Article 1The purpose of this Act is to promote the development of civil and general aviation and to enhance public welfare by providing for the methods to ensure the safety of aircraft and to prevent problems arising from navigation of aircraft, and by ensuring transportation safety and improving convenience for users through proper and rational management of business for operating aircraft, in conformity with both the provisions of the Convention on International Civil Aviation as well as the standards, practices and procedures adopted as Annexes hereto.

Article 2(1)The term "aircraft" as used in this Act means any aeroplane, rotorcraft, glider and airship which can be used for air navigation with a person on board and any other apparatus used for air navigation as may be specified by Cabinet Order.

(2)The term "air navigation service" as used in this Act means any operation onboard an aircraft (including operation of radio equipment on board), and confirmation work as specified in Article 19, paragraph (2), to be performed on repaired or remodeled aircraft.

(3)The term "airman" as used in this Act means any person who has obtained competence certification for an airman under Article 22.

(4)The term "air navigation facility" as used in this Act means any facility to aid the navigation of aircraft by means of radio wave, lights, colors or signs as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(5)The term "landing strip" as used in this Act means a rectangular area of an aerodrome which is provided for the takeoff (including that area on water; hereinafter the same) or landing (including that area on water; hereinafter the same) of aircraft in a definite direction.

(6)The term "approach area" as used in this Act means a plain surface defined by two connected points parallel to the shorter side of the landing strip 375 meters (600 meters in the case of a landing strip used for the landing, performed by using an instrument landing apparatus, or performed in accordance with a landing guidance by using precision approach radar, while in the case of a landing strip used for the heliport, the length in which the distance between the shorter side and the straight line multiplied by tangent 15 plus half the length of the shorter side) distant from a point on a straight line crossing at a point 3,000 meters (not more than 2,000 meters as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in the case of a landing strip of the heliport) distant from that side and forming a rectangle, with the extension to the center-line of the landing strip bisecting this rectangle.

(7)The term "approach surface" as used in this Act means an area abutting on the shorter side of a landing strip and sloping upwards at a gradient of more than 1/50th from the horizontal plane, as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the projection of which corresponds to the approach area.

(8)The term "horizontal surface" as used in this Act means that section of the horizontal plane including a point 45 meters vertically above the aerodrome reference point, which is surrounded by a circle drawn with that point at its center and with a radius of a length of not more than 4,000 meters as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(9)The term "transitional surface" as used in this Act means an area including the slopes of the approach surfaces and the longer sides of the landing strip at a gradient of 1/7th, (in the case of a heliport, at a gradient of not more than 1/4th as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) from the horizontal plane to the intersection with the vertical surface, including the center-line of the strip and including the areas as defined above. It is enclosed by the lines, including the intersection with the plane including the slopes of the approach surfaces and the plane including the longer sides of the strip abutting those slopes, the intersection with those planes and the areas including the horizontal plane, the slopes of the approach surfaces, and the longer sides of the strip.

(10)The term "aeronautical lights" as used in this Act means any light used by an air navigation facility to aid the navigation of aircraft, as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(11)The term "air traffic control area" as used in this Act means any airspace, 200 meters or more above the land or water, and designated for the safety of air traffic in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(12)The term "air traffic control zone" as used in this Act means any airspace above any aerodrome and its vicinity where frequent takeoff and landing of aircrafts are performed, as designated for the safety of air traffic in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in that aerodrome and the air space above it.

(13)The term "air traffic information zone" as used in this Act means any airspace above any aerodrome and its vicinity designated in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism other than aerodromes prescribed in the previous paragraph, as designated for the safety of air traffic in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in that aerodrome and the air space above it.

(14)The term "instrument meteorological condition" as used in this Act means bad weather conditions with a range of vision, specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, taking the visibility and cloud conditions into consideration.

(15)The term "instrument flight" as used in this Act means a flight which is performed relying solely on flight instruments to measure the attitude, altitude, position, and course of the aircraft.

(16)The term "instrument flight rules" as used in this Act means a method of flight as listed below:

(17)The term "air transport services" as used in this Act means any business using aircraft to transport passengers or cargo for remuneration upon demand.

(18)The term "international air transport services" as used in this Act means any air transport services operating between one point within Japan and another within a foreign country, or between one point and another in foreign countries.

(19)The term "domestic scheduled air transport services" as used in this Act means any air transport services operating between one point and another in the country on a scheduled date and time along a specified route.

(20)The term "aerial work" as used in this Act means any business using aircraft other than for the transport of passengers or cargo for remuneration upon demand.

Article 3The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism registers an aircraft in the Aircraft Register in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.

Article 3-2Any aircraft acquires Japanese nationality when registered.

Article 3-3No acquisition or loss or change of ownership of any registered aeroplane and rotorcraft may be duly asserted against a third party unless the aircraft has been registered.

Article 4(1)Any aircraft owned by any person who falls under any of the following items may not be eligible for registration.

(2)Any aircraft which has the foreign nationality may not be eligible for registration.

Article 5Any aircraft not yet registered (hereinafter referred to as "new registration") is registered upon application by the owner, by entering the following matters in the Aircraft Register and by designating and entering its registration marks therein:

Article 6The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, in the case of a new registration, issue an aircraft registration certificate to the applicant.

Article 7If there have been any changes in the particulars listed in Article 5, item (iv) or (v) with regard to any newly registered aircraft (hereinafter referred to as "registered aircraft"), the owner must submit an application for an amendment of the registration within a period not exceeding 15 days thereafter; provided, however, that this does not apply to either an application for a transfer of the registration in accordance with the provisions of the following Article, or an application for deletion of the registration in accordance with the provisions of Article 8.

Article 7-2Any new owner must, in the event of any changes to the ownership of a registered aircraft, apply for the transfer of registration within a period not exceeding 15 days.

Article 8(1)Any owner of a registered aircraft must apply for deletion of the registration in the following cases within a period not exceeding 15 days thereafter:

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, in the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, when any owner of a registered aircraft does not apply for deletion of the registration, serve notice to the owner to do so within a period designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism with the fixed period 7 days or more.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when an owner of a registered aircraft does not apply for deletion of registration and a notice set forth in the preceding paragraph has been served, delete the registration and inform the owner thereof.

Article 8-2Any person may submit a request for a copy or abstract of the Aircraft Register or for inspection of any part in which that person has an interest, to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 8-3(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when an aeroplane or rotorcraft has been newly registered, stamp its designated registration mark on that aircraft without delay.

(2)Any owner of an aircraft set forth in the preceding paragraph must make the aircraft available to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism on a date designated in writing, in order to obtain the stamp in accordance with the preceding paragraph.

(3)No person must cause damage to the registration marks stamped pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1).

Article 8-4(1)The compulsory execution and provisional seizure for any newly registered aeroplane or rotorcraft is decreed by any district court as a court of execution or a court of preservation; provided, however, that the execution of provisional seizure which is specified by the rules of the Supreme Court is decreed by any court other than a district court of jurisdiction as a court of preservation.

(2)Particulars concerning the compulsory execution and provisional seizure set forth in the preceding paragraph are specified by the rules of the Supreme Court.

(3)The provisions of the proceeding two paragraphs apply mutatis mutandis to a public sale of any newly registered aeroplane or rotorcraft.

Article 8-5(1)The provisions of the Act on Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs (Act No.42, 1999) do not apply to the Aircraft Register.

(2)The provisions of Chapter IV of the above act do not apply to holding personal information (which means holding personal information specified in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (Act No.58, 2003)) described in the Aircraft Register.

Article 9(1)Description of the Aircraft Register, restoration of registration, amendment of registration, and any other matters concerning registration are specified by Cabinet Order.

(2)Particulars in detail concerning the certificate of aircraft registration and the stamping of the registration mark are specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 10(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, upon application, grants airworthiness certification for aircraft (excluding the gliders as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; hereinafter the same applies in this chapter).

