(寄託者による損害賠償)
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(Compensation of Damages by Depositor)
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第六百六十一条寄託者は、寄託物の性質又は瑕疵によって生じた損害を受寄者に賠償しなければならない。ただし、寄託者が過失なくその性質若しくは瑕疵を知らなかったとき、又は受寄者がこれを知っていたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 661The depositor must compensate the depositary for damages that occur due to the nature of or defects in the Thing deposited; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the depositor did not, without negligence, know of such nature or defect, or the depositary knew of the same.
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(寄託者による返還請求)
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(Depositor's Demand for Return)
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第六百六十二条当事者が寄託物の返還の時期を定めたときであっても、寄託者は、いつでもその返還を請求することができる。
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Article 662Even if the parties specify the time for the return of the Thing deposited, the depositor may demand the return of the same at any time.
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(寄託物の返還の時期)
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(Timing of Return of the Thing Deposited)
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第六百六十三条当事者が寄託物の返還の時期を定めなかったときは、受寄者は、いつでもその返還をすることができる。
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Article 663(1)If the parties have not specified the timing of the return of the Thing deposited, the depositary may return the same at any time.
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(寄託物の返還の場所)
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(Place of Return of the Thing Deposited)
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第六百六十四条寄託物の返還は、その保管をすべき場所でしなければならない。ただし、受寄者が正当な事由によってその物を保管する場所を変更したときは、その現在の場所で返還をすることができる。
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Article 664The place for the return of the Thing deposited must be at the place where they are to be retained; provided, however, that, if the depositary has changed the place of retention on reasonable grounds, the return may be made at that current place of retention.
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(委任の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Mandate)
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第六百六十五条第六百四十六条から第六百五十条まで(同条第三項を除く。)の規定は、寄託について準用する。
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Article 665The provisions of Article 646 to Article 650 (excluding paragraph (3) of this Article) shall apply mutatis mutandis to deposits.
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(消費寄託)
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(Deposits for Consumption)
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第六百六十六条第五節(消費貸借)の規定は、受寄者が契約により寄託物を消費することができる場合について準用する。
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Article 666(1)The provisions of Section 5 (Loans for Consumption) shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases where a depositary may, under the contract, consume the Thing deposited.
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第十二節 組合
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Section 12 Partnerships
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(組合契約)
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(Partnership Contracts)
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第六百六十七条組合契約は、各当事者が出資をして共同の事業を営むことを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 667(1)A partnership contract shall become effective when each of the parties promises to engage in joint business by making a contribution.
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(組合財産の共有)
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(Joint Ownership in Partnership Property)
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第六百六十八条各組合員の出資その他の組合財産は、総組合員の共有に属する。
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Article 668The contributions of the partners and other partnership property shall be jointly owned by all partners.
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(金銭出資の不履行の責任)
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(Responsibility for Failure to Provide Monetary Contribution)
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第六百六十九条金銭を出資の目的とした場合において、組合員がその出資をすることを怠ったときは、その利息を支払うほか、損害の賠償をしなければならない。
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Article 669In cases where monies are the subject of the contribution, if any partner fails to contribute his/her share of the contribution, he/she must pay interest on the same and otherwise compensate for damages.
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(業務の執行の方法)
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(Method of Business Management)
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第六百七十条組合の業務の執行は、組合員の過半数で決する。
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Article 670(1)The management of partnership business shall be determined by the majority of the partners.
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(3)Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the ordinary business of a partnership may be performed by each partner or each Operating Officer individually; provided, however, that this shall not apply if other partners or Operating Officers raise objections prior to the completion of the business.
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(委任の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Mandates)
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第六百七十一条第六百四十四条から第六百五十条までの規定は、組合の業務を執行する組合員について準用する。
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Article 671The provisions of Article 646 to Article 650 shall apply mutatis mutandis to partners who manage the business of a partnership.
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(業務執行組合員の辞任及び解任)
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(Resignations and Dismissals of Operating Partners)
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第六百七十二条組合契約で一人又は数人の組合員に業務の執行を委任したときは、その組合員は、正当な事由がなければ、辞任することができない。
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Article 672(1)If one or more partners are delegated to manage partnership business under the partnership contract, those partners may not resign without reasonable grounds.
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(組合員の組合の業務及び財産状況に関する検査)
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(Inspections by Partners of Condition of Partnership Business and Property)
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第六百七十三条各組合員は、組合の業務を執行する権利を有しないときであっても、その業務及び組合財産の状況を検査することができる。
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Article 673Each partner may inspect the condition of the business and property of the partnership even if he/she does not have the right to manage the business of the partnership.
