商法(明治三十二年法律第四十八号)
Commercial Code(Act No. 48 of 1899)
最終更新:
Last Version:
TOC
History
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▶Main Provision
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▶
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April 17, 2023
- Last Version: Act No. 29 of 2018
- Translated Date: February 28, 2022
- Dictionary Version: 14.0
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October 14, 2016
- Last Version:
- Translated Date: March 4, 2014
- Dictionary Version: 9.0
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October 22, 2013
- Last Version: Act No. 57 of 2008
- Translated Date: September 8, 2009
- Dictionary Version: 3.0
商法
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Commercial Code
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明治三十二年三月九日法律第四十八号
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Act No. 48 of March 9, 1899
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第一編 総則
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Part I General Provisions
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第一章 通則(第一条―第三条)
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Chapter I General Rules(Article 1 to Article 3)
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第二章 商人(第四条―第七条)
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Chapter II Merchants(Article 4 to Article 7)
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第三章 商業登記(第八条―第十条)
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Chapter III Commercial Registration(Article 8 to Article 10)
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第四章 商号(第十一条―第十八条の二)
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Chapter IV Trade Names(Article 11 to Article 18-2)
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第五章 商業帳簿(第十九条)
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Chapter V Commercial Books(Article 19)
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第六章 商業使用人(第二十条―第二十六条)
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Chapter VI Mercantile Employees(Article 20 to Article 26)
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第七章 代理商(第二十七条―第三十一条)
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Chapter VII Commercial Agents(Article 27 to Article 31)
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第八章 雑則(第三十二条―第五百条)
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Chapter VIII Miscellaneous Provisions(Article 32 to Article 500)
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第二編 商行為
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Part II Commercial Transactions
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第一章 総則(第五百一条―第五百二十三条)
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Chapter I General Provisions(Article 501 to Article 523)
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第二章 売買(第五百二十四条―第五百二十八条)
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Chapter II Sales Transactions(Article 524 to Article 528)
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第三章 交互計算(第五百二十九条―第五百三十四条)
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Chapter III Open Accounts(Article 529 to Article 534)
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第四章 匿名組合(第五百三十五条―第五百四十二条)
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Chapter IV Silent Partnerships(Article 535 to Article 542)
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第五章 仲立営業(第五百四十三条―第五百五十条)
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Chapter V Brokerage Business(Article 543 to Article 550)
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第六章 問屋営業(第五百五十一条―第五百五十八条)
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Chapter VI Business of Commission Merchants(Article 551 to Article 558)
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第七章 運送取扱営業(第五百五十九条―第五百六十八条)
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Chapter VII Freight Forwarding Business(Article 559 to Article 568)
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第八章 運送営業
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Chapter VIII Transportation Business
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第一節 総則(第五百六十九条)
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Section 1 General Provisions(Article 569)
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第二節 物品運送(第五百七十条―第五百八十九条)
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Section 2 Freight Transportation(Article 570 to Article 589)
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第三節 旅客運送(第五百九十条―第五百九十二条)
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Section 3 Passenger Transportation(Article 590 to Article 592)
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第九章 寄託
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Chapter IX Depositing of Goods
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第一節 総則(第五百九十三条―第五百九十六条)
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Section 1 General Provisions(Article 593 to Article 596)
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第二節 倉庫営業(第五百九十七条―第六百八十三条)
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Section 2 Warehouse Business(Article 597 to Article 683)
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第三編 海商
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Part III Maritime Commerce
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第一章 船舶及ビ船舶所有者(第六百八十四条―第七百四条)
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Chapter I Ships and Shipowners(Article 684 to Article 704)
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第二章 船長(第七百五条―第七百三十六条)
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Chapter II Ships' Captains(Article 705 to Article 736)
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第三章 運送
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Chapter III Transportation
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第一節 物品運送
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Section 1 Freight Transportation
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第一款 総則(第七百三十七条―第七百六十六条)
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Subsection 1 General Provisions(Article 737 to Article 766)
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第二款 船荷証券(第七百六十七条―第七百七十六条)
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Subsection 2 Bills of Lading(Article 767 to Article 776)
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第二節 旅客運送(第七百七十七条―第七百八十七条)
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Section 2 Passenger Transportation(Article 777 to Article 787)
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第四章 海損(第七百八十八条―第七百九十九条)
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Chapter IV Averages(Article 788 to Article 799)
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第五章 海難救助(第八百条―第八百十四条)
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Chapter V Marine Salvage(Article 800 to Article 814)
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第六章 保険(第八百十五条―第八百四十一条ノ二)
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Chapter VI Insurance(Article 815 to Article 841-2)
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第七章 船舶債権者(第八百四十二条―第八百五十一条)
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Chapter VII Ships' Creditors(Article 842 to Article 851)
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第一編 総則
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Part I General Provisions
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第一章 通則
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Chapter I General Rules
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(趣旨等)
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(Purpose, etc.)
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第一条商人の営業、商行為その他商事については、他の法律に特別の定めがあるものを除くほか、この法律の定めるところによる。
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Article 1(1)The business of Merchants, commercial transactions, and other commercial matters are governed by the provisions of this Code, except as otherwise provided by other laws.
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(2)A commercial matter not provided for in this Code is governed by commercial custom, and if there is no commercial custom, it is governed by the provisions of the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896).
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(公法人の商行為)
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(Commercial Transactions by Public Corporations)
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第二条公法人が行う商行為については、法令に別段の定めがある場合を除き、この法律の定めるところによる。
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Article 2Commercial transactions conducted by public corporations are governed by the provisions of this Code, except as otherwise provided for by laws and regulations.
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(一方的商行為)
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(Transactions Constituting Commercial Transactions for One Party)
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第三条当事者の一方のために商行為となる行為については、この法律をその双方に適用する。
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Article 3(1)If an act constitutes a commercial transaction for one of the parties, this Code applies to both parties.
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第二章 商人
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Chapter II Merchants
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(定義)
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(Definitions)
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第四条この法律において「商人」とは、自己の名をもって商行為をすることを業とする者をいう。
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Article 4(1)The term "Merchant" as used in this Code means a person in the business of conducting commercial transactions in its own name.
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(未成年者登記)
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(Commercial Registration of Minors)
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第五条未成年者が前条の営業を行うときは、その登記をしなければならない。
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Article 5If a minor carries out a business referred to in the preceding Article, this must be registered.
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(後見人登記)
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(Commercial Registration of Guardians)
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第六条後見人が被後見人のために第四条の営業を行うときは、その登記をしなければならない。
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Article 6(1)If a guardian carries out a business referred to in Article 4 on behalf of a ward, this must be registered.
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(小商人)
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(Petty Merchants)
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第七条第五条、前条、次章、第十一条第二項、第十五条第二項、第十七条第二項前段、第五章及び第二十二条の規定は、小商人(商人のうち、法務省令で定めるその営業のために使用する財産の価額が法務省令で定める金額を超えないものをいう。)については、適用しない。
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Article 7The provisions of Article 5, the preceding Article, the following Chapter, Article 11, paragraph (2), Article 15, paragraph (2), the first sentence of Article 17, paragraph (2), Chapter V, and Article 22 do not apply to a petty merchant (meaning a Merchant with an asset value as provided by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice that does not exceed the amount prescribed by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice, for assets that the Merchant uses for its business).
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第三章 商業登記
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Chapter III Commercial Registration
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(通則)
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(General Rules)
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第八条この編の規定により登記すべき事項は、当事者の申請により、商業登記法(昭和三十八年法律第百二十五号)の定めるところに従い、商業登記簿にこれを登記する。
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Article 8The information that must be registered pursuant to the provisions of this Part is registered in the commercial register at the application of the party concerned, pursuant to the provisions of the Commercial Registration Act (Act No. 125 of 1963).
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(登記の効力)
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(Effect of Registration)
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第九条この編の規定により登記すべき事項は、登記の後でなければ、これをもって善意の第三者に対抗することができない。登記の後であっても、第三者が正当な事由によってその登記があることを知らなかったときは、同様とする。
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Article 9(1)Information that must be registered pursuant to the provisions of this Part may not be asserted against a third party in good faith until after the registration. The same applies after the registration if a third party had a legitimate reason for not knowing that the information was registered.
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(変更の登記及び消滅の登記)
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(Registration of Changes and Extinction)
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第十条この編の規定により登記した事項に変更が生じ、又はその事項が消滅したときは、当事者は、遅滞なく、変更の登記又は消滅の登記をしなければならない。
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Article 10If information registered pursuant to the provisions of this Part changes or if such information becomes extinct, the relevant party must register the change or extinction without delay.
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第四章 商号
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Chapter IV Trade Names
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(商号の選定)
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(Selection of Trade Name)
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第十一条商人(会社及び外国会社を除く。以下この編において同じ。)は、その氏、氏名その他の名称をもってその商号とすることができる。
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Article 11(1)A Merchant (other than a company or foreign company; hereinafter the same applies in this Part) may use the Merchant's surname, full name, or any other name as a trade name.