(2)No aircraft may be granted airworthiness certification under the preceding paragraph, unless it has Japanese nationality; provided, however, that the same does not apply to any aircraft as specified by Cabinet Order.

(3)Airworthiness certification describes the categories of aircraft use and aircraft operating limitations as prescribed by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, upon application under paragraph (1), inspect the design, manufacturing process and current conditions to certify whether the aircraft complies with the standards listed below, and must grant airworthiness certification if the Minister finds that the aircraft meets these standards.

(5)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, omit a part of the inspection for the design or manufacturing process concerning the aircraft listed below.

(6)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may also, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, omit a part of the inspection for current conditions on aircraft prescribed below.

(7)Airworthiness certification is granted by issuing an airworthiness certificate to the applicant.

Article 10-2(1)Any person who is certified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as having the qualification and experience as prescribed in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "designated airworthiness inspector"), may grant airworthiness certification for gliders specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, among aircrafts referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding article.

(2)The provisions of paragraphs (2) through (7) of the preceding article apply accordingly to airworthiness certification under the preceding paragraph.

Article 11(1)No person may operate an aircraft unless it has a valid airworthiness certificate; provided, however, that the same does not apply to any person when permitted performing test flights, etc. by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)No person may operate an aircraft beyond the categories of its use or operating limitations as designated in the airworthiness certificate.

(3)The proviso of paragraph (1) applies mutatis mutandis to the preceding paragraph.

Article 12(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, upon application, grants type certification for type design of aircraft.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, upon an application under the preceding paragraph, grant type certification under the preceding paragraph, if the minister deems that the type of aircraft described in the application complies with the standards of Article 10, paragraph (4).

(3)Type certification is granted by issuing a type certificate to the applicant.

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, prior to issuing a type certificate under paragraph (1), hear opinions from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry.

Article 13(1)When the holder of a type certificate intends to change the type design of the relevant aircraft, that holder must obtain approval of change from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies when the standards of Article 10, paragraph (4) have been amended and the type-certified aircraft no longer complies with the standards of the same paragraph.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, upon application under the preceding paragraph, inspect whether the design of the applied aircraft complies with the standards of Article 10, paragraph (4), and must approve the design if he/she finds that it meets these standards.

(3)The provisions of paragraph (4) of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis where the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism grants approval under the preceding paragraph.

(4)When any holder of a type certificate, who is approved for the capability specified in Article 20, paragraph (1), item (i) has designed and inspected after design with regard to approval for change in the type design of the aircraft as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and has certified that design complies with the standards under Article 10, paragraph (4) as may be specified in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, approval specified in paragraph (1) is deemed granted with regard to application of the provisions of the same paragraph.

(5)Any person who has confirmed compliance specified in the preceding paragraph must notify accordingly the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism without delay.

Article 13-2(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, upon application, approves the partial change in the type design of the aircraft by any person other than the holder of the type certificate for aircraft of the certified type.

(2)The type design of the aircraft approved under the provisions of the preceding paragraph is regarded as type-certified with regard to application of the provisions of Article 10, paragraph (5) and (6).

(3)Any person who is granted approval under the provisions of the preceding paragraph must obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism when the person intends to change previously approved design. The same applies when the standards under Article 10, paragraph (4) have been amended and the relevant approved design no longer complies with the standards under the same paragraph.

(4)When any person who is granted approval under paragraph (1) and is approved for the capability specified in Article 20, paragraph (1), item (i) has designed and inspected after design with regard to approval for change of the type design of the aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and has confirmed compliance with the standards under Article 10, paragraph (4) as may be specified in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, approval specified in the preceding paragraph is deemed granted with regard to application of the provisions of the same paragraph.

(5)The provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to the approval by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, which is specified in paragraph (1) and (3), and the provisions of paragraph (5) of the same article apply mutatis mutandis to a person who has certified the design compliance under the provisions specified in the preceding paragraph.

Article 13-3(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that any aircraft of the certified type or design approved under Article 13, paragraph (1), or paragraph (1) or (3) of the preceding article fails or is likely to fail to conform to the standards specified in Article 10, paragraph (4), order a holder of a type certificate or a person who has approval for the relevant aircraft (referred to as "type certification, etc." in the following paragraph) in order to modify the design necessary to conform to the standards specified in paragraph (4) of the same article or preclude a possibility of failing to conform to those standards.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when a person who is granted type certificate, etc. violates the order specified in the preceding paragraph, revoke the type certification, etc. granted to the holder.

Article 14The period of validity of an airworthiness certificate is to be one year; provided, however, that the period of validity of that airworthiness certificate with regard to aircraft used for air transport services is the period specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 14-2(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that an aircraft with airworthiness certification fails to conform to the standards under Article 10, paragraph (4) or is likely to fail to conform to the standards under the same paragraph before the expiration of the period of validity specified by the preceding article, order the operator of the aircraft to take necessary measures, including maintenance and alteration, in order to conform to those standards or preclude a possibility of failing to conform to those standards.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minisiter finds that, as a result of an investigation under Article 10, paragraph (4), Article 16 ,paragraph (1), or Article 134, paragraph (2), the relevant aircraft or any other aircraft of the same type fails to conform to the standards under Article 10, paragraph (4) or is likely to fail to comply with those standards before the expiration of the period of validity specified by the preceding Article, or that the safety of the aircraft is uncertain for any other reasons, suspend the validity of the airworthiness certificate, shorten the period of validity of the airworthiness certificate or change the matters designated under Article 10, paragraph (3) (including as applies mutatis mutandis to Article 10-2, paragraph (2)), with regard to that aircraft or that type of aircraft.

Article 15Any airworthiness certificate ceases to be effective for aircraft in the following categories.

Article 16(1)No operator of an aircraft with airworthiness certification must, when that operator intends to repair or modify that aircraft to the extent specified by Order of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (excluding repair to the extent specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism by using spare parts certified under the following article), operate the aircraft unless the planning and performance for that repair or alteration have been inspected by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and passed the inspection.

(2)Any operator of a glider with airworthiness certification under Article 10-2, paragraph (2) may, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, operate after effecting repairs or alterations to the same extent as specified by the preceding paragraph, if the repair or alteration has been inspected by a designated airworthiness inspector and passed the inspection.

(3)The proviso of Article 11, paragraph (1) applies mutatis mutandis to paragraph (1).

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism or a designated airworthiness inspector must, when the Minister finds that the relevant aircraft complies with the standards specified in each item of Article 10, paragraph (4) under Order of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism by the inspection under paragraph (1) or (2), deem that it has passed the inspection.

Article 17(1)Any operator of an aircraft with airworthiness certification may apply for spare part certification by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism with regard to spare parts such as engines, propellers or other devices critical for aircraft performance and safety as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, upon application for spare part certification under the preceding paragraph, inspect whether the relevant spare parts comply with the standards of Article 10, paragraph (4), item (i) and issue a spare part certificate when the Minister finds that those spare parts meet these standards.

(3)Parts which satisfy conditions in paragraph (1) and come under any of the following categories are regarded as spare-part-certified with regard to the application of paragraph (1) of the preceding article.

(4)Spare parts certification (including spare parts certification regarded as spare-part-certified pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph) cease to be effective, in the event that those spare parts are repaired or modified to the extent specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, or installed on the aircraft.

Article 18Any operator of an aircraft with airworthiness certification, who intends to use engines or propellers or other parts which are critical for aircraft safety specified in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to be installed in the aircraft for a period longer than that specified in the Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, must perform maintenance on those devices in accordance with the procedures under the Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 19(1)When any operator of an aircraft with airworthiness certification, which is operated for air transport services as may be specified in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, performs maintenance (excluding any minor preventive maintenance as specified in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; hereinafter the same applies.) or alteration of that aircraft (excluding any repair or alteration of that aircraft under Article 16, paragraph (1)), the aircraft must not be operated unless a person approved for the capability specified by Article 20, paragraph (1) with regard to capability under item (iv) of the same paragraph performs maintenance or alteration subject to that approval, and certifies that the aircraft conforms to the standards shown under each item of Article 10, paragraph (4), in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)When any operator of an aircraft with airworthiness certification other than an aircraft described in the preceding paragraph performs maintenance or alteration of the aircraft (excluding any repair or alteration of aircraft under Article 16, paragraph (1)), that aircraft must not be operated, unless the operator certified that the aircraft complies with the standards specified in Article 10, paragraph (4), item (i).