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(組合員の損益分配の割合)
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(Proportions of Partners' Distributions of Profits and Losses)
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第六百七十四条当事者が損益分配の割合を定めなかったときは、その割合は、各組合員の出資の価額に応じて定める。
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Article 674(1)If partners have not specified the proportions of the distributions of the partnership's profits and losses, the proportions shall be determined in proportion to the value of each partner's contribution.
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(組合員に対する組合の債権者の権利の行使)
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(Exercise of Right of Creditors of the Partnership against Partners)
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第六百七十五条組合の債権者は、その債権の発生の時に組合員の損失分担の割合を知らなかったときは、各組合員に対して等しい割合でその権利を行使することができる。
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Article 675If a creditor of a partnership did not, when his/her claim arose, the proportions of the partners' shares of losses, the creditor may exercise his/her rights against each partner in equal proportions.
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(組合員の持分の処分及び組合財産の分割)
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(Disposal Partners' Shares and Division of Partnership Property)
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第六百七十六条組合員は、組合財産についてその持分を処分したときは、その処分をもって組合及び組合と取引をした第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 676(1)If a partner disposes of his/her share with respect to the partnership property, the disposal may not be asserted against the partnership and third parties who had dealings with the partnership.
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(組合の債務者による相殺の禁止)
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(No Set-off by Obligor of Partnership)
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第六百七十七条組合の債務者は、その債務と組合員に対する債権とを相殺することができない。
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Article 677An obligor of a partnership may not set off his/her obligation against his/her claim against the partners.
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(組合員の脱退)
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(Withdrawal of Partners)
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第六百七十八条組合契約で組合の存続期間を定めなかったとき、又はある組合員の終身の間組合が存続すべきことを定めたときは、各組合員は、いつでも脱退することができる。ただし、やむを得ない事由がある場合を除き、組合に不利な時期に脱退することができない。
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Article 678(1)If a partnership contract does not specify the duration of the partnership, or specifies that the partnership is to continue for the life of a certain partner, each partner may withdraw at any time; provided, however, that, unless there are unavoidable grounds, a partner may not withdraw at a time that is detrimental to the partnership.
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一死亡
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(i)The partner dies;
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二破産手続開始の決定を受けたこと。
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(ii)The partner is subject to a ruling for the commencement of bankruptcy procedures;
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三後見開始の審判を受けたこと。
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(iii)The partner is subject to an order for the commencement of guardianship;
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四除名
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(iv)The partner has been expelled.
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(組合員の除名)
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(Expulsion of Partners)
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第六百八十条組合員の除名は、正当な事由がある場合に限り、他の組合員の一致によってすることができる。ただし、除名した組合員にその旨を通知しなければ、これをもってその組合員に対抗することができない。
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Article 680The expulsion of a partner may be effected by the unanimous agreement of the other partners, limited to cases where there are justifiable grounds; provided, however, that the expulsion may not be asserted against a partner who is expelled unless a notice to that effect is given to that partner.
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(脱退した組合員の持分の払戻し)
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(Refunds of Shares of Withdrawing Partners)
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第六百八十一条脱退した組合員と他の組合員との間の計算は、脱退の時における組合財産の状況に従ってしなければならない。
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Article 681(1)Accounts as between the withdrawing partner and other partners must be settled according to the condition of the partnership property as at the time of the withdrawal.
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(組合の解散事由)
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(Causes of Dissolution of Partnerships)
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第六百八十二条組合は、その目的である事業の成功又はその成功の不能によって解散する。
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Article 682A partnership shall be dissolved on the successful completion of the business that is its object, or by the impossibility of such successful completion.
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(組合の解散の請求)
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(Request for Dissolution of Partnerships)
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第六百八十三条やむを得ない事由があるときは、各組合員は、組合の解散を請求することができる。
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Article 683Each partner may request the dissolution of the partnership if there are unavoidable grounds.
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(組合契約の解除の効力)
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(Effect of Cancellation of Partnership Contracts)
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第六百八十四条第六百二十条の規定は、組合契約について準用する。
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Article 684The provisions of Article 620 shall apply mutatis mutandis to partnership contracts.