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(他の商人と誤認させる名称等の使用の禁止)
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(Prohibition on Use of Names Causing Misconception That Merchant Is Another Merchant)
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第十二条何人も、不正の目的をもって、他の商人であると誤認されるおそれのある名称又は商号を使用してはならない。
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Article 12(1)No person may use, with a wrongful purpose, a name or trade name that could give rise to the misconception that the person is another Merchant.
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(2)A Merchant whose business interests have been or are likely to be infringed upon by the use of a name or trade name that violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph may demand that the person infringing or likely to infringe upon those business interests discontinue or refrain from the infringement.
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(過料)
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(Non-Criminal Fines)
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第十三条前条第一項の規定に違反した者は、百万円以下の過料に処する。
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Article 13A person violating the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article is subject to a non-criminal fine of not more than one million yen.
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(自己の商号の使用を他人に許諾した商人の責任)
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(Liability of Merchant Permitting Others to Use the Trade Name Thereof)
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第十四条自己の商号を使用して営業又は事業を行うことを他人に許諾した商人は、当該商人が当該営業を行うものと誤認して当該他人と取引をした者に対し、当該他人と連帯して、当該取引によって生じた債務を弁済する責任を負う。
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Article 14A Merchant that permits another person to carry on a business or engage in operations using the Merchant's trade name is jointly and severally liable, together with that other person, to a party that has dealings with the other person based on the misconception that the Merchant is the one carrying on the business, for performance of the obligations arising from those dealings.
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(商号の譲渡)
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(Transfer of Trade Names)
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第十五条商人の商号は、営業とともにする場合又は営業を廃止する場合に限り、譲渡することができる。
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Article 15(1)A Merchant's trade name may be transferred only if the Merchant's business is also transferred or is discontinued.
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(営業譲渡人の競業の禁止)
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(Non-Competition by Transferor of Business)
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第十六条営業を譲渡した商人(以下この章において「譲渡人」という。)は、当事者の別段の意思表示がない限り、同一の市町村(東京都の特別区の存する区域及び地方自治法(昭和二十二年法律第六十七号)第二百五十二条の十九第一項の指定都市にあっては、区。以下同じ。)の区域内及びこれに隣接する市町村の区域内においては、その営業を譲渡した日から二十年間は、同一の営業を行ってはならない。
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Article 16(1)Unless the parties manifest a different intention, a Merchant that transfers business (hereinafter referred to as the "transferor" in this Chapter) must not engage in the same line of business within the limits of the same city, town, or village (or within the limits of the same ward, in a part of Tokyo that has special wards and in the designated cities set forth in Article 252-19, paragraph (1) of the Local Autonomy Act (Act No. 67 of 1947); the same applies hereinafter), or within the limits of a neighboring city, town, or village, for 20 years after the day of the business transfer.
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(譲渡人の商号を使用した譲受人の責任等)
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(Liability of Transferee Using Transferor's Trade Name)
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第十七条営業を譲り受けた商人(以下この章において「譲受人」という。)が譲渡人の商号を引き続き使用する場合には、その譲受人も、譲渡人の営業によって生じた債務を弁済する責任を負う。
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Article 17(1)If a Merchant to which business is transferred (hereinafter referred to as the "transferee" in this Chapter) continues to use the trade name of the transferor, the transferee is also liable for performance of obligations arising from the business of the transferor.
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(2)The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not apply if, without delay after the business transfer, the transferee makes a registration indicating that the transferee is not liable for performance of the transferor's obligations. If the transferee and transferor notify third parties of this without delay after the business transfer, the same applies with respect to a third party that has been so notified.
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(3)If the transferee is liable for performance of the transferor's obligations pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), the transferor's liability to an obligee that fails to demand performance or give advance notice of its claim within the two years after the business transfer date is extinguished once those two years have passed.
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(譲受人による債務の引受け)
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(Assumption of Obligations by Transferee)
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第十八条譲受人が譲渡人の商号を引き続き使用しない場合においても、譲渡人の営業によって生じた債務を引き受ける旨の広告をしたときは、譲渡人の債権者は、その譲受人に対して弁済の請求をすることができる。
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Article 18(1)Even if a transferee does not continue to use the trade name of the transferor, if the transferee advertises that it will assume the obligations arising from the business of the transferor, the obligees of the transferor may demand that the transferee perform those obligations.
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(2)If the transferee is liable for performance of the transferor's obligations pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the transferor's liability to an obligee that fails to demand performance of the obligations or give advance notice of its claim within the two years after the day that the transferor advertises as referred to in that paragraph is extinguished once those two years have passed.
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(詐害営業譲渡に係る譲受人に対する債務の履行の請求)
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(Demand for Transferee Involved in Fraudulent Business Transfer to Perform Obligations)
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第十八条の二譲渡人が譲受人に承継されない債務の債権者(以下この条において「残存債権者」という。)を害することを知って営業を譲渡した場合には、残存債権者は、その譲受人に対して、承継した財産の価額を限度として、当該債務の履行を請求することができる。ただし、その譲受人が営業の譲渡の効力が生じた時において残存債権者を害すべき事実を知らなかったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 18-2(1)If a transferor transfers business knowing that this will harm the obligee of an obligation not assumed by the transferee (hereinafter referred to as a "person that remains the obligee" of the transferor in this Article), the person that remains the obligee of the transferor may demand that the transferee perform that obligation, up to the value of the assets to which the transferee has succeeded; provided, however, that this does not apply if the transferee, at the time the business transfer becomes effective, has no knowledge of the fact that the transfer will harm the persons that remain the obligees of the transferor.
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(2)If a transferee is liable to perform the obligations referred to in the preceding paragraph pursuant to the provisions of that paragraph, its liability towards a person that remains the obligee of the transferor but that fails to demand performance of the obligation or give advance notice of its claim within the two years after the day that it learns that the transferor has transferred the business with the knowledge that it harms the persons that remain its obligees is extinguished once those two years have passed. The same applies once 20 years have passed since the day on which the business transfer becomes effective.
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第五章 商業帳簿
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Chapter V Commercial Books
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第六章 商業使用人
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Chapter VI Mercantile Employees
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(支配人)
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(Managers)
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第二十条商人は、支配人を選任し、その営業所において、その営業を行わせることができる。
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Article 20A Merchant may appoint a manager and have that manager carry out its business at its place of business.
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(支配人の代理権)
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(Manager's Authority to Represent)
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第二十一条支配人は、商人に代わってその営業に関する一切の裁判上又は裁判外の行為をする権限を有する。
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Article 21(1)A manager has the authority to engage in all acts in and out of court on behalf of the Merchant in connection with the Merchant's business.
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(支配人の登記)
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(Registration of Managers)
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第二十二条商人が支配人を選任したときは、その登記をしなければならない。支配人の代理権の消滅についても、同様とする。
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Article 22If a Merchant appoints a manager, this must be registered. The same applies if a manager's authority to represent the Merchant is extinguished.
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(支配人の競業の禁止)
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(Non-Competition by Managers)
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第二十三条支配人は、商人の許可を受けなければ、次に掲げる行為をしてはならない。
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Article 23(1)A manager must not engage in any of the following conduct without the permission of the Merchant:
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一自ら営業を行うこと。
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(i)carrying on an independent business;
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二自己又は第三者のためにその商人の営業の部類に属する取引をすること。
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(ii)conducting a transaction that is in the Merchant's line of business for the benefit of the manager or a third party;
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三他の商人又は会社若しくは外国会社の使用人となること。
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(iii)becoming the employee of another Merchant or of a company or foreign company;
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四会社の取締役、執行役又は業務を執行する社員となること。
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(iv)becoming the director, executive officer, or executive managing member of a company.
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(表見支配人)
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(Apparent Manager)
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第二十四条商人の営業所の営業の主任者であることを示す名称を付した使用人は、当該営業所の営業に関し、一切の裁判外の行為をする権限を有するものとみなす。ただし、相手方が悪意であったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 24An employee with a title indicating that employee to be responsible for operations at a Merchant's place of business is deemed to have the authority to engage in all acts out of court in connection with the operations of that place of business; provided, however, that this does not apply if the other party knows this not to be the case.
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(ある種類又は特定の事項の委任を受けた使用人)
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(Employees Entrusted with Categories of Business Matters or with Specific Business Matters)
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第二十五条商人の営業に関するある種類又は特定の事項の委任を受けた使用人は、当該事項に関する一切の裁判外の行為をする権限を有する。
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Article 25(1)An employee that is entrusted with a category of business matter or a specific business matter of the Merchant's has the authority to engage in all acts out of court in connection with such a matter.
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(物品の販売等を目的とする店舗の使用人)
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(Employees of Stores at Which It Is Intended That Goods Will Be Sold)
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第二十六条物品の販売等(販売、賃貸その他これらに類する行為をいう。以下この条において同じ。)を目的とする店舗の使用人は、その店舗に在る物品の販売等をする権限を有するものとみなす。ただし、相手方が悪意であったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 26The employee of a store at which it is intended that goods will be sold or otherwise transferred (meaning sold, rented out, or subject to any other similar action; hereinafter the same applies in this Article) is deemed to have the authority to sell or otherwise transfer the goods located in the store; provided, however, that this does not apply if the other party knows this not to be the case.