(3)The proviso of Article 11, paragraph (1) applies mutatis mutandis to the preceding two paragraphs.

Article 19-2Any operator of an aircraft with airworthiness certification may operate the aircraft notwithstanding the provisions of Article 16, paragraph (1) or paragraph (2) of the preceding article, when a person who has been approved for the capability specified by paragraph (1), item (iv) of the following article effects maintenance or alteration to that aircraft and certifies that the aircraft complies with the standards shown under items of Article 10, paragraph (4), in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (excluding where the person who is approved for the capability specified in paragraph (1), item (iv) of the following article under paragraph (1) of the preceding article must perform maintenance or alteration to the aircraft).

Article 20(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, upon application, approves the organization as having at least one or more of the following capabilities of each facility conform to the technical standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)Any person who received approval under the preceding paragraph must establish exposition for the aspects of business implementation specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism at each organization approved under the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to as "Approved Organizations"), and must obtain an approval for that approved organization exposition from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies where the person intends to change that exposition.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister deems that exposition specified in the preceding paragraph complies with the technical standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, approve it under the provisions of the same paragraph.

(4)The necessary paticulars concerning the approval under the provisions of paragraph (1) and the approval under the provisions of paragraph (2) are stipulate by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(5)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when a person approved under the provisions of paragraph (1), with regard to approved organization, violates the provisions of paragraph (2) or the provisions of the preceding paragraph described by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, or if the Minister deems that the capabilities of the approved organization fail to comply with the technical standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, order the approved person to change the exposition for approved organization specified by paragraph (2), or take the necessary measures for other improvement in operational management and to suspend the whole or part of the activities at the approved organization for a certain period no more than six months, or revoke that approval.

Article 21The provisions concerning the format, issuance, reissuance, return, and presentation of an airworthiness certificate or a type certification, the provisions concerning designated airworthiness inspectors, or other detailed provisions concerning implementation of airworthiness certification, type certification, inspection under Article 16, paragraph (1), as well as spare part certification are stipulated by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 22The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, upon application, conducts airman competence certification (hereinafter referred to as "competence certification") for a person who will perform air navigation services.

Article 23Competence certification is conducted by issuing an airman competence certificate (hereinafter referred to as "competence certificate") to the applicant.

Article 24(1)Competence certification is required for qualified personnel in the following categories:

Airline transport pilot

Commercial pilot

Private pilot

First class flight navigator

Second class flight navigator

Flight engineer

Flight radiotelephone operator

First class aircraft maintenance technician

Second class aircraft maintenance technician

First class aircraft line maintenance technician

Second class aircraft line maintenance technician

Aircraft overhaul technician

Article 25(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism indicates aircraft categories ratings according to competence certification for airline transport pilots, commercial pilots, private pilots, flight engineers, first class aircraft maintenance technicians, second class aircraft maintenance technicians, first class aircraft line maintenance technicians, or second class aircraft line maintenance technicians under the preceding article, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may indicate class or type ratings of aircraft according to competence certification set forth in the preceding paragraph pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may indicate ratings of functions permitted according to competence certification for aircraft overhaul technicians under the preceding article, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 26(1)No person may be issued a competence certificate unless that person is of such age and has such flight, and other aeronautical experience, as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism according to each qualification listed in Article 24 and each category of aircraft under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding article.

(2)No person may be issued a competence certificate as a flight radiotelephone operator unless that person has complied with the provisions of the preceding paragraph and has been licensed in accordance with Article 41, paragraph (1) of the Radio Act (Act No. 131, 1950) with respect to such qualifications as a radiotelephone operator under Article 40, paragraph (1) of the same law, as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 27(1)No person whose competence certificate has been revoked pursuant to the provisions of Article 30 is eligible to make an application for competence certification for a period of two years after the date of that revocation.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, within a period of two years, reject an application for competence certification for a person who has committed a dishonest act in the examination under Article 29, paragraph (1).

Article 28(1)No person must perform the duties listed in the "scope of service" column of the attached table unless that person holds a competence certificate on qualifications listed in the "qualifications" column of that table (for a person who is engaged in aircraft operations on board an aircraft, a competence certificate listed in the "qualifications" column of that table must be accompanied by an aviation medical certificate under Article 31, paragraph (1)); provided, however, that the same does not apply where a person, who has a competence certificate as airline transport pilots, commercial pilots, private pilots, first class flight navigators, second class flight navigators or flight engineers, operates radio equipment for receiving purposes only, or where a person, who has that competence certificate and is qualified as a radio operator under Article 40, paragraph (1) of the Radio Act, operates radio equipment in accordance with paragraph (2) of the same article.

(2)No airman, whose competence certification has ratings under Article 25, may perform the duties listed in the "scope of service" column of the attached table except with respect to the aircraft of that category rating, class rating or type rating, or those ratings of functions.

(3)The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs do not apply to a person who serves on board an aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to engage in pilotage (including handling airframe systems and engines on board an aircraft) or a person who is engaged in the on-board operations of aircraft for the purpose of test flights, etc. under permission of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 29(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when conducting competence certification, hold examinations in order to determine whether a person has the aeronautical knowledge and aeronautical proficiency necessary for performing air navigation services as an airman with a competence certificate for the qualification pertaining to the application.

(2)An examination consists of a paper examination and a practical examination.

(3)No person may take the practical examination unless that person has first passed the paper examination.

(4)Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding three paragraphs, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when conducting competence certification with regard to an applicant who holds a qualification certificate pertaining to competence for air navigation services issued by a foreign government, exempt the applicant from the whole or part of the examination pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies to an applicant who has completed the course of the Incorporated Administrative Agency Civil Aviation College or an airman training school which is designated, upon application, by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(5)The procedures for application of exemption set forth in the preceding paragraph, the criteria for exemption, and other detailed requirements with regard to that exemption are stipulated by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(6)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when any person subject to exemption under paragraph (4) violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph stipulated by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, order the exempted person to take necessary measures for improvement in operational management pertaining to that exemption and to suspend the whole or part of operations pertaining to that exemption for a certain period within six months, or revoke the exemption.

Article 29-2(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, with respect to a competence certificate pertaining to the rating set forth in paragraphs (2) or (3) of Article 25, change the definition upon application by an airman pertaining to that competence certificate.

(2)The provisions of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to the cases where the ratings are changed pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 30The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when an airman falls under any of the following conditions, revoke their competence certificate or suspend that airman from performing air navigation services for a period of not more than one year.

Article 31(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism or a designated aviation medical examiner (a medical doctor who conforms to requirements specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as may be designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism upon application; the same applies hereinafter), upon application, grants aviation medical certification to a person who has a competence certificate and is engaged in on-board operations of aircraft.

(2)Aviation medical certification is granted when an aviation medical certificate is issued to the applicant.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism or a designated aviation medical examiner must, upon application under paragraph (1), issue an aviation medical certificate when the Minister recognizes that the applicant conforms to medical standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pertaining to the qualification certified by the competence certificate which the applicant holds.

Article 32The term of validity of an aviation medical certificate is six months for a person who holds the qualification of an airline transport pilot and one year for all others.

Article 33(1)No person who holds a competence certificate on qualifications of airline transport pilot, commercial pilot, or private pilot (only applied where the aircraft category rated under the relevant competence certificate is specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) must engage in flight operations between one point within Japan and another point within a foreign country or any other flight operations as stipulated in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism unless that person obtains an aviation English proficiency certificate issued by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to certify that the person has the knowledge and proficiency in English necessary for engaging in aviation duties (hereinafter referred to as "aviation English").