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(組合の清算及び清算人の選任)
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(Liquidation of Partnerships and Appointment of Liquidators)
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第六百八十五条組合が解散したときは、清算は、総組合員が共同して、又はその選任した清算人がこれをする。
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Article 685(1)When a partnership is dissolved, the liquidation shall be administered jointly by all partners or by a liquidator appointed by the same.
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(清算人の業務の執行の方法)
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(Method of Management of Liquidators' Business)
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第六百八十六条第六百七十条の規定は、清算人が数人ある場合について準用する。
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Article 686The provisions of Article 670 shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases where there is more than one liquidator.
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(組合員である清算人の辞任及び解任)
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(Resignations and Dismissals of Liquidators who are Partners)
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第六百八十七条第六百七十二条の規定は、組合契約で組合員の中から清算人を選任した場合について準用する。
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Article 687The provisions of Article 672 shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases where the liquidator is appointed from among the partners under the partnership contract.
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(清算人の職務及び権限並びに残余財産の分割方法)
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(Duties and Authority of Liquidators and Method of Division of Residual Assets)
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第六百八十八条清算人の職務は、次のとおりとする。
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Article 688(1)A liquidator shall have the duties to:
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一現務の結了
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(i)conclude the current business
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二債権の取立て及び債務の弁済
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(ii)collect debts and perform obligations; and
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三残余財産の引渡し
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(iii)deliver the residual assets.
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第十三節 終身定期金
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Section 13 Life Annuities
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(終身定期金契約)
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(Life Annuities)
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第六百八十九条終身定期金契約は、当事者の一方が、自己、相手方又は第三者の死亡に至るまで、定期に金銭その他の物を相手方又は第三者に給付することを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 689Life annuities shall become effective when one of the parties promises to deliver monies or other Things to the other party or a third party periodically until the death of the first party, the other party or the third party.
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(終身定期金の計算)
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(Accounting for Life Annuities)
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第六百九十条終身定期金は、日割りで計算する。
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Article 690Life annuities shall be calculated on a daily basis.
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(終身定期金契約の解除)
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(Cancellation of Contracts for Life Annuities)
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第六百九十一条終身定期金債務者が終身定期金の元本を受領した場合において、その終身定期金の給付を怠り、又はその他の義務を履行しないときは、相手方は、元本の返還を請求することができる。この場合において、相手方は、既に受け取った終身定期金の中からその元本の利息を控除した残額を終身定期金債務者に返還しなければならない。
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Article 691(1)In cases where the obligor in a life annuity has received the principal for the life annuity, if the obligor fails to pay the life annuity or fails to perform other obligations, the other party may demand the return of the principal. In such cases, the other party must return the amount of the life annuity he/she has already received to the obligor of the life annuity, less the amount of the interest on that principal.
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(終身定期金契約の解除と同時履行)
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(Cancellation of Contracts for Life Annuities and Simultaneous Performance)
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第六百九十二条第五百三十三条の規定は、前条の場合について準用する。
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Article 692The provisions of Article 533 shall apply mutatis mutandis to cases referred to in the preceding Article.
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(終身定期金債権の存続の宣告)
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(Declaration of Continuation of Claim for Life Annuity)
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第六百九十三条終身定期金債務者の責めに帰すべき事由によって第六百八十九条に規定する死亡が生じたときは、裁判所は、終身定期金債権者又はその相続人の請求により、終身定期金債権が相当の期間存続することを宣告することができる。
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Article 693(1)If a death provided for in Article 689 occurs due to grounds attributable to the obligor in a life annuity, the court may, at the request of the obligee in the life annuity or the obligee's heirs, declare that the life annuity claim shall continue for a reasonable period.
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(終身定期金の遺贈)
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(Testamentary Gifts of Life Annuities)
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第六百九十四条この節の規定は、終身定期金の遺贈について準用する。
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Article 694The provisions of this Section shall apply mutatis mutandis to testamentary gifts of life annuities.
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第十四節 和解
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Section 14 Settlements
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(和解)
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(Settlements)
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第六百九十五条和解は、当事者が互いに譲歩をしてその間に存する争いをやめることを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 695A settlement shall become effective when the parties to a dispute promise to settle the dispute through reciprocal concessions.