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第七章 代理商
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Chapter VII Commercial Agents
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(通知義務)
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(Duty of Notice)
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第二十七条代理商(商人のためにその平常の営業の部類に属する取引の代理又は媒介をする者で、その商人の使用人でないものをいう。以下この章において同じ。)は、取引の代理又は媒介をしたときは、遅滞なく、商人に対して、その旨の通知を発しなければならない。
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Article 27Having acted as agent or intermediary in a transaction, a commercial agent (meaning a person that is not the employee of a Merchant but that acts on behalf of the Merchant as the agent or intermediary in a transaction that is in the Merchant's ordinary line of business; hereinafter the same applies in this Chapter) must issue notice of this to the Merchant without delay.
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(代理商の競業の禁止)
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(Non-Competition by Commercial Agents)
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第二十八条代理商は、商人の許可を受けなければ、次に掲げる行為をしてはならない。
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Article 28(1)A commercial agent must not engage in any of the following conduct without the permission of the Merchant:
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一自己又は第三者のためにその商人の営業の部類に属する取引をすること。
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(i)conducting a transaction that is in the Merchant's line of business for the benefit of the agent or a third party;
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二その商人の営業と同種の事業を行う会社の取締役、執行役又は業務を執行する社員となること。
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(ii)becoming the director, executive officer, or executive managing member of a company that carries on the same kind of business as the Merchant.
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(2)If a commercial agent engages in the conduct set forth in item (i) of the preceding paragraph in violation of the provisions of that paragraph, the amount of profit earned by the commercial agent or third party as a result of the conduct is presumed to be the amount of damage that the Merchant has suffered.
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(通知を受ける権限)
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(Authority to Receive Notice)
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第二十九条物品の販売又はその媒介の委託を受けた代理商は、第五百二十六条第二項の通知その他売買に関する通知を受ける権限を有する。
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Article 29A commercial agent entrusted with the sale of goods or the role of intermediary for the sale thereof has the authority to receive a notice as referred to in Article 526, paragraph (2) or any other notice regarding the sale.
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(契約の解除)
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(Contract Cancellation)
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第三十条商人及び代理商は、契約の期間を定めなかったときは、二箇月前までに予告し、その契約を解除することができる。
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Article 30(1)If a contract between a Merchant and a commercial agent is without a fixed term, either may cancel it with two months' advance notice.
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(代理商の留置権)
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(Commercial Agent's Right of Retention)
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第三十一条代理商は、取引の代理又は媒介をしたことによって生じた債権の弁済期が到来しているときは、その弁済を受けるまでは、商人のために当該代理商が占有する物又は有価証券を留置することができる。ただし、当事者が別段の意思表示をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 31If performance is due on a claim arising from a commercial agent's actions as an agent or intermediary in a transaction, the agent may retain property or negotiable instruments of value that the agent is holding for the Merchant until the claim is satisfied; provided, however, that this does not apply if the parties have manifested a different intention.
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第八章 雑則
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Chapter VIII Miscellaneous Provisions
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第二編 商行為
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Part II Commercial Transactions
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第一章 総則
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Chapter I General Provisions
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(絶対的商行為)
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(Transactions Absolutely Regarded as Commercial Transactions Due to Their Nature)
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第五百一条次に掲げる行為は、商行為とする。
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Article 501The following actions are commercial transactions:
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一利益を得て譲渡する意思をもってする動産、不動産若しくは有価証券の有償取得又はその取得したものの譲渡を目的とする行為
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(i)an action through which a person seeks to acquire for value a movable, real property, or a negotiable instrument of value from whose transfer the person wishes to profit, or an action through which a person seeks to transfer an object so acquired;
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二他人から取得する動産又は有価証券の供給契約及びその履行のためにする有償取得を目的とする行為
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(ii)an action through which a person seeks to make an acquisition for value in order to form and perform on a contract to supply a movable or negotiable instrument of value acquired from another person;
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三取引所においてする取引
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(iii)a transaction conducted on an exchange;
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四手形その他の商業証券に関する行為
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(iv)an action involving a bill, note, or other commercial instrument.
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(営業的商行為)
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(Transactions Regarded as Commercial Transactions If Conducted as Business)
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第五百二条次に掲げる行為は、営業としてするときは、商行為とする。ただし、専ら賃金を得る目的で物を製造し、又は労務に従事する者の行為は、この限りでない。
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Article 502The following actions are commercial transactions only if they are taken as a part of business; provided, however, that this does not apply if the action is taken by a person that manufactures a product or engages in labor for the sole purpose of earning wages:
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一賃貸する意思をもってする動産若しくは不動産の有償取得若しくは賃借又はその取得し若しくは賃借したものの賃貸を目的とする行為
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(i)an action through which a person seeks to acquire for value or rent from another person a movable or real property from whose rental to another person the person wishes to profit, or an action through which a person seeks to rent to another person property so acquired or rented;
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二他人のためにする製造又は加工に関する行為
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(ii)an action relating to manufacturing or processing undertaken for another person's benefit;
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三電気又はガスの供給に関する行為
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(iii)an action relating to the supplying of electricity or gas;
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四運送に関する行為
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(iv)an action relating to transportation;
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五作業又は労務の請負
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(v)undertaking a contract for work or labor;
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六出版、印刷又は撮影に関する行為
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(vi)an action relating to publishing, printing, photography, or filming;
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七客の来集を目的とする場屋における取引
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(vii)a transaction at an establishment at which it is intended for customers to gather;
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八両替その他の銀行取引
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(viii)exchanging money or making another banking transaction;
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九保険
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(ix)providing insurance;
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十寄託の引受け
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(x)undertaking a deposit;
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十一仲立ち又は取次ぎに関する行為
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(xi)an action relating to brokerage or intermediation;
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十二商行為の代理の引受け
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(xii)undertaking the role of agent for a commercial transaction;
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十三信託の引受け
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(xiii)undertaking a trust.
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(附属的商行為)
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(Auxiliary Commercial Transactions)
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第五百三条商人がその営業のためにする行為は、商行為とする。
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Article 503(1)An action taken by a Merchant for the benefit of its business is a commercial transaction.
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(商行為の代理)
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(Agency for Commercial Transactions)
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第五百四条商行為の代理人が本人のためにすることを示さないでこれをした場合であっても、その行為は、本人に対してその効力を生ずる。ただし、相手方が、代理人が本人のためにすることを知らなかったときは、代理人に対して履行の請求をすることを妨げない。
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Article 504Even if the agent for a commercial transaction conducts the transaction without representing that it is doing so on behalf of the principal, the actions of the agent are binding on the principal; provided, however, that if the other party does not know that the agent is conducting the transaction on behalf of the principal, these provisions do not preclude the other party from demanding that the agent perform on the transaction.
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(商行為の委任)
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(Entrustment of Commercial Transactions)
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第五百五条商行為の受任者は、委任の本旨に反しない範囲内において、委任を受けていない行為をすることができる。
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Article 505A person entrusted with a commercial transaction may take actions that the person is not entrusted with taking, to the extent that this does not conflict with the main purpose of the entrustment.
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(商行為の委任による代理権の消滅事由の特例)
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(Special Provisions on Reasons for Expiration of Authority to Represent Based on Entrustment with Commercial Transactions)
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第五百六条商行為の委任による代理権は、本人の死亡によっては、消滅しない。
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Article 506A person's authority to represent a principal based on the person's entrustment with a commercial transaction does not terminate upon the death of the principal.
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(対話者間における契約の申込み)
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(Offers to Contract between Merchants in Direct Communication)
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第五百七条商人である対話者の間において契約の申込みを受けた者が直ちに承諾をしなかったときは、その申込みは、その効力を失う。
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Article 507If Merchants are in direct communication with each other and the party receiving an offer to contract does not immediately accept it, the offer ceases to be valid.
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(隔地者間における契約の申込み)
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(Offers to Contract between Merchants at Distance)
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第五百八条商人である隔地者の間において承諾の期間を定めないで契約の申込みを受けた者が相当の期間内に承諾の通知を発しなかったときは、その申込みは、その効力を失う。
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Article 508(1)If Merchants are at a distance from each other and the party receiving an offer to contract not specifying a period for acceptance does not issue notice of its acceptance within a reasonable period of time, the offer ceases to be valid.
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(2)The provisions of Article 523 of the Civil Code apply mutatis mutandis to a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph.
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(契約の申込みを受けた者の諾否通知義務)
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(Duty of Party Receiving Offer to Contract to Give Notice of Acceptance or Refusal)
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第五百九条商人が平常取引をする者からその営業の部類に属する契約の申込みを受けたときは、遅滞なく、契約の申込みに対する諾否の通知を発しなければならない。
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Article 509(1)Having received an offer to contract that is in its line of business from a person with which it has regular dealings, a Merchant must issue notice of its acceptance or refusal of the offer to contract without delay.
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(契約の申込みを受けた者の物品保管義務)
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(Duty of the Party Receiving Offer to Contract to Take Custody of Goods)
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第五百十条商人がその営業の部類に属する契約の申込みを受けた場合において、その申込みとともに受け取った物品があるときは、その申込みを拒絶したときであっても、申込者の費用をもってその物品を保管しなければならない。ただし、その物品の価額がその費用を償うのに足りないとき、又は商人がその保管によって損害を受けるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 510If, along with the offer that a Merchant receives for a contract that is in its line of business, the Merchant also receives goods, it must store those goods at the expense of the offeror, even if it refuses the offer; provided, however, that this does not apply if the value of the goods is insufficient to compensate for the costs of the storage, or if the Merchant will suffer damage from the storage.