(2)The term of validity of an aviation English proficiency certificate is determined by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, according to the degree of knowledge and proficiency of a person who intends to obtain the aviation English proficiency certificate.

(3)The provisions of Articles 27, 29, and 30 apply mutatis mutandis to aviation English proficiency certification.In this case, "the Independent Administrative Institution Civil Aviation College or an airman training school which is designated, upon application, by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism" in Article 29, paragraph (4) may be substituted for "an airman training school which is designated, upon application, by the Independent Administrative Institution Civil Aviation College or the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism", and "a person who has completed" may be substituted for "a person who has completed... or who has been identified as having the knowledge and proficiency in aviation English by a domestic air carrier under Article 102, paragraph (1), as may be, upon application, designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism".

Article 34(1)No person who holds a competence certificate as airline transport pilot (only applied where the aircraft category rated under that qualification of an aircraft is specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; the same applies to Article 35-2, paragraph (1)), commercial pilot, or private pilot must perform instrument flights, etc. unless that person obtains an instrument flight certificate which is issued by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism with respect to the competency for the following flights (hereinafter referred to as "instrument flights, etc.") pertaining to category of aircraft which is used.

(2)No person must offer flight instructions for pilots in the following categories of flight training, unless that person holds a competence certificate which qualifies that person for the pilotage of the aircraft used and an aviation medical certificate and, in addition, has obtained a flight instructor certificate issued by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for flight instructions pertaining to the category of the aircraft used (hereinafter referred to as "flight instructor"):

(3)The provisions of Article 26, paragraph (1), Article 27, Article 29, and Article 30 apply mutatis mutandis to instrument flight certification and flight instructor certification under the preceding two items.

Article 35(1)The provisions of Article 28, paragraphs (1) and (2) do not apply to pilotage for the following flight training:

(2)A person who supervises flight training under each item of the preceding paragraph must conduct the supervision pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, upon application for permission under paragraph (1), item (i), grant permission when the Minister deems that the applicant has the competency necessary for flight training.

(4)The permission under paragraph (1), item (i) is granted by issuing a student pilot permit to an applicant.

(5)The provisions of Article 30 and Article 67, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to a person who has been granted permission under paragraph (1), item (i).

Article 35-2(1)The provisions of Article 34, paragraph (1) do not apply to flight training for the instrument flights, etc., which is performed by a person who holds a competence certificate for the qualification of airline transport pilot, commercial pilot or private pilot and an aviation medical certificate but does not hold an instrument flight certificate with respect to the category of the aircraft used, under the supervision of the following persons:

(2)The provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to a person who supervises flight training for instrument flight, etc.

Article 36Particulars relating to the form, issuance, reissuance, and return of a competence certificate, an aviation medical certificate and a student pilot permit, as well as other particulars in detail concerning competence certification, aviation medical certification, aviation English proficiency certification, instrument flight certification, flight instructor certification, permission under Article 35, paragraph (1), item (i), designation under item (iii) of the same paragraph and paragraph (1), item (iii) of the preceding article, in addition to implementation details concerning subjects of the examination, procedures for taking the examination, and other particulars on the examination under Article 29, paragraph (1) (including as applied mutatis mutandis to Article 29-2, paragraph (2), Article 33, paragraph (3), and Article 34, paragraph (3)) are stipulated by Ordre of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 37(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism designates pathways through airspace, as airways, appropriate for the navigation of aircraft.

(2)The designation of airways set forth in the preceding paragraph is made by public notice of the location and parameters of their airspace.

Article 38(1)Any person other than the Minister of Land, Infrastructure must obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, when that person plans to establish an aerodrome or install an air navigation facility as specified by Cabinet Order.

(2)Any person who intends to apply for permission under the preceding paragraph must submit a written application describing particulars concerning that facility, including an establishment plan showing locations and structures, etc., its administration plan, scheduled date of completion of the works, and other items specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, plus, in the case of an aerodrome, whether the aerodrome is for public use or not.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, upon application for permission for the establishment of an aerodrome, notify the public of the location and site area, whether it is for public use or not, landing strip, approach area, approach surface, transitional surface, horizontal surface, scheduled starting date of services, and other matters specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and post the notice thereof at the site.

(4)The permission under paragraph (1) may be attached with conditions or a validity period, and may be modified.

Article 39(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, upon application for permission under paragraph (1) of the preceding article, examine whether the application meets the requirement shown in each item of the following:

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister examines the application set forth in the preceding paragraph pertaining to the permission for establishment of an aerodrome, hold a public hearing and give any person who has interest in the establishment of the aerodrome an opportunity to express opinions on the establishment of that aerodrome.

Article 40The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister has granted permission for establishment of an aerodrome for public use, give public notice of the location and site area, landing strip, approach area, approach surface, transitional surface, horizontal surface, and scheduled starting date of the aerodrome concerned, and must also post a notification thereof at the site. The same also applies when there have been any alterations concerning the particulars notified and posted after the start of services (excluding by reason of the provisions under Article 43, paragraph (1)).

Article 41(1)Any person who has been granted permission to establish an aerodrome in accordance with the provisions of Article 38, paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "Aerodrome Provider") must complete the construction work by the scheduled completion date mentioned in the application for permission.

(2)Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, any aerodrome provider may, when construction work cannot be completed by the scheduled completion date mentioned in the application, due to natural disasters or any other unavoidable circumstances, change the scheduled completion date pursuant to the provisions of the same paragraph, upon permission of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that in the case of any aerodrome other than an aerodrome for public use (hereinafter referred to as "nonpublic aerodrome"), that permission may not be needed when the scheduled completion date has been changed to another date which is within a period designated by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism reckoning from the scheduled completion date under the same provisions.

(3)In the case of the proviso in the preceding paragraph, the nonpublic aerodrome provider must submit the revised scheduled date of completion to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 42(1)Any aerodrome provider or any person who has been granted permission to install an air navigation facility under the provisions of Article 38, paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "air navigation facility provider") must, when the construction work of the facility pertaining to that permission have been completed, have that facility inspected by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism without delay.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must approve a facility, upon confirming the facility mentioned in the application conforms to the establishment plan, as the result of inspection set forth in the preceding paragraph.

(3)Any aerodrome provider or any air navigation facility provider must, when the facility concerned has passed the inspection under the paragraph (1), fix the starting date of services, and report it to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism without delay.

(4)Any aerodrome provider or any air navigation facility provider must not open the facility for public use before the starting date of services as may be reported pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 43(1)Any aerodrome provider or any air navigation facility provider must obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, when significant alterations are made to the facility concerned for the purpose of securing air safety as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (including the case of relocating the reference point at the aerodrome).

(2)The provisions of Article 38, paragraphs (2) through (4), Article 39, Article 40 and the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to the case of the preceding paragraph; provided, however, that the provisions of Article 38, paragraph (3), Article 39, paragraph (2), and Article 40 apply mutatis mutandis only when there are any alterations to the site area, approach surface, transitional surface, or horizontal surface of the aerodrome.

Article 44(1)Any provider of an aerodrome for public use must, in the case of suspending operations or closing the aerodrome concerned, obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when receiving an application for permission set forth in the preceding paragraph, permit the application thereof, unless the Minister deems that suspension of operations or closure of that aerodrome is likely to cause severe impedance of public interests.

(3)The permission for the suspension of operations of an aerodrome in accordance with the paragraph (1) may be attached with a validity period.

(4)Any aerodrome provider pertaining to permission for suspension of operations of an aerodrome under the provisions of paragraph (1) must, when restarting operations of the aerodrome, have that aerodrome inspected by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(5)The provisions of Article 42, paragraphs (2) through (4) apply mutatis mutandis to the case of restarting operations set forth in the preceding paragraph.