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(和解の効力)
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(Effect of Settlements)
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第六百九十六条当事者の一方が和解によって争いの目的である権利を有するものと認められ、又は相手方がこれを有しないものと認められた場合において、その当事者の一方が従来その権利を有していなかった旨の確証又は相手方がこれを有していた旨の確証が得られたときは、その権利は、和解によってその当事者の一方に移転し、又は消滅したものとする。
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Article 696In cases where it is admitted at settlement that one of the parties has the rights that are the subject of the dispute, or that the other party did not have the rights, if conclusive evidence is obtained to the effect that the first party did not have the rights in the past, or that the other party did have the rights, the rights are regarded as either transferred to the first party or extinguished at settlement.
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第三章 事務管理
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Chapter III Negotiorum Gestio (Management of Business)
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(事務管理)
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(Negotiorum Gestio (Management of Business))
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第六百九十七条義務なく他人のために事務の管理を始めた者(以下この章において「管理者」という。)は、その事務の性質に従い、最も本人の利益に適合する方法によって、その事務の管理(以下「事務管理」という。)をしなければならない。
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Article 697(1)A person who commences the management of a business for another person without being obligated to do so (hereinafter in this Chapter referred to as "Manager") must manage that business (hereinafter referred to as "Management of Business") in accordance with the nature of the business, using the method that best conforms to the interests of that another person (the principal).
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(緊急事務管理)
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(Urgent Management of Business)
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第六百九十八条管理者は、本人の身体、名誉又は財産に対する急迫の危害を免れさせるために事務管理をしたときは、悪意又は重大な過失があるのでなければ、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負わない。
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Article 698If a Manager engages in the Management of Business in order to allow a principal to escape imminent danger to the principal's person, reputation or property, the Manager shall not be liable to compensate for damages resulting from the same unless he/she has acted in bad faith or with gross negligence.
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(管理者の通知義務)
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(Obligation of Managers to Give Notice)
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第六百九十九条管理者は、事務管理を始めたことを遅滞なく本人に通知しなければならない。ただし、本人が既にこれを知っているときは、この限りでない。
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Article 699A Manager must notify the principal that the Manager has commenced the Management of Business; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the principal already knows of the same.
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(管理者による事務管理の継続)
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(Continuation of Management of Business by Managers)
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第七百条管理者は、本人又はその相続人若しくは法定代理人が管理をすることができるに至るまで、事務管理を継続しなければならない。ただし、事務管理の継続が本人の意思に反し、又は本人に不利であることが明らかであるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 700A Manager must continue the Management of Business until the principal or his/her heirs or legal representatives can undertake it; provided, however, that this shall not apply in cases where it is evident that the continuation of the Management of Business is contrary to the intentions of the principal, or is disadvantageous to the principal.
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(委任の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Mandates)
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第七百一条第六百四十五条から第六百四十七条までの規定は、事務管理について準用する。
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Article 701The provisions from Article 645 through to Article 647 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the Management of Business.
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(管理者による費用の償還請求等)
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(Managers' Claims for Reimbursement of Costs)
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第七百二条管理者は、本人のために有益な費用を支出したときは、本人に対し、その償還を請求することができる。
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Article 702(1)If a Manager has incurred useful expenses for a principal, the Manager may claim reimbursement of those costs from the principal.
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第四章 不当利得
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Chapter IV Unjust Enrichment
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(不当利得の返還義務)
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(Obligation to Return Unjust Enrichment)
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第七百三条法律上の原因なく他人の財産又は労務によって利益を受け、そのために他人に損失を及ぼした者(以下この章において「受益者」という。)は、その利益の存する限度において、これを返還する義務を負う。
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Article 703A person who has benefited (hereinafter in this Chapter referred to as "beneficiary") from the property or labor of others without legal cause and has thereby caused loss to others shall assume an obligation to return that benefit, to the extent the benefit exists.
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(悪意の受益者の返還義務等)
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(Obligation of Beneficiaries in Bad Faith to Return)
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第七百四条悪意の受益者は、その受けた利益に利息を付して返還しなければならない。この場合において、なお損害があるときは、その賠償の責任を負う。
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Article 704A Beneficiary in bad faith must return the benefit received together with interest thereon. In such cases, if any damages still remain, the Beneficiary shall be liable to compensate for the same.
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(債務の不存在を知ってした弁済)
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(Performance knowing of Absence of Obligation)
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第七百五条債務の弁済として給付をした者は、その時において債務の存在しないことを知っていたときは、その給付したものの返還を請求することができない。
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Article 705A person who has tendered anything as performance of an obligation may not demand the return of the thing tendered if the person knew, at the time, that the obligation did not exist.