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(多数当事者間の債務の連帯)
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(Joint and Several Liability for Obligations among Multiple Parties)
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第五百十一条数人の者がその一人又は全員のために商行為となる行為によって債務を負担したときは、その債務は、各自が連帯して負担する。
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Article 511(1)When two or more persons assume an obligation by way of an action that constitutes a commercial transaction for any one or all of them, they assume that obligation jointly and severally.
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(2)If there is a guarantor and an obligation arises from a commercial transaction by the principal obligor or the guarantee constitutes a commercial transaction, the principal obligor and the guarantor assume the obligation jointly and severally, even if they have assumed the obligation by way of separate actions.
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(報酬請求権)
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(Claim to Remuneration)
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第五百十二条商人がその営業の範囲内において他人のために行為をしたときは、相当な報酬を請求することができる。
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Article 512When a Merchant takes an action for another person that is within the scope of the Merchant's business, it may claim a reasonable remuneration.
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(利息請求権)
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(Claim to Interest)
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第五百十三条商人間において金銭の消費貸借をしたときは、貸主は、法定利息(次条の法定利率による利息をいう。以下同じ。)を請求することができる。
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Article 513(1)If money is lent between Merchants, the lender may claim statutory interest (meaning interest at a statutory interest rate as set forth in the following Article; the same applies hereinafter).
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(商事法定利率)
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(Statutory Interest Rate for Commercial Matters)
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第五百十四条商行為によって生じた債務に関しては、法定利率は、年六分とする。
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Article 514The statutory interest rate applicable to obligations arising from commercial transactions is six percent per annum.
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(契約による質物の処分の禁止の適用除外)
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(Exclusion from Application of Prohibition on Use or Disposal of Thing Pledged by Contract)
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第五百十五条民法第三百四十九条の規定は、商行為によって生じた債権を担保するために設定した質権については、適用しない。
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Article 515The provisions of Article 349 of the Civil Code do not apply to a pledge created to secure an obligation arising from a commercial transaction.
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(債務の履行の場所)
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(Place for Performance of Obligations)
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第五百十六条商行為によって生じた債務の履行をすべき場所がその行為の性質又は当事者の意思表示によって定まらないときは、特定物の引渡しはその行為の時にその物が存在した場所において、その他の債務の履行は債権者の現在の営業所(営業所がない場合にあっては、その住所)において、それぞれしなければならない。
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Article 516(1)If the place where an obligation arising from a commercial transaction is to be performed cannot be specified owing to the nature of the transaction or the manifestation of the intentions of the parties, the delivery of a specific thing must be effected at the place where the thing is at the time of the transaction, and any other obligation must be performed at the current place of business of the obligee (or at the domicile thereof, if the obligee has no place of business).
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(指図債権等の証券の提示と履行遅滞)
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(Presentation of Debt Instruments Payable to Order and Delay in Performance of Obligations)
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第五百十七条指図債権又は無記名債権の債務者は、その債務の履行について期限の定めがあるときであっても、その期限が到来した後に所持人がその証券を提示してその履行の請求をした時から遅滞の責任を負う。
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Article 517The obligor of a debt instrument payable to order or to bearer is responsible for any delay after the time that the debt becomes due and the bearer demands performance on the obligation by presenting the instrument of the debt, even if a term has been set for performance on the obligation.
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(有価証券喪失の場合の権利行使方法)
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(Manner of Exercising One's Rights in Event of Loss of Negotiable Instruments of Value)
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第五百十八条金銭その他の物又は有価証券の給付を目的とする有価証券の所持人がその有価証券を喪失した場合において、非訟事件手続法(平成二十三年法律第五十一号)第百十四条に規定する公示催告の申立てをしたときは、その債務者に、その債務の目的物を供託させ、又は相当の担保を供してその有価証券の趣旨に従い履行をさせることができる。
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Article 518If the holder of a negotiable instrument of value whose purpose is to allow the delivery of money or any other such thing or to allow the delivery of a negotiable instrument of value loses the negotiable instrument of value and files a petition for public notification as prescribed in Article 114 of the Non-Contentious Cases Procedure Act (Act No. 51 of 2011), the holder may have the obligor of the negotiable instrument deposit the subject matter of the obligation, or may provide reasonable collateral and have the obligor perform the obligation in line with the intent of the negotiable instrument.
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(有価証券の譲渡方法及び善意取得)
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(Manner of Negotiating Negotiable Instruments of Value; Bona Fide Acquisition)
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Article 519(1)The provisions of Article 12, Article 13, and Article 14, paragraph (2) of the Bills and Notes Act (Act No. 20 of 1932) or the provisions of Article 5, paragraph (2) and Article 19 of the Checks Act (Act No. 57 of 1933) apply mutatis mutandis to the negotiation of a negotiable instrument of value whose purpose is to allow the delivery of money or any other such thing or to allow the delivery of a negotiable instrument of value, depending on the nature of the negotiable instrument of value.
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(取引時間)
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(Trading Hours)
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第五百二十条法令又は慣習により商人の取引時間の定めがあるときは、その取引時間内に限り、債務の履行をし、又はその履行の請求をすることができる。
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Article 520If trading hours for Merchants are fixed by laws and regulations or custom, obligations may be performed and performance of obligations may be demanded only during those trading hours.
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(商人間の留置権)
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(Right of Retention between Merchants)
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第五百二十一条商人間においてその双方のために商行為となる行為によって生じた債権が弁済期にあるときは、債権者は、その債権の弁済を受けるまで、その債務者との間における商行為によって自己の占有に属した債務者の所有する物又は有価証券を留置することができる。ただし、当事者の別段の意思表示があるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 521If performance is due on a claim arising between Merchants from an action that constitutes a commercial transaction for both parties, the obligee may retain an object or negotiable instrument of value belonging to the obligor that the obligee has gained possession of in the commercial transaction with the obligor, until the claim is satisfied; provided, however, that this does not apply if the parties have manifested a different intention.
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(商事消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription in Commercial Matters)
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第五百二十二条商行為によって生じた債権は、この法律に別段の定めがある場合を除き、五年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。ただし、他の法令に五年間より短い時効期間の定めがあるときは、その定めるところによる。
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Article 522Unless otherwise provided for in this Code, a claim arising from a commercial transaction is extinguished by prescription if not exercised for five years; provided, however, that if a period of prescription shorter than five years is provided for in other laws and regulations, those provisions prevail.
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第二章 売買
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Chapter II Sales Transactions
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(売主による目的物の供託及び競売)
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(Depositing and Auctioning Off of Object of Sale by Seller)
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第五百二十四条商人間の売買において、買主がその目的物の受領を拒み、又はこれを受領することができないときは、売主は、その物を供託し、又は相当の期間を定めて催告をした後に競売に付することができる。この場合において、売主がその物を供託し、又は競売に付したときは、遅滞なく、買主に対してその旨の通知を発しなければならない。
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Article 524(1)If, in a sales transaction between Merchants, the buyer refuses to receive or is unable to receive the object of the sale, the seller may deposit the object or put it up for auction after demanding that the buyer receive the object within a reasonable period of time. In such a case, once the seller deposits the object or puts it up for auction, the seller must issue notice of this to the buyer without delay.
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(3)If a seller puts the object of a sales transaction up for auction pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the seller must deposit the proceeds of the auction; provided, however, that this does not preclude the seller from appropriating all or part of the proceeds to cover the purchase price.
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(定期売買の履行遅滞による解除)
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(Cancellation Due to Delay in Performance in Sales Transaction If Time Is of the Essence)
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第五百二十五条商人間の売買において、売買の性質又は当事者の意思表示により、特定の日時又は一定の期間内に履行をしなければ契約をした目的を達することができない場合において、当事者の一方が履行をしないでその時期を経過したときは、相手方は、直ちにその履行の請求をした場合を除き、契約の解除をしたものとみなす。
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Article 525In a sales transaction between Merchants in which, due to the nature of the sale or the manifestation of intention of the parties, the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved unless the obligation is performed at a specified date and time or within a fixed period of time, if one of the parties fails to perform the obligation before the date and time or period passes, the other party is deemed to cancel the contract unless it immediately demands that the non-performing party perform the obligation.
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(買主による目的物の検査及び通知)
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(Inspection of Property by Buyer; Notice of Defects)
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第五百二十六条商人間の売買において、買主は、その売買の目的物を受領したときは、遅滞なく、その物を検査しなければならない。
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Article 526(1)In a sales transaction between Merchants, upon receiving the object of the sales transaction the buyer must inspect it without delay.
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(2)In a case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if the buyer, as a result of the inspection under the provisions of that paragraph, discovers a defect or shortfall in the quantity of the object of the sales transaction, it may not cancel the contract nor demand a reduction of the purchase price or compensation on the grounds of that defect or shortfall unless it immediately issues notice of the defect or shortfall to the seller. The same applies if the object of a sales transaction has a defect that is not immediately obvious which the buyer discovers within six months.