Article 45(1)Any nonpublic aerodrome provider or any air navigation facility provider must, when that provider intends to suspend operations or close a facility, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect within seven days prior thereto.

(2)The provisions of paragraphs (4) and (5) of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to the case of restarting operations in a nonpublic aerodrome or an air navigation facility that has been suspended operations.

Article 46The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister has received public notice under Article 42, paragraph (3) from any public aerodrome provider or any air navigation facility provider (except those stipulated under Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism), give public notice of the name and location of the facility concerned, outline of the installations and any other matters specified under Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies when there have been any alterations to the matters notified, or suspension of operations, restart of operations or closure of the facility concerned.

Article 47(1)Any aerodrome provider or any air navigation facility provider must administer the facility concerned in accordance with security standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must periodically inspect the facility concerned pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, for the purpose of ensuring that the administration of the aerodrome or air navigation facility set forth in the preceding paragraph conforms to the standards under the same paragraph.

Article 48The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may revoke permission for establishment of an aerodrome or air navigation facility, or may order to suspend operations of the whole or part of an aerodrome for a certain period in the following cases; provided, however, that the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, in the case of items (ii) through (v) below, revoke permission for establishment only when the Minister has ordered the aerodrome provider or the air navigation facility provider to take the necessary measures to conform the facility to the plan described in the application or to the technical standards under Article 39, paragraph (1), item (i), or to administer the facility concerned in accordance with the security standards under paragraph (1) of the preceding article, within an appropriate period of time, and the aerodrome provider or the air navigation facility provider has failed to obey that order within the specified period.

Article 49(1)No person must, after public notice concerning an aerodrome for public use given under Article 40 (including as appled mutatdis mutandis to Article 43, paragraph (2)) install, plant, or leave any structures (except the part pertaining to the relevant construction in the structures which are under construction at the time of public notice), plants or any other objects which protrude above the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface (The surface taken is the lowest one if overlap of these projected planes occur.) indicated in that public notice; provided, however, that the same does not apply where temporary structures and any other objects (except those pertaining to approach surfaces or transitional surfaces) specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are installed or left under the approval of the aerodrome provider and are planned for removal before the scheduled starting date of services.

(2)Any aerodrome provider may, with regard to objects (including plants having grown to protrude above the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface) that have been installed, planted or left in violation of the provisions under the preceding paragraph, request the owner or any other person who has the title thereof to remove those objects.

(3)Any aerodrome provider may, with regard to objects which protrude above the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface, existing at the time of giving public notice under paragraph (1) (including plants existent at the time of public notice under the same paragraph having grown to protrude above the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface, and structures existent at the time of public notice under the same paragraph having been built to protrude above the surfaces), request the owner or any other person who has the title thereof to compensate for losses which may arise under normal conditions pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, and to remove the part of those objects which protrude above the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface of the facility

(4)The owner of the objects set forth in the preceding paragraph or land on which those objects exist may, when the removal of the objects under the same paragraph is likely to cause extreme difficulty in using the objects or the land for the purposes for which they had hitherto been utilized, request the aerodrome provider to purchase the objects or the land concerned pursuant to the provision of Cabinet Order.

(5)The losses to be compensated under paragraph (3) as well as the conditions of the purchase set forth in the preceding paragraph, its purchase price and other matters are determined through consultations between the parties concerned. The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism makes a ruling if consultations are not concluded successfully or if the parties are unable to convene for those consultations.

(6)Any person who is dissatisfied with the losses to be compensated and the purchase price determined by the ruling set forth in the preceding paragraph may litigate a claim to increase or decrease the amount thereof within six months from the day of receiving the notification of the ruling.

(7)Any aerodrome provider, any owner of objects or land, or any other person who has the title thereof may be the defendant in case of litigation set forth in the preceding paragraph.

(8)In the case of filing an objection to the decision under paragraph (5), discontent with the purchase price may not be the reason for dissatisfaction with the decision.

Article 50(1)Any provider of an aerodrome for public use must, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, compensate the owner of the land concerned or any other person who has the title thereof for losses ordinarily arising from restrained utilization thereof under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding article with regard to the land corresponding to a projected plane of the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface (restricted only to where the distance from the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface is less than 10 meters) as a result of the establishment of the aerodrome concerned or the alteration of the facility under Article 43, paragraph (1).

(2)Any owner of the land set forth in the preceding paragraph may, when restrained utilization under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding article is likely to cause extreme difficulty in using the land for the purposes for which it has hitherto been utilized, except under paragraph (4) of the same article, request the aerodrome provider to purchase the land pursuant to the provision of Cabinet Order.

(3)The provisions of paragraphs (5) through (8) of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to the cases under the preceding two paragraphs.

Article 51(1)Any owner or any person who has the title to any objects with a height of 60 meters or more above the ground or the water must install obstacle lights on the structures concerned pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)Any aerodrome provider must install obstacle lights on the objects (except those on which aeronautical obstacle lights are to be installed pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph) specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and which are located in an area corresponding with a projected plane of the approach surface, transitional surface or horizontal surface of the aerodrome concerned pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must install obstacle lights on objects which might seriously endanger the safe operation of aircraft, other than those pursuant to the provision of the preceding two paragraphs, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(4)The owner or the possessor of any objects under the preceding two paragraphs may not have the right to refuse the installation of obstacle lights by the aerodrome provider or the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of those paragraphs.

(5)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and any person who has installed obstacle lights pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) must administer those aeronautical obstacle lights in accordance with the methods specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(6)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister deems that any provider of obstacle lights installed pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) fails to administer those lights in the methods complying with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism set forth in the preceding paragraph, order the provider to take necessary measures for improving the facility and any other measures for the rectification.

Article 51-2(1)Any person who has installed a chimney, steel tower or any other object specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, which is considered difficult to be perceived from aircraft in the light of day and is also at the height of 60 meters or more above the ground or the water, must install obstacle markings upon those objects pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must install obstacle markings on objects which might seriously endanger the safe operation of aircraft, other than those on which daytime obstacle markings are to be installed pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The provisions of paragraphs (4) through (6) of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis to obstacle markings.

Article 52(1)No person must install such lights which are likely to impede a clear view of aeronautical lights or which are likely to be mistaken for aeronautical lights (hereinafter referred to as "similar lights").

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may order the provider of any similar lights to take specific measures within a certain period to shield the lights concerned and to ensure a clear view of the aeronautical lights, or take any other measures which clearly distinguish them from those similar lights.

(3)Under the preceding paragraph, any similar lights already installed at the time of the installation of aeronautical lights, the cost incurred in taking the measures under the same paragraph, are borne by the provider of the aeronautical lights concerned.

Article 53(1)No person must damage runways, taxiways or any other important installations on the aerodrome specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism or air navigation facilities, nor commit such acts that are likely to impede the function thereof.

(2)No person must, within the precincts of an aerodrome, throw any objects at aircrafts, nor commit such acts as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, which is likely to cause a danger to flight operations.

(3)No person must be admitted to enter landing strips, taxiways, aprons area or hangars without due cause.

Article 54(1)Any aerodrome provider or any air navigation facility provider must obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism before establishing the user fees for aerodromes or air navigation facilities for public use. The same applies when that provider intends to alter those fees.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the minister deems that the user fees set forth in the preceding paragraph fall under any of the following cases, order the aerodrome provider or the air navigation facility provider to alter those fees within a certain period.

Article 54-2(1)Any aerodrome provider must enact the administrative regulations regarding the use conditions and other particulars for operations of services in an aerodrome for public use pursuant to the provisions of the Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and must display those administrative regulations in a location where they may easily be seen by aerodrome users.

(2)Any aerodrome provider set forth in the preceding paragraph must obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism before enacting the administrative regulations under the same paragraph (except the part pertaining to user fees under paragraph (1) of the preceding article) or making alterations thereof.

Article 55(1)Any person does not succeed in title of aerodrome provider or air navigation facility provider under this Act unless the person who intends to succeed in that title obtains permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, except in the case of paragraph (3).