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(期限前の弁済)
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(Performance before Due Date)
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第七百六条債務者は、弁済期にない債務の弁済として給付をしたときは、その給付したものの返還を請求することができない。ただし、債務者が錯誤によってその給付をしたときは、債権者は、これによって得た利益を返還しなければならない。
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Article 706If an obligor has tendered anything as performance of an obligation that has not yet fallen due, the obligor may not demand the return of the thing tendered; provided, however, that, if the obligor tendered anything by mistake, the obligee must return the benefit gained as a result.
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(他人の債務の弁済)
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(Performance of Obligations of Others)
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第七百七条債務者でない者が錯誤によって債務の弁済をした場合において、債権者が善意で証書を滅失させ若しくは損傷し、担保を放棄し、又は時効によってその債権を失ったときは、その弁済をした者は、返還の請求をすることができない。
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Article 707(1)In cases where a person who is not an obligor has performed an obligation by mistake, if the obligee has, in good faith, allowed the instrument to be lost, damaged the instrument, waived the security or lost the claim by prescription, the person who performed the obligation may not demand the return of the performance.
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(不法原因給付)
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(Performance for Illegal Causes)
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第七百八条不法な原因のために給付をした者は、その給付したものの返還を請求することができない。ただし、不法な原因が受益者についてのみ存したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 708A person who has tendered performance of an obligation for an illegal cause may not demand the return of the thing tendered; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the illegal cause existed solely in relation to the Beneficiary.
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第五章 不法行為
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Chapter V Torts
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(不法行為による損害賠償)
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(Damages in Torts)
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第七百九条故意又は過失によって他人の権利又は法律上保護される利益を侵害した者は、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負う。
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Article 709A person who has intentionally or negligently infringed any right of others, or legally protected interest of others, shall be liable to compensate any damages resulting in consequence.
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(財産以外の損害の賠償)
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(Compensation for Damages Other than Property)
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第七百十条他人の身体、自由若しくは名誉を侵害した場合又は他人の財産権を侵害した場合のいずれであるかを問わず、前条の規定により損害賠償の責任を負う者は、財産以外の損害に対しても、その賠償をしなければならない。
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Article 710Persons liable for damages under the provisions of the preceding Article must also compensate for damages other than those to property, regardless of whether the body, liberty or reputation of others have been infringed, or property rights of others have been infringed.
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(近親者に対する損害の賠償)
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(Compensation for Damages to Next of Kin)
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第七百十一条他人の生命を侵害した者は、被害者の父母、配偶者及び子に対しては、その財産権が侵害されなかった場合においても、損害の賠償をしなければならない。
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Article 711A person who has taken the life of another must compensate for damages to the father, mother, spouse and children of the victim, even in cases where the property rights of the same have not been infringed.
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(責任能力)
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(Capacity for Liability)
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第七百十二条未成年者は、他人に損害を加えた場合において、自己の行為の責任を弁識するに足りる知能を備えていなかったときは、その行為について賠償の責任を負わない。
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Article 712In cases where a minor has inflicted damages on others, if the minor does not have sufficient intellectual capacity to appreciate his/her liability for his/her own act, the minor shall not be liable to compensate for that act.
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Article 713A person who has inflicted damages on others while he/she lacks the capacity to appreciate his/her liability for his/her own act due to mental disability shall not be liable to compensate for the same; provided, however, that this shall not apply if he/she has temporarily invited that condition, intentionally or negligently.
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(責任無能力者の監督義務者等の責任)
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(Liability of Person Obligated to Supervise a Person without Capacity)
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第七百十四条前二条の規定により責任無能力者がその責任を負わない場合において、その責任無能力者を監督する法定の義務を負う者は、その責任無能力者が第三者に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、監督義務者がその義務を怠らなかったとき、又はその義務を怠らなくても損害が生ずべきであったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 714(1)In cases where a person without capacity to assume liability is not liable in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two Articles, the person with the legal obligation to supervise the person without capacity to assume liability shall be liable to compensate for damages that the person without capacity to assume liability has inflicted on a third party; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the person who has the obligation to supervise did not fail to perform his/her obligation or if the damages could not have been avoided even if he/she had not failed to perform his/her obligation.
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(使用者等の責任)
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(Liability of Employers)
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第七百十五条ある事業のために他人を使用する者は、被用者がその事業の執行について第三者に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、使用者が被用者の選任及びその事業の監督について相当の注意をしたとき、又は相当の注意をしても損害が生ずべきであったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 715(1)A person who employs others for a certain business shall be liable for damages inflicted on a third party by his/her employees with respect to the execution of that business; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the employer exercised reasonable care in appointing the employee or in supervising the business, or if the damages could not have been avoided even if he/she had exercised reasonable care.