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(買主による目的物の保管及び供託)
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(Storage and Depositing of Object of Sale by Buyer)
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第五百二十七条前条第一項に規定する場合においては、買主は、契約の解除をしたときであっても、売主の費用をもって売買の目的物を保管し、又は供託しなければならない。ただし、その物について滅失又は損傷のおそれがあるときは、裁判所の許可を得てその物を競売に付し、かつ、その代価を保管し、又は供託しなければならない。
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Article 527(1)In a case prescribed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, the buyer must store or deposit the object of the sales transaction at the expense of the seller, even if the buyer cancels the contract; provided, however, that if the object is likely to be lost or damaged, the buyer must put it up for auction with the permission of the court and store or deposit the proceeds from the auction.
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第三章 交互計算
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Chapter III Open Accounts
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(交互計算)
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(Open Accounts)
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第五百二十九条交互計算は、商人間又は商人と商人でない者との間で平常取引をする場合において、一定の期間内の取引から生ずる債権及び債務の総額について相殺をし、その残額の支払をすることを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 529An open account becomes effective if Merchants, or a Merchant and a person that is not a Merchant, have regular dealings and they agree to set off the total amounts of claims and obligations arising from their dealings during a fixed period of time and to pay the balance.
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(商業証券に係る債権債務に関する特則)
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(Special Provisions on Claims and Obligations Arising from Commercial Instruments)
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第五百三十条手形その他の商業証券から生じた債権及び債務を交互計算に組み入れた場合において、その商業証券の債務者が弁済をしないときは、当事者は、その債務に関する項目を交互計算から除外することができる。
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Article 530If claims and obligations arising from bills and notes and other commercial instruments are included in an open account, and the obligor of a commercial instrument does not perform on its obligation, the parties may exclude the item relating to that obligation from the open account.
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(交互計算の期間)
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(Open Account Terms)
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第五百三十一条当事者が相殺をすべき期間を定めなかったときは、その期間は、六箇月とする。
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Article 531If the parties do not specify a term during which a set-off must be made, the term is six months.
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(交互計算の承認)
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(Acknowledgment of Open Accounts)
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第五百三十二条当事者は、債権及び債務の各項目を記載した計算書の承認をしたときは、当該各項目について異議を述べることができない。ただし、当該計算書の記載に錯誤又は脱漏があったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 532Once a party acknowledges an account statement showing each of the items under claims and obligations, it may not object to those items; provided, however, that this does not apply if an entry in the account statement contained a mistake or omission.
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(残額についての利息請求権等)
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(Claim to Interest on Balances)
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第五百三十三条相殺によって生じた残額については、債権者は、計算の閉鎖の日以後の法定利息を請求することができる。
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Article 533(1)An obligee may claim statutory interest on the balance after set-off beginning on the date of the closing of the account.
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(交互計算の解除)
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(Cancellation of Open Accounts)
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第五百三十四条各当事者は、いつでも交互計算の解除をすることができる。この場合において、交互計算の解除をしたときは、直ちに、計算を閉鎖して、残額の支払を請求することができる。
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Article 534Either of the parties to an open account may cancel the account at any time. In such a case, the party canceling the open account may immediately close the account and demand payment of the balance.
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第四章 匿名組合
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Chapter IV Silent Partnerships
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(匿名組合契約)
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(Silent Partnership Agreements)
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第五百三十五条匿名組合契約は、当事者の一方が相手方の営業のために出資をし、その営業から生ずる利益を分配することを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 535A silent partnership agreement becomes effective when the first party to the agreement promises to make a contribution to the second party's business, and the second party promises to distribute profits arising from its business to the first party.
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(匿名組合員の出資及び権利義務)
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(Contributions by Silent Partners and Rights and Obligations Thereof)
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第五百三十六条匿名組合員の出資は、営業者の財産に属する。
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Article 536(1)A silent partner's contribution is part of the property of the proprietor.
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(自己の氏名等の使用を許諾した匿名組合員の責任)
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(Liability of Silent Partners Permitting Use of Their Own Names)
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第五百三十七条匿名組合員は、自己の氏若しくは氏名を営業者の商号中に用いること又は自己の商号を営業者の商号として使用することを許諾したときは、その使用以後に生じた債務については、営業者と連帯してこれを弁済する責任を負う。
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Article 537If a silent partner permits the use of the partner's own surname or full name in the trade name of the proprietor or permits the use of its own trade name in the trade name of the proprietor, the partner is liable, jointly and severally with the proprietor, for any obligations arising once the name is in use.
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(利益の配当の制限)
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(Restriction on Dividends of Profits)
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第五百三十八条出資が損失によって減少したときは、その損失をてん補した後でなければ、匿名組合員は、利益の配当を請求することができない。
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Article 538If a contribution decreases due to a loss, a silent partner may not claim a dividend of profits until after compensating for the loss.
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(貸借対照表の閲覧等並びに業務及び財産状況に関する検査)
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(Inspecting Balance Sheets; Checking on State of Business and Assets)
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第五百三十九条匿名組合員は、営業年度の終了時において、営業者の営業時間内に、次に掲げる請求をし、又は営業者の業務及び財産の状況を検査することができる。
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Article 539(1)At the end of the business year, during the business hours of the proprietor, a silent partner may make the following requests and check on the state of the proprietor's business and assets:
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一営業者の貸借対照表が書面をもって作成されているときは、当該書面の閲覧又は謄写の請求
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(i)if the proprietor's balance sheet is prepared in the form of a paper document, a request to inspect or copy that document;
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二営業者の貸借対照表が電磁的記録(電子的方式、磁気的方式その他人の知覚によっては認識することができない方式で作られる記録であって、電子計算機による情報処理の用に供されるもので法務省令で定めるものをいう。)をもって作成されているときは、当該電磁的記録に記録された事項を法務省令で定める方法により表示したものの閲覧又は謄写の請求
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(ii)if the proprietor's balance sheet is prepared in the form of an electronic or magnetic record (meaning a record used in computerized data processing as provided for by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice, which is created in electronic form, magnetic form, or any other form that cannot be perceived by the human senses), a request to inspect or copy something that has been made to show the information recorded in the electronic or magnetic record, in the manner that Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice prescribes.
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(匿名組合契約の解除)
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(Cancellation of Silent Partnership Agreements)
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第五百四十条匿名組合契約で匿名組合の存続期間を定めなかったとき、又はある当事者の終身の間匿名組合が存続すべきことを定めたときは、各当事者は、営業年度の終了時において、契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、六箇月前にその予告をしなければならない。
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Article 540(1)If a silent partnership agreement does not specify the duration of the silent partnership or if it provides that the silent partnership is to continue to exist for the life of either party, either party may cancel the agreement at the end of the business year; provided, however, that the party canceling the agreement must give six months' advance notice.
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(匿名組合契約の終了事由)
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(Grounds for Termination of Silent Partnership Agreements)
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第五百四十一条前条の場合のほか、匿名組合契約は、次に掲げる事由によって終了する。
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Article 541Other than in cases as referred to in the preceding Article, a silent partnership agreement is terminated on the following grounds:
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一匿名組合の目的である事業の成功又はその成功の不能
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(i)the successful completion of the business that is the objective of the silent partnership, or the impossibility of its successful completion;
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二営業者の死亡又は営業者が後見開始の審判を受けたこと。
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(ii)the death of the proprietor or the proprietor's becoming subject to a ruling for the commencement of guardianship;
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三営業者又は匿名組合員が破産手続開始の決定を受けたこと。
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(iii)the proprietor's or silent partner's becoming subject to an order commencing bankruptcy proceedings.
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(匿名組合契約の終了に伴う出資の価額の返還)
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(Return of Value of Contribution upon Termination of Silent Partnership Agreement)
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第五百四十二条匿名組合契約が終了したときは、営業者は、匿名組合員にその出資の価額を返還しなければならない。ただし、出資が損失によって減少したときは、その残額を返還すれば足りる。
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Article 542When a silent partnership agreement is terminated, the proprietor must return the value of the contribution to the silent partner; provided, however, that if the contribution has decreased due to a loss, it is sufficient for the proprietor to return the remaining value.
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第五章 仲立営業
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Chapter V Brokerage Business
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第六章 問屋営業
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Chapter VI Business of Commission Merchants
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Article 553A Commission Merchant is personally liable for performance if the other party fails to perform an obligation in a sale or purchase that the Merchant has made on a consignor's behalf; provided, however, that this does not apply if the consignor manifests a different intention or custom dictates otherwise.
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Article 555(1)When a Commission Merchant is entrusted to sell or purchase goods with quotations on an exchange, the Merchant may personally stand as the purchaser or seller. In such a case, the sale or purchase price is determined by the quotations on the exchange at the time the Commission Merchant issues notice that it will stand as the purchaser or seller.
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第七章 運送取扱営業
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Chapter VII Freight Forwarding Business
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Article 560A Freight Forwarder may not be released from the liability to compensate for damage, loss, or delay of goods unless it proves that neither it nor its employees neglected to exercise due care in receiving, delivering, or storing the goods, choosing a Carrier or another Freight Forwarder, or acting in other respects with regard to the transportation.