(2)The provisions of Article 39, paragraph (1), item (iv) apply mutatis mutandis to the case where granting permissions set forth in the preceding paragraph.

(3)When an aerodrome provider or an air navigation facility provider has died, the heir (or in the case of two or more heirs, the heir has to be selected among the heirs to succeed in title of a provider after consultations) succeeds in title of the inheritee under the provisions of this Act.

(4)Any heir set forth in the preceding paragraph must, when the heir has succeeded in title of the decedant under this Act, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect without delay.

Article 55-2(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister establishes an aerodrome or an air navigation facility, or makes any alterations to the facility, comply with the standards under Article 39, paragraph (1) items (i), (ii) and (v).

(2)The provisions of Article 38, paragraph (3), Article 39, paragraph (2), Article 40, Article 46, Article 47, paragraph (1), Article 49, Article 50, Article 51, paragraphs (2), (4) and (5), and Article 54-2, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis when the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism establishes an aerodrome or an air navigation facility, or makes any alterations in the facility; provided, however, that the provisions of Article 39, paragraph (2) do not apply mutatis mutandis when the aerodrome site concerned had previously been provided lawfully for landing and taking off of aircraft and there are no structures, plants and other objects protruding above the approach surfaces, transitional surfaces or horizontal surfaces of the aerodrome concerned.

Article 56(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may designate the extended approach surface, conical surface or outer horizontal surface for first class aerodromes and second class aerodromes specified by Cabinet Order.

(2)The extended approach surface is a plane including the approach surface, and is also encircled by the outer base of the approach surface, whose lines extend outward and upward along oblique sides of the approach surface therewith, and parallel to the outer base concerned for a horizontal distance of 15,000 meters from the inner base of the approach surface.

(3)The conical surface is a conical plane, which extends from the periphery of a horizontal surface outward and upward at a slope, specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, of not less than 50 to 1 to intersect a vertical plane which includes the aerodrome reference point, and is also limited to the area necessary for securing safety of takeoff and landing of aircraft within the projected plane encircled and having a radius of not more than 16,500 meters from the aerodrome reference point as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(4)The outer horizontal surface is a horizontal plane extending outward from the outer and upper periphery of the conical surface set forth in the preceding paragraph, and is a projected plane with a radius of not more than 24,000 meters, as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, from the aerodrome reference point (except the part where the projected plane corresponds with the projected plane of the horizontal surface or conical surface), and is also limited to the area necessary for securing the safety of takeoff and landing of aircraft.

Article 56-2(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, in the case of designation under paragraph (1) of the preceding article or alterations to the particulars already designated, give consideration so as not to seriously harm the interests of the owners of land in the vicinity of the aerodrome or other persons who have interests.

(2)The provisions of Article 38, paragraph (3), Article 39, paragraph (2), and Article 40 apply mutatis mutandis to designation under paragraph (1) of the preceding article or alterations to matters already designated.

Article 56-3(1)No person must, when public notice is given under Article 40 which applies mutatis mutandis to paragraph (2) of the preceding article with regard to aerodromes as specified by the provisions of Article 56, paragraph (1), install, plant or leave any structures (except the part pertaining to the relevant construction in the structures which are under construction at the time of public notice), plants or any other objects which protrude above the extended approach surface, conical surface or outer horizontal surface (the surface taken is the lowest if overlap of these projected surfaces occurs) described in that public notice.

(2)The proviso of Article 49, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to the conical surface and the outer horizontal surface.

(3)The provisions of Article 49, paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis to objects in violation of the provisions of paragraph (1), and the provisions of paragraphs (3) through paragraph (8) of the same article apply mutatis mutandis to objects existing at the time of public notice under paragraph (1), which protrude above the extended approach surface, the conical surface or the outer horizontal surface.

Article 56-4(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister deems it necessary in enhancing the public interest, designate landing strips and any other facilities in an aerodrome established by the Self-Defense Forces as facilities for public use.

(2)The designation set forth in the preceding paragraph is conducted by giving public notice of the name and location of the facilities concerned and the outline of the installations and other matters specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when there have been any modifications to the particulars of which the public notice under the preceding paragraph was given, pertaining to the facilities designated under paragraph (1), notify any particulars pertaining to those modifications without delay.

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must give public notice of any revocation of the designation under paragraph (1) without delay.

(5)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister intends to establish that designation under paragraph (1), or to revoke the designation set forth in the preceding paragraph, consult with the Minister of Defense.

(6)The Minister of Defense must open the facilities for public use, when the facilities are designated under paragraph (1); provided, however, that this does not apply when there are unavoidable reasons.

(7)The Minister of Defense must not condone any unfair and discriminatory treatment of any users concerning use conditions of the facilities pertaining to the designation under paragraph (1).

Article 57No aircraft must be used for air navigation unless the nationality mark, registration mark and the owner's name are displayed on the aircraft in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the proviso of Article 11, paragraph (1).

Article 58(1)Any operator of aircraft must keep a flight logbook.

(2)Any operator of aircraft must, when the aircraft is used for air navigation, or repaired or altered, enter such particulars as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in a flight logbook without delay.

(3)The provisions under the preceding two paragraphs do not apply when permitted under the proviso of Article 11, paragraph (1).

Article 59No aircraft (except such aircraft as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) must be used for air navigation without carrying the following documents; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in accordance with the proviso of Article 11, paragraph (1).

Article 60No aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must be used for air navigation unless it is equipped with devices for measuring aircraft attitude, altitude, position or the course to be flown, wireless telephone, and other devices for ensuring the safe flight operations of aircraft pursuant to the provision of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 61(1)No aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must be used for air navigation unless it is equipped with a flight-data recorder or other devices for recording aircraft flight operations and those devices are activated pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)Any operator of aircraft set forth in the preceding paragraph must preserve data obtained from devices mentioned in the same paragraph pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 62No aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must be used for air navigation unless it is equipped with parachutes, life jackets, emergency signal lights, and other first-aid tools as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 63No aircraft must, when it is used for air transport services or for flights under instrument flight rules, start unless it carries a quantity of fuel specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 64Any aircraft must, when it is operated at night (between sunset and sunrise; the same applies hereinafter) or parked on aerodrome used at night, be marked with lights pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that any aircraft operated or parked on water conforms to the provisions of the Act on Preventing Collision at Sea (Act No.62, 1977).

Article 65(1)Any aircraft must be boarded by an airman who can pilot the aircraft pursuant to the provisions of Article 28.

(2)Any aircraft which is listed in the "Aircraft" column of the following table must be boarded by an airman who can perform functions listed in the "Duties" column of the smae table pursuant to the provisions of Article 28, in addition to an airman set forth in the preceding paragraph.

Article 66(1)Any aircraft which is listed in the "Aircraft" column of the following table must be boarded by an airman who can perform functions listed in the "Duties" column of the same table pursuant to the provisions of Article 28, in addition to an airman required under the preceding article.

(2)Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, any aircraft may, when an airman who is engaged in other duties can perform the respective duties listed in the "Duties" column of the table under the same paragraph, and the performance of the airman's own duties are not adversely affected by those activities, not be boarded by an airman required under the same paragraph.

Article 67(1)Any airman must, when performing their air navigation duties, carry a competence certificate.

(2)Any airman must, when performing of thier air navigation duties on board an aircraft, carry both a competence certificate and an aviation medical certificate.

Article 68No person who operates air transport services must permit any airman to engage in air navigation services on board the aircraft used unless the crew assignment schedule is made in accordance with the standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 69No member of the aircrew (any person who engages in air navigation services on board an aircraft; the same applies hereinafter ) must engage in the operation of an aircraft used for air transport services, or make an instrument or night flight, or conduct flight instructions under Article 34, paragraph (2), unless that member has the required flight experience within a certain period pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 70No member of the aircrew must engage in air navigation services while that member is under the influence of alcohol or drugs or other chemical agents which are likely to impair in anyway their ability to perform normal operations of aircraft.