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(注文者の責任)
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(Liability of Party Ordering Work)
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第七百十六条注文者は、請負人がその仕事について第三者に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負わない。ただし、注文又は指図についてその注文者に過失があったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 716A party ordering work shall not be liable for the damages a contractor inflicted on a third party with respect to his/her work; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the party ordering work is negligent in his/her order or instructions.
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(土地の工作物等の占有者及び所有者の責任)
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(Liability of Possessor and Owner of Structure on Land)
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第七百十七条土地の工作物の設置又は保存に瑕疵があることによって他人に損害を生じたときは、その工作物の占有者は、被害者に対してその損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、占有者が損害の発生を防止するのに必要な注意をしたときは、所有者がその損害を賠償しなければならない。
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Article 717(1)If any defect in the installation or preservation of any structure on land causes damages to others, the possessor of such structure shall be liable to the victims to compensate for those damages; provided, however, that, if the possessor has used necessary care to prevent the damages arising, the owner must compensate for the damages.
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(動物の占有者等の責任)
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(Liability of Possessor of Animal)
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第七百十八条動物の占有者は、その動物が他人に加えた損害を賠償する責任を負う。ただし、動物の種類及び性質に従い相当の注意をもってその管理をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 718(1)A possessor of an animal shall be liable to compensate for the damages that the animal has inflicted on others; provided, however, that this shall not apply if he/she managed the animal with reasonable care according to the kind and nature of the animal.
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(共同不法行為者の責任)
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(Liability of Joint Tortfeasors)
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第七百十九条数人が共同の不法行為によって他人に損害を加えたときは、各自が連帯してその損害を賠償する責任を負う。共同行為者のうちいずれの者がその損害を加えたかを知ることができないときも、同様とする。
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Article 719(1)If more than one person has inflicted damages on others by their joint tortious acts, each of them shall be jointly and severally liable to compensate for those damages. The same shall apply if it cannot be ascertained which of the joint tortfeasors inflicted the damages.
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(正当防衛及び緊急避難)
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(Self-Defense and Aversion of Present Danger)
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第七百二十条他人の不法行為に対し、自己又は第三者の権利又は法律上保護される利益を防衛するため、やむを得ず加害行為をした者は、損害賠償の責任を負わない。ただし、被害者から不法行為をした者に対する損害賠償の請求を妨げない。
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Article 720(1)A person who, in response to the tortious act of another, unavoidably commits a harmful act to protect himself/herself, the rights of a third party, or any legally protected interest, shall not be liable for damages; provided, however, that the victim shall not be precluded from claiming damages against the person who committed the tortious act.
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(損害賠償請求権に関する胎児の権利能力)
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(Fetus' Capacity to Hold Rights regarding the Right to Demand Compensation for Damages)
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第七百二十一条胎児は、損害賠償の請求権については、既に生まれたものとみなす。
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Article 721An unborn child shall be deemed to have been already born with respect to the right to demand compensation for damages.
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(損害賠償の方法及び過失相殺)
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(Method of Damages and Comparative Negligence)
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第七百二十二条第四百十七条の規定は、不法行為による損害賠償について準用する。
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Article 722(1)The provisions of Article 417 shall apply mutatis mutandis to compensation for damages in tort.
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(名誉毀損における原状回復)
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(Recovery in Defamation)
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第七百二十三条他人の名誉を毀損した者に対しては、裁判所は、被害者の請求により、損害賠償に代えて、又は損害賠償とともに、名誉を回復するのに適当な処分を命ずることができる。
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Article 723The court may, at the request of the victim, order a person who defamed others, to effect appropriate measures to restore the reputation of the victim in lieu of, or in addition to, damages.
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(不法行為による損害賠償請求権の期間の制限)
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(Restriction of Period of Right to Demand Compensation for Damages in Tort)
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第七百二十四条不法行為による損害賠償の請求権は、被害者又はその法定代理人が損害及び加害者を知った時から三年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。不法行為の時から二十年を経過したときも、同様とする。
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Article 724The right to demand compensation for damages in tort shall be extinguished by the operation of prescription if it is not exercised by the victim or his/her legal representative within three years from the time when he/she comes to know of the damages and the identity of the perpetrator. The same shall apply when twenty years have elapsed from the time of the tortious act.
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