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第八章 運送営業
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Chapter VIII Transportation Business
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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第二節 物品運送
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Section 2 Freight Transportation
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一運送品ノ種類、重量又ハ容積及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、個数並ニ記号
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(i)the type, weight, or volume of the goods, the type of packaging, the number of packages, and the marks;
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二到達地
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(ii)the destination;
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三荷受人ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(iii)the name or trade name of the consignee;
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四運送状ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(iv)the place and date of preparation of the invoice.
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一前条第二項第一号乃至第三号ニ掲ケタル事項
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(i)the information set forth in item (i) to item (iii) of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article;
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二荷送人ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(ii)the name or trade name of the consignor;
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三運送賃
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(iii)the freight charges;
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四貨物引換証ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(iv)the place and date of preparation of the inland bill of lading.
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Article 577A Carrier may not be released from the liability to compensate for damage, loss, or delay of goods unless it proves that neither it, its Freight Forwarder nor the employees thereof, nor any other person employed for transportation neglected to exercise due care in the receipt, delivery, storage, or transportation of the goods.
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Article 582(1)The consignor or the holder of an inland bill of lading may request a Carrier to stop transporting or to return or otherwise handle the goods. In such a case, the Carrier may request payment of freight charges in proportion to transportation already completed, payment for monies it has paid on behalf of another person, and payment of costs arising from its other handling of the goods.
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Article 588(1)The liability of a Carrier is extinguished if the consignee receives the goods without reservation and pays the freight charges and other costs; provided, however, that this does not apply if the goods contains a defect that cannot be immediately discovered or the goods is partially lost and the consignee issues notice of this to the Carrier within two weeks from the date of delivery.
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第三節 旅客運送
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Section 3 Passenger Transportation
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(2)The provisions of Article 524 apply mutatis mutandis if a passenger does not demand delivery of the passenger's baggage within one week from the day on which the baggage arrives at the destination; provided, however, that if the passenger's domicile or residence is unknown, the passenger carrier is not required to issue a demand or give notice to the passenger.
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第九章 寄託
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Chapter IX Depositing of Goods
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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Article 594(1)If the proprietor of a hotel, eating and drinking establishment, bathhouse, or other establishment at which it is intended for customers to gather has goods deposited with it by a customer, the proprietor may not be released from the liability to compensate for loss or damage to the deposited goods unless it proves that such loss or damage is due to force majeure.
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Article 595The proprietor of an establishment as referred to in the preceding Article is not liable to compensate for loss or damage to the cash, negotiable instruments of value, or other expensive goods of a customer unless the customer deposits those goods with the proprietor of the establishment and declares their type and value.
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第二節 倉庫営業
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Section 2 Warehousing Business
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一受寄物ノ種類、品質、数量及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、個数並ニ記号
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(i)the type, quality, and quantity of deposited goods, the type of packaging, the number of packages, and the marks;
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二寄託者ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(ii)the name or trade name of the depositor;
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三保管ノ場所
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(iii)the place of storage;
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四保管料
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(iv)the storage fees;
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五保管ノ期間ヲ定メタルトキハ其期間
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(v)the storage period, if specified;
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六受寄物ヲ保険ニ付シタルトキハ保険金額、保険期間及ヒ保険者ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(vi)the insured amount, the coverage period, and the name or trade name of the insurer, if the deposited goods are covered by insurance;
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七証券ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(vii)the place and date of preparation of the receipts.
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一前条第一号、第二号及ヒ第四号乃至第六号ニ掲ケタル事項
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(i)the information set forth in item (i), item (ii), and item (iv) to item (vi) of the preceding Article;
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二証券ノ番号及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(ii)the numbers assigned to the receipts and the date of their preparation.
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Article 601(1)The holder of a deposit receipt and a pledge receipt may request a Warehouse Proprietor to divide the deposited goods and deliver new deposit receipts and pledge receipts for the respective portions of the goods. In such a case, the holder must return the initial deposit receipt and pledge receipt to the Warehouse Proprietor.
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Article 611(1)In exchange for a pledge receipt, a Warehouse Proprietor must pay the holder of the receipt the amount arrived at after the costs of the auction, taxes imposed on the deposited goods, storage fees and other storage costs, and monies the Warehouse Proprietor has paid on another person's behalf are deducted from the proceeds from the auction.
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(2)If there is any remainder after costs, taxes, storage fees, and monies paid on another person's behalf as set forth in the preceding paragraph, as well as the amount of the claim of the holder of a pledge receipt, interest, and expenses of the protest are deducted from the proceeds from an auction, the Warehouse Proprietor must pay that remainder to the holder of the deposit receipt in exchange for the receipt.
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(2)The provisions of Article 45, paragraph (1), paragraph (3), paragraph (5), and paragraph (6); Article 48, paragraph (1); Article 49; and Article 50, paragraph (1) of the Bills and Notes Act apply mutatis mutandis to a demand for payment of an insufficient amount as prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
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(3)The provisions of Article 52, paragraph (3) of the Bills and Notes Act apply mutatis mutandis to the calculation of an amount of reimbursement if the place of business or domicile of the person subject to a demand for payment of an insufficient amount is in a different locality from that of the place of business or domicile of the person making the demand.
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Article 615The claim of the holder of a pledge receipt is extinguished by prescription once one year has passed since the due date if the claim is against the holder of a deposit receipt, and once six months have passed since the day on which the holder of the pledge receipt is delivered the deposited goods if the claim is against an endorser of the pledge receipt; and the claim of an endorser of a pledge receipt against a previous endorser is extinguished by prescription once six months have passed since the day on which reimbursement is made.
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Article 618A Warehouse Proprietor may request to be paid storage fees, monies it has paid on another person's behalf, and other costs for the deposited goods only at the time the goods are removed from the warehouse; provided, however, that if part of the deposited goods are removed from the warehouse, the Warehouse Proprietor may request to be paid in proportion to the part that is removed.
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Article 619If the parties do not specify a storage period, the Warehouse Proprietor may not return the deposited goods until more than six months have passed since the date that the goods were placed in the warehouse; provided, however, that this does not apply if there are extenuating circumstances.
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Article 622(1)If deposited goods comprise divisible goods of the same kind and quality, the holder of a deposit receipt may make a deposit to cover a part of the claim amount and interest thereon for the period up until the due date and demand the return of the part of the deposited goods that corresponds to that amount. In such a case, the Warehouse Proprietor must enter the amount of money deposited and the quantity of deposited goods returned on the deposit receipt, and make an entry in its books indicating this.
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Article 624(1)The provisions of Article 524, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis if the depositor or holder of a deposit receipt refuses to receive or is unable to receive the deposited goods. In such a case, the holder of the pledge receipt has a right to the proceeds from an auction
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Article 628If a pledge is created on a warehouse receipt, the depositor, with the consent of the pledgee, may demand the return of part of the deposited goods even before the due date of the claim. In such a case, the Warehouse Proprietor must enter the type, quality, and quantity of the deposited goods thus returned on the warehouse receipt, and make an entry in its books indicating this.
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第十章 保険
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Chapter X Insurance
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第一節 損害保険
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Section 1 Casualty Insurance
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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第三編 海商
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Part III Maritime Commerce
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第一章 船舶及ヒ船舶所有者
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Chapter I Ships and Shipowners
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Article 689No seizure or provisional seizure (other than a provisional seizure by means of registration) may be executed against a Ship whose preparations for departure have been finished; provided, however, that this does not apply in connection with an obligation arising from the Ship being due to depart.
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(2)A co-owner seeking to make a demand as set forth in the preceding paragraph must issue notice of this to the other co-owners or the ship's husband within three days from the date of the resolution; provided, however, that in the case of a co-owner not participating in the resolution, this period is counted from the day after that on which the co-owner is notified of the resolution.
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一船舶ノ譲渡若クハ賃貸ヲ為シ又ハ之ヲ抵当ト為スコト
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(i)transferring or leasing the Ship or mortgaging the Ship;
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二船舶ヲ保険ニ付スルコト
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(ii)buying insurance for the Ship;
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三新ニ航海ヲ為スコト
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(iii)embarking on a new voyage;
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四船舶ノ大修繕ヲ為スコト
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(iv)making a major repair to the Ship;
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五借財ヲ為スコト
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(v)borrowing money.
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Article 702(1)If a Ship would lose Japanese nationality due to the transfer of the share of a co-owner of the ship or due to a co-owner's loss of Japanese nationality, another co-owner may buy out the share of that co-owner at a reasonable price or file a request with the court to put the share up for auction.
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(2)If a Ship owned by a company would lose Japanese nationality due to the transfer of the share of a member, another member may buy out the share of that member at a reasonable price if the company is a general partnership company, and another unlimited liability member may buy out the share of that member at a reasonable price if the company is a limited partnership company.
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第二章 船長
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Chapter II Ships' Captains
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(2)An interested person may be released from liability by abandoning its interest in goods being shipped to the obligee of a claim that has arisen against the goods being shipped as a result of an action of the ship's captain; provided, however, that this does not apply if there is negligence on the part of the interested person.