Article 71No member of the aircrew of an aircraft must, when that member becomes physically unfit to the medical examination standards under Article 31, paragraph (3), engage in air navigation services, even if that member's aviation medical certificate issued under Article 32 is still valid.

Article 71-2Any person who is piloting an aircraft (or their on-board supervisor where the pilot is undergoing pilot training or instrument flight training) must, while in flight, keep watch so as not to collide with other aircraft or other objects irrespective of whether that person is engaged in a flight in accordance with the instructions given by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism under the provisions of Article 96, paragraph (1), except under such weather conditions that will not permit that peron to recognize any objects outside their own aircraft.

Article 72(1)No person must board, as pilot in command, an aircraft used for air transport services specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, unless that person has obtained the approval of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism with regard to the required knowledge and skill for pilot in command as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must examine on a regular basis whether or not any person who has obtained approval set forth in the preceding paragraph maintains the required level of knowledge and skill under the same paragraph.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, whenever the Minister deems it necessary, examine from time to time whether or not any person who has obtained an approval under paragraph (1), maintains the knowledge and skill under the same paragraph.

(4)Where any person who has obtained approval under paragraph (1) fails to undergo an examination under paragraph (2) or refuses to undergo an examination set forth in the preceding paragraph, or fails to pass that examination set forth in paragraph (2) or the preceding paragraph, the aforementioned approval ceases to be effective.

(5)The provisions of paragraph (1) do not apply, when any pilot in command, who falls within the scope provided by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and acts as an aircrew member of any aircraft operated by a domestic air carrier specified under Article 102, paragraph (1) as may be, upon application, designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "designated domestic air carrier"), has been approved by the aforementioned designated domestic air carrier regarding having the required knowledge and skill under paragraph (1).

(6)Any designated domestic air carrier must execute an examination for those who have obtained approval set forth in the preceding paragraph and those who board an aircraft for air transport services as pilot in command and have obtained approval under paragraph (1), in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (2) and (3) accordingly.In this case, the provisions of paragraphs (2) and (3) do not apply.

(7)The provisions of paragraph (4) apply mutatis mutandis to the examination set forth in the preceding paragraph.

(8)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, whenever the Minister deems it necessary, also carry out an examination under paragraphs (2) and (3) for persons to be examined by the designated domestic air carrier pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (6).In this case, the provisions of paragraph (4) apply.

(9)The designated domestic air carrier must, in granting approval under paragraphs (5) and executing examination under paragraph (6), authorize such persons, who have been designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism upon application by the designated domestic air carrier and who meet the requirements specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, to perform the aforementioned duties.

(10)The detailed particulars necessary for the implementation of the provisions of the preceding paragraphs are stipulated in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(11)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the designated domestic air carrier violates the provisions of paragraph (6) or (9) or the provisions under the preceding paragraph as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism set forth in the preceding paragraph, order that carrier to take necessary measures for improving operations of approval under paragraph (5) or examination under paragraph (6), or to suspend the whole or part of operations of approval or examination for a certain period within six months, or may revoke the designation under paragraph (5).

Article 73The pilot in command (any person who performs duties of a pilot in command, in cases where the pilot in command cannot perform those duties; the same applies hereinafter) directs and supervises those who perform their duties on board the aircraft.

Article 73-2The pilot in command must not start an aircraft, unless the pilot has confirmed that the aircraft has no problems for flight and the necessary preparation for air navigation has been completed, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 73-3No person on board an aircraft must commit an act which impedes safety of the aircraft, inflicts damage on any other person or property therein, disturbs the order on board, or violates discipline on board (hereinafter referred to as "safety impeding acts")

Article 73-4(1)The pilot in command may, from the moment when all external doors of the aircraft are closed for takeoff until the moment when any that door is opened for disembarkation after landing, in the case where that pilot has reasonable grounds sufficient to believe that a person on board the aircraft has committed or is about to commit any safety impeding act, impose upon that person restraint or other necessary measures (except the order to be issued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (5)) to deter the act, or disembark the offending person, within the limit necessary for the preservation of safety of the aircraft, protection of any other person or property therein, or maintenance of order or discipline on board.

(2)The pilot in command must not, after landing, in the case where that pilot has imposed restraint upon a person pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, except when that person agrees to onward carriage under restraint, or when there exists unavoidable circumstances with regard to not disembarking the offending person, take off the aircraft with that person on board under any form of consecutive restraint.

(3)Any person on board the aircraft may, upon request or approval of the pilot in command, provide the necessary assistance for that pilot to implement the measures set forth in the paragraph (1).

(4)The pilot in command must, in landing the aircraft with a person on board who has been placed under restraint pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), or with a person on board to be disembarked pursuant to the provisions of the same paragraph, notify the nearest air traffic control unit of the fact that the person is on board with the reason for restraint or disembarkation, if possible prior to landing.

(5)The pilot in command may, when a person on board an aircraft has committed any of the following safety impeding acts, order the person not to repeat or continue that act, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: An act of operating an opening and closing device of an external door or an emergency exit without reasonable cause, An act of smoking in a lavatory, An act of interfering with the execution of the duties of the crew on board the aircraft and An act as specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to be prohibited for the preservation of safety of the aircraft, protection of any other person or property therein, or maintenance of order or discipline on board.

Article 74The pilot in command may, when a danger occurs or that pilot deems to a danger to be likely to occur, to the aircraft or passengers, order the passengers on board regarding the procedures for evacuation or other particulars necessary for safety (excluding assistance necessary for the pilot in command to take measures under paragraph (1) of the preceding article.)

Article 75The pilot in command must, when an imminent danger occurs to the aircraft during flight, employ every possible means necessary for rescuing passengers and preventing injury or damage to persons or objects on the land or water.

Article 76(1)The pilot in command must, in the event of any of the following accidents, report to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that if the pilot in command is unable to report, the operator of the aircraft must report.

(2)The pilot in command must, when that pilot has learnt that any accident specified in the item (i) of the preceding paragraph has occurred to any other aircraft, report such to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, except when that pilot has learnt of that accident through radio telegraph or radio telecommunication, in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The pilot in command must, when that pilot has directly learnt during flight that any malfunction of any air navigation facility or any other incident which is deemed to be likely to affect the safe operation of aircraft specified in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, have occurred, except when that pilot has learnt of that incident through other sources, report such to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 76-2The pilot in command must, when that pilot has recognized during flight that there was a danger of collision or contact with any other aircraft, or there is a danger of causing any of accidents listed in each item of paragraph (1) of the preceding article, specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism report such to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 77No aircraft used for air transport services specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must be started or its flight plan must not be altered unless the pilot in command has obtained approval from a flight dispatcher provided by a domestic air carrier under Article 102, paragraph (1).

Article 78(1)A flight dispatcher under the preceding article must be a person who has passed a competence examination for a flight dispatcher, which is administered by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)A competence examination for a flight dispatcher will be executed to determine whether or not an applicant possesses such knowledge and competence with regard to aircraft, air navigation facilities, radio communications and meteorology that are necessary for performing his/her duties under the preceding article.

(3)No person may be eligible for a competence test for an aircraft dispatcher unless that person is of such age and has such experience in navigation of aircraft as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

(4)The provisions of Articles 27, 29 and 30 apply mutatis mutandis to a competence test for an aircraft dispatcher.

(5)Application procedures for a competence test for an aircraft dispatcher and other detailed matters thereof are stipulated in Ordre of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 79No aircraft (other than those specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) must take off or land, on land, at places other than aerodromes, and on water, at places other than those specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 80No aircraft must be flown over such area as is likely to endanger the safe navigation of other aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 81No aircraft must be flown, except during taking off or landing, at an altitude lower than that specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, taking into consideration the safety of persons or objects on land or water as well as the safety of aircraft; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 81-2The provisions of the preceding three articles do not apply to flights conducted by an aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for search and rescue operations in case of aircraft accidents, maritime accidents, and other accidents.

Article 82(1)Any aircraft must, when flying at an altitude of 900 meters (300 meters, in case of flying under instrument flight rules) or higher above the surface of land or water, cruise at an altitude specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)No aircraft must, when flying without relying on instrument flight rules in an airspace congested with air traffic as may be designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in the public notice within airways in an air traffic control area (except the positive control airspace as stipulated in Article 94-2, paragraph (1)), change its cruising altitude; provided, however, that the same does not apply in the following cases:

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, in each airspace area set forth in the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to as "altitude change prohibited airspace"), designate in the public notice the occasion during which the restrictions under the provisions of the preceding paragraph are applied.

Article 82-2No aircraft must be flown at a speed faster than that specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism within the following airspace categories; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 83All aircraft must navigate in accordance with the course, route, speed and other navigation methods as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, for the purpose of preventing collision with other aircraft or ships and securing the safety of takeoffs and landings of aircraft at an aerodrome; provided, however, that the Act on Preventing Collisions at Sea applies when an aircraft is over water.

Article 83-2No aircraft must, unless permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, be navigated under flight rules that reduce the vertical separation from any other aircraft in a vertical direction or any other particular flight rules specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 84(1)No aircraft used for air transport services msut, unless permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, engage in formation flights.

(2)The pilot in command of the aircraft must, in executing formation flight, make arrangements, prior to that flight, on the methods of formation, the methods of signal between aircraft and other matters specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 85No aircraft must engage in a flight at a low-altitude, generate buzz-saw noise, or dive to a low altitude without operational necessity, or must be piloted in such a manner as is annoying to other persons.

Article 86(1)An aircraft must not carry any items of an explosive or highly combustible nature, or any other items which are liable to injure persons or to damage items, as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)No person must carry into an aircraft any itmes set forth in under the preceding paragraph.

Article 86-2(1)Any person who operates an air transport services may, when that person has any reason sufficient for suspecting that any cargo, baggage or personal effects carried by passengers or any other items which have been carried or are about to be carried into an aircraft, judging from their shape, weight or other circumstances, constitute the items referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding article, refuse carriage of these items in an aircraft and require the consignor or the posssessor of these items to unload them, or unload them by themselves; provided, however, that the person who operates air transport services may unload those items by themselves only when the consignor or the posssessor of those items is not present there.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when considering it particularly necessary for securing the safety of air navigation, order those who operate air transport services to take measures specified in the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 87(1)Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 65 and 66, any aircraft equipped with apparatus which enables it to fly without being boarded by a pilot may, when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, engage in flight without being boarded by any pilot under the provisions of those Articles.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, in granting permission set forth in the preceding paragraph, impose flying restrictions on that aircraft, when the Minister deems it necessary to prevent any dangerous effects on other aircraft.

Article 88Towing of objects by an aircraft must be carried out in accordance with the safety standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 89No person must drop any object from an aircraft; provided, however, that this does not apply where there exists no danger of causing injury or damage to persons or objects on land or water and where the intentions for that action have been reported to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 90No person other than those who have obtained permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must engage in a parachute descent from an aircraft.

Article 91(1)No aircraft must make loops, rolls, or any other acrobatic flights specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and engage in aircraft test flights or any other extremely high speed flights specified by the Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "acrobatic flights, etc."), except when those flights are conducted outside the following airspace categories and in the airspace above the height specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and furthermore when flight visibility is greater than the minimum specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)When an aircraft is to engage in acrobatic flights, etc., a person piloting the aircraft (or the on-board supervisor when the pilot is undergoing pilot training) must, before flying, ensure that the intended flight would not endanger the safe operation of any aircraft flying in the vicinity.

Article 92(1)No aircraft must engage in any of the following flight categories (other than the acrobatic flights, etc.) in an air traffic control area or air traffic control zone; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding article apply mutatis mutandis when any aircraft engages in a flight listed in item (iii) of the preceding paragraph (including flights that falls under the item listed in items (i) or (ii) of the same paragraph).

Article 93No aircraft must, when it is possible to determine its position and course by utilizing ground references, engage in an instrument flight or an instrument navigation flight.

Article 94Any aircraft under instrument meteorological conditions must be navigated in accordance with instrument flight rules within an air traffic control area, air traffic control zone or air traffic information zone, and must not fly in any other airspace; provided, however, that the same does not apply when there is an unforeseeable rapid deterioration in weather conditions or other compelling reasons, or when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 94-2(1)Any aircraft must be navigated under instrument flight rules within an airspace designated in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in an air traffic control area or an air traffic control zone (hereinafter referred to as "positive control airspace"), or an airspace above the height specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, in each positive control airspace, designate in the public notice the occasion during which the restrictions under provisions of the preceding paragraph are applied.

Article 95No aircraft must, in a air traffic control zone, engage in a flight other than those listed below; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 95-2(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is, for the purpose of ensuring appropriate use of airspace as well as safe and smooth air traffic, to establish flight routes in consideration of air traffic and weather conditions in airspace, monitor and adjust traffic volume, provide information on the above conditions to operators of domestic scheduled air transport services and other air transport services as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "domestic scheduled air transport service operators, etc."), and take any other necessary measures in addition to what are provided for in Articles 96 and 97.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is, in taking those measures set forth in the preceding paragraph, to maintain close contact and coordination with heads of relevant administrative organ and domestic scheduled air transport service operators, etc.

(3)No domestic scheduled air transport service operators, etc. provided information by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) must disclose without due cause to others or use for any unauthorized purpose such information on a flight plan of other aircraft or other details which may affect the safe navigation of other aircraft as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that any of domestic scheduled air transport services operators, etc. violates or might violate the provisions of the preceding paragraph, stop providing those domestic scheduled air transport services operators, etc. with information under paragraph (1).

Article 95-3When an aircraft is to engage in a flight specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in airspace designated in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as airspace in which aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism engage exclusively in an acrobatic flights, etc. or flights listed in each item of Article 92, paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "civil training and testing area"), a plan for training, test, etc. must be notified to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and approved by the Minister. The same applies to any intended changes to the approved plan for training and test, etc.

Article 96(1)Any aircraft must, in an air traffic control area or an air traffic control zone, be navigated in accordance with instructions which are given by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, in consideration of ensuring safe and smooth air traffic, with regard to the order, time or method of takeoff or landing, or the flight method.

(2)Any person who engages in works at an aerodrome designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism set forth in Article 2, paragraph (12) (including any person who engages in works relating to construction at the aerodrome specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) must comply with instructions given for the safety of air traffic at the aerodrome by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism with regard to that person's works.

(3)Any aircraft must, when engaging in any of the following flights, engage in that flight after having communicated with the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in order to receive instructions from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism under provisions of paragraph (1).

(4)Any aircraft must, during a flight listed in each item under the preceding paragraph, listen to instructions from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism under provisions of paragraph (1).

(5)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, with regard to each air traffic control zone, designate in the public notice the occasion during which the restrictions under provisions of the preceding two paragraphs are applied.

(6)In the case of a flight listed in paragraph (3), items (i) through (iii) during the occasion designated in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in occasions other than those pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) (limited to those pertaining to item (i)) of the succeeding article apply mutatis mutandis.

Article 96-2(1)Any aircraft must, in a flight in an air traffic information zone or a civil training and testing area, engage in that flight after having communicated with the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in order to obtain information on navigation of other aircraft in that airspace; provided, however, that the same does not apply where the aircraft is navigated in accordance with instructions under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding article or it is difficult to communicate as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)Any aircraft must, during any of the following flights, listen to information under the provisions of the preceding paragraph; provided, however, that the same does not apply where the aircraft is navigated in accordance with instructions under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding article or it is difficult to receive information as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, with regard to each air traffic information zone or civil training and testing area, designate in the public notice the occasion during which the restrictions