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一船舶ヲ抵当ト為スコト
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(i)mortgaging the Ship;
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二借財ヲ為スコト
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(ii)borrowing money;
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三積荷ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ売却又ハ質入スルコト但第七百十二条第一項ノ場合ハ此限ニ在ラス
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(iii)selling or pledging all or part of the goods being shipped, except in the case referred to in Article 712, paragraph (1).
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(2)The amount of damages payable if the captain sells or pledges goods being shipped is determined by their value at the port of discharge as of the time that the goods being shipped should have arrived at the port; provided, however, that any costs not required to be paid out of the value of those goods must be deducted.
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一船舶カ其現在地ニ於テ修繕ヲ受クルコト能ハス且其修繕ヲ為スヘキ地ニ到ルコト能ハサルトキ
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(i)it cannot be repaired at its current location and is unable to travel to any place where it could be repaired;
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二修繕費カ船舶ノ価額ノ四分ノ三ニ超ユルトキ
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(ii)the cost of the repair exceeds three-fourths of the value of the Ship.
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第三章 運送
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Chapter III Transportation
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第一節 物品運送
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Section 1 Freight Transportation
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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Article 739A shipowner may not be released from the liability to compensate for damage arising from the shipowner's own negligence, from an intentional action or the gross negligence of a mariner or other employee, or from the Ship's not being seaworthy, even if special provisions are made to the contrary.
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Article 740(1)A ship's captain, at any time, may discharge goods that has been loaded onto the Ship in violation of laws and regulations or not in accordance with the contract, and may abandon such goods if it is likely to harm the Ship or goods being shipped; provided, however, that if the captain transports such goods, the captain may demand the highest freight charges for the same type of goods at the place and time of the loading.
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(2)If the period during which a charterer must load its goods onto the Ship is specified, that period is counted from the day after that on which the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph is issued. If the goods is loaded onto the Ship after that period has passed, the shipowner may claim reasonable remuneration even if there are no special provisions to that effect.
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Article 742If a ship's captain is to receive goods from a third party, but the identity of that party cannot be ascertained or that party does not load the goods onto the ship, the captain must immediately issue notice of this to the charterer. In such a case, the charterer may load the goods onto the Ship only within the period for loading the Ship.
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(2)In the case of a round-trip voyage, if the charterer cancels the contract before the ship's departure on the return voyage, it must pay two-thirds of the freight charges. The same applies if the Ship must navigate to the port of loading from another port and the charterer cancels the contract before the Ship departs from the port of loading.
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Article 747After a ship's departure, the charterer may not cancel the contract unless it performs the obligations prescribed in Article 753, paragraph (1) in addition to paying the full amount of the freight charges, and unless it compensates for damage arising from the discharging or provides reasonable collateral.
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Article 748(1)If a transportation contract is entered into involving part of a Ship, and a charterer cancels the contract before departure independently from other charterers and consignors, it must pay the full amount of freight charges; provided, however, that freight charges that the shipowner receives because of other goods are deducted.
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(2)If the period during which goods must be discharged is specified, that period is counted from the day after that on which the notice referred to in the preceding paragraph is issued. If the goods are discharged after that period has passed, the shipowner may claim reasonable remuneration even if there are no special provisions to that effect.
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Article 753(1)Once a consignee receives goods, it bears the obligation to pay, in accordance with the purport of the transportation contract or bill of lading, freight charges, ancillary costs, monies that another person has paid on its behalf, anchorage, and any amount that it must bear in terms of general average or salvage, in proportion to the value of the goods.
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Article 756If it is agreed that freight charges are to be rated on the basis of time, the amount of those charges is determined based on the period of time from the date that the goods started to be loaded onto the Ship until the date that the discharge of the goods was completed; provided, however, that if it is necessary to have the Ship berth in the port of departure or in any port during the voyage due to force majeure, or if it is necessary to make a repair to the Ship during the voyage, the period based on which the charges are determined does not include the period of the berthing or repair. In a case as referred to in Article 741, paragraph (2) or Article 752, paragraph (2), the period based on which the charges are determined does not include the number of days that it takes to load or discharge the goods after the period for loading or discharging has passed.
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Article 759If a transportation contract is entered into involving the whole or part of a Ship and the charterer also enters into another transportation contract with a third party, only the shipowner is liable to the third party to perform on those of the obligations under the latter contract which fall within the scope of the captain's duties.
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一船舶ガ沈没シタルコト
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(i)the sinking of the Ship;
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二船舶ガ修繕スルコト能ハザルニ至リタルコト
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(ii)the Ship's becoming unrepairable;
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三船舶ガ捕獲セラレタルコト
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(iii)the Ship's being captured;
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四運送品カ不可抗力ニ因リテ滅失シタルコト
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(iv)the goods' being lost due to force majeure.
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Article 762(1)If a circumstance as set forth in Article 760, paragraph (1), item (iv), or paragraph (1) of the preceding Article occurs in connection with any part of the goods, the charterer may load other goods onto the Ship to the extent that doing so will not increase the burden on the shipowner.
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一船長カ第七百十五条第一項ノ規定ニ従ヒテ積荷ヲ売却又ハ質入シタルトキ
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(i)the captain sells or pledges goods being shipped pursuant to the provisions of Article 715, paragraph (1);
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二船長カ第七百十九条ノ規定ニ従ヒテ積荷ヲ航海ノ用ニ供シタルトキ
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(ii)the captain uses goods being shipped for the voyage pursuant to the provisions of Article 719;
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三船長カ第七百八十八条ノ規定ニ従ヒテ積荷ヲ処分シタルトキ
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(iii)the captain handles goods being shipped pursuant to the provisions of Article 788.
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第二款 船荷証券
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Subsection 2 Bills of Lading
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一船舶ノ名称及ヒ国籍
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(i)the name and nationality of the Ship;
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二船長カ船荷証券ヲ作ラサルトキハ船長ノ氏名
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(ii)the name of the ship's captain, if the captain is not the person preparing the bill of lading;
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三運送品ノ種類、重量若クハ容積及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、箇数並ニ記号
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(iii)the type and weight or volume of the goods, the type of packaging, the number of packages, and the marks;
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四傭船者又ハ荷送人ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(iv)the name or trade name of the charterer or the consignor;
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五荷受人ノ氏名若クハ商号
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(v)the name or trade name of the consignee;
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六船積港
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(vi)the port of loading the ship;
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七陸揚港但発航後傭船者又ハ荷送人カ陸揚港ヲ指定スヘキトキハ其之ヲ指定スヘキ港
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(vii)the port of discharge, or if the charterer or the consignor is to designate the port of discharge after departure, the ports from among which it must be designated;
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八運送賃
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(viii)the freight charges;
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九数通ノ船荷証券ヲ作リタルトキハ其員数
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(ix)the number of bills of lading, if more than one is prepared;
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十船荷証券ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(x)the places and dates of preparation of the bills of lading.
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Article 773If two or more holders of bills of lading demand the delivery of goods, the ship's captain must deposit the goods without delay and issue notice of this to each holder. If the captain delivers part of the goods pursuant to the provisions of Article 771 to one of the holders and then another holder demands delivery of the goods, the captain must also deposit the remaining part of the goods and issue notice of this.
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第二節 旅客運送
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Section 2 Passenger Transportation
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Article 783If it is necessary to make a repair to a Ship during a voyage, the shipowner must provide passengers with reasonable accommodation and food while the repair is being made; provided, however, that this does not apply if the shipowner provides passengers with another Ship to transport them to the port of landing, to the extent that so transporting them does not infringe their rights.
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第四章 海損
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Chapter IV Averages
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Article 789Each interested person contributes in general average in proportion to the ratios of their shares of the value of the Ship and of the goods being shipped that have been successfully saved to their shares of half of the freight charges to their shares of the amount of damage constituting general average.
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Article 790In determining the amount of the general average contribution, the value of the Ship is its value at the place and time of its arrival and the value of the goods being shipped is their value at the place and time of their discharge; provided, however, that any freight charges and other costs that are not required to be paid in the event of the loss of goods being shipped is deducted from the value of the goods being shipped.
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Article 792The value of any weapons, salaries for the mariners, and food and clothing for the mariners and passengers that are kept on a Ship is not included in the amount of general average contributions; provided, however, that damage caused by an interested person to any such item is borne by the other interested persons.
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Article 794(1)The amount of damage constituting general average is determined based on the value of the Ship at the place and time of its arrival and the value of the goods being shipped at the place and time of their discharge; provided, however, that all costs not required to be paid in the event of loss or damage to the goods being shipped must be deducted from the value of the goods being shipped.
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Article 795(1)If the value of goods being shipped as indicated in a bill of lading or any other document by which the value of the goods being shipped can be estimated is lower than the real value of the goods being shipped, the amount of damage caused to the goods being shipped is determined based on the value indicated in the bill or document.
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Article 796If, after interested persons have contributed in general average pursuant to the provisions of Article 789, the whole or part of the Ship, its equipment or the goods being shipped are returned to the owner, that owner must return the compensation, after deducting the amount of the salvage charges and the amount of damages arising from the partial loss or damage to the property.
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第五章 海難救助
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Chapter V Marine Salvage
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Article 801If there are no special provisions on salvage charges and a dispute arises over their amount, the court determines the amount of salvage charges, taking into consideration the degree of risk, the results of the salvage, the labor and costs incurred in the salvage, and all other circumstances.
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Article 805(1)The owner of a ship engaged in salvage must be paid two-thirds of the salvage charges if the Ship is a steamship, or half of the salvage charges if the Ship is a sailing ship, and the remaining amount is divided into halves, of which one half must be paid to the captain and the other to the mariners.
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一故意又ハ過失ニ因リテ海難ヲ惹起シタルトキ
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(i)the salvager provoked the marine accident intentionally or through negligence;
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二正当ノ事由ニ因リテ救助ヲ拒マレタルニ拘ハラス強ヒテ之ニ従事シタルトキ
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(ii)the salvager unnecessarily and arbitrarily engages in salvage despite being turned away for legitimate reasons;
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三救助シタル物品ヲ隠匿シ又ハ濫ニ之ヲ処分シタルトキ
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(iii)the salvager conceals salvaged property or uses or disposes of it without good reason.
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第六章 保険
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Chapter VI Insurance
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(2)Unless otherwise provided for in this Chapter, the provisions of Chapter II, Section 1 to 4 and 6, and Chapter V of the Insurance Act (Act No. 56 of 2008) apply to marine insurance policies.
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(3)In a case as referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, the insurer's liability terminates at the time the discharge of goods or ballast is completed at the port of arrival; provided, however, that if there is any delay in the discharge due to reasons other than force majeure, the insurer's liability terminates at the time the discharge should have been completed.
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Article 822(1)If the goods being shipped are covered by insurance or if profits or remuneration to be gained upon the arrival of goods being shipped is covered by insurance, the insurer's liability commences at the time the goods being shipped leave land, and terminates at the time the discharge of those goods is completed at the port of discharge.
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Article 823A written marine insurance policy must give the following information in addition to the information set forth in Article 6, paragraph (1) of the Insurance Act:
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一船舶ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ其船舶ノ名称、国籍並ニ種類、船長ノ氏名及ヒ発航港、到達港又ハ寄航港ノ定アルトキハ其港名
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(i)in the case of insurance for a Ship, the name, nationality, and type of Ship; the name of the captain; and the names of the port of departure, the port of arrival, and ports of call, if any such port is designated;
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二積荷ヲ保険ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ船舶ノ名称、国籍並ニ種類、船積港及ヒ陸揚港
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(ii)in the case of insurance for goods being shipped or for profits or remuneration to be gained upon the arrival of the goods being shipped, the name, nationality and type of Ship; the port of loading the Ship; and the port of discharge.
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Article 825If the insured neglects to cause the Ship to depart or continue a voyage, or changes the route or otherwise substantially changes or increases the risks of the voyage, the insurer is not liable for any accident that may occur after the change or increase; provided, however, that this does not apply if the change or increase has no influence on the occurrence of the accident or if the change or increase is caused by force majeure or a legitimate reason attributable to the insurer.
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Article 827If goods being shipped are covered by insurance or profits or remuneration to be gained upon the arrival of the goods being shipped are covered by insurance and the Ship changes, the insurer is not liable for any accident that may occur after the change; provided, however, that this does not apply if the change is due to reasons not attributable to the policyholder or the insured.
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一保険ノ目的ノ性質若クハ瑕疵、其自然ノ消耗又ハ保険契約者若クハ被保険者ノ悪意若クハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ生シタル損害
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(i)damage arising from the nature of or a defect in the insured property, from ordinary wear and tear, or from an intentional action or gross negligence by the policyholder or the insured;
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二船舶又ハ運送賃ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ発航ノ当時安全ニ航海ヲ為スニ必要ナル準備ヲ為サス又ハ必要ナル書類ヲ備ヘサルニ因リテ生シタル損害
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(ii)damage arising from a failure to make the necessary preparations or keep the necessary documents for a safe voyage at the time of departure, if the insurance is for a Ship or freight charges;
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三積荷ヲ保険ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ傭船者、荷送人又ハ荷受人ノ悪意若クハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ生シタル損害
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(iii)damage arising from an intentional action or gross negligence by the charterer, consignor, or consignee, if the insurance is for goods being shipped or profits or remuneration to be gained upon the arrival of the goods being shipped;
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四水先案内料、入港料、燈台料、検疫料其他船舶又ハ積荷ニ付キ航海ノ為メニ出タシタル通常ノ費用
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(iv)pilotage charges, harbor charges, light dues, quarantine fees, and other ordinary costs incurred in connection with the Ship or the goods being shipped for the voyage.
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Article 831If goods being shipped that are covered by insurance arrive at the port of discharge in a damaged state, the insurer is liable to compensate for part of the insurable value, based on the ratio of the value that the goods being shipped have in their damaged state to the value that the goods being shipped would have had in an undamaged state.
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第八百三十二条航海ノ途中ニ於テ不可抗力ニ因リ保険ノ目的タル積荷ヲ売却シタルトキハ其売却ニ依リテ得タル代価ノ中ヨリ運送賃其他ノ費用ヲ控除シタルモノト保険価額トノ差ヲ以テ保険者ノ負担トス但保険価額ノ一部ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ保険法第十九条ノ適用ヲ妨ケス
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Article 832(1)If goods being shipped that are covered by insurance are sold during a voyage due to force majeure, the insurer is liable to pay the difference between the amount calculated when freight charges and other costs are deducted from the sales proceeds and the insurable value; provided, however, that this does not preclude the application of Article 19 of the Insurance Act if the insurable value is partially covered by insurance.
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一船舶カ沈没シタルトキ
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(i)the Ship sinks;
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二船舶ノ行方カ知レサルトキ
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(ii)the Ship goes missing;
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三船舶カ修繕スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキ
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(iii)the Ship becomes unrepairable;
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四船舶又ハ積荷カ捕獲セラレタルトキ
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(iv)the Ship or the goods being shipped are captured;
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五船舶又ハ積荷カ官ノ処分ニ依リテ押収セラレ六个月間解放セラレサルトキ
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(v)the Ship or the goods being shipped are seized due to the action of an official and are not released for six months.
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(2)If a coverage period has been specified, even if that period expires within the timeframe referred to in the preceding paragraph, the insured may abandon its interest in the goods; provided, however, that if it is proved that the Ship was lost within the coverage period, that abandonment is void.
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第七章 船舶債権者
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Chapter VII Ships' Creditors
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一船舶並ニ其属具ノ競売ニ関スル費用及ヒ競売手続開始後ノ保存費
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(i)the costs for auctioning off a Ship and its equipment, as well as the costs for storing the same after the commencement of the auction procedures;
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二最後ノ港ニ於ケル船舶及ヒ其属具ノ保存費
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(ii)the costs for storing a Ship and its equipment at the last port;
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三航海ニ関シ船舶ニ課シタル諸税
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(iii)the taxes imposed on a Ship in connection with a voyage;
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四水先案内料及ヒ挽船料
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(iv)the pilotage charges and towage charges;
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五救助料及ヒ船舶ノ負担ニ属スル共同海損
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(v)the salvage charges and general average to be borne by a Ship;
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六航海継続ノ必要ニ因リテ生シタル債権
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(vi)a claim arising from the necessity of continuing a voyage;
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七雇傭契約ニ因リテ生シタル船長其他ノ船員ノ債権
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(vii)a claim held by the ship's captain or another mariner arising from an employment contract;
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八船舶カ其売買又ハ製造ノ後未タ航海ヲ為ササル場合ニ於テ其売買又ハ製造並ニ艤装ニ因リテ生シタル債権及ヒ最後ノ航海ノ為メニスル船舶ノ艤装、食料並ニ燃料ニ関スル債権
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(viii)a claim arising from the sale or manufacture and outfitting of a Ship, if the Ship makes no voyage after being sold or manufactured; or a claim arising from the outfitting of the Ship, food, and fuel required for its last voyage.
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Article 844(1)If a ship's creditors hold competing statutory liens, the order of priority of those liens follows the order set forth in Article 842; provided, however, that among the claims referred to in item (iv) to item (vi) of that Article, one arising later takes precedence over one arising earlier.
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Article 846(1)If a shipowner transfers the Ship, the transferee, after registering the transfer, must issue public notice to the holders of statutory liens informing them that they must file their claims within a certain period of time; provided, however, that this period may not be shorter than one month.
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3船舶ノ抵当権ニハ不動産ノ抵当権ニ関スル規定ヲ準用ス此場合ニ於テハ民法第三百八十四条第一号中「抵当権を実行して競売の申立てをしないとき」トアルハ「抵当権の実行としての競売の申立て若しくはその提供を承諾しない旨の第三取得者に対する通知をせず、又はその通知をした債権者が抵当権の実行としての競売の申立てをすることができるに至った後一週間以内にこれをしないとき」ト読替フルモノトス
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(3)The provisions on the mortgaging of real property apply mutatis mutandis to a mortgage on a Ship. In such a case, the phrase "[if the obligee] does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage [within two months after receipt of the documents listed in each item of the preceding article]" in Article 384, item (i) of the Civil Code is deemed to be replaced with "[if the obligee] does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage or give notice to the third party acquirer that the obligee has not approved its offer [within two months after receipt of the documents listed in each item of the preceding Article], or if the obligee giving that notice does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage within one week after the obligee is able to file it".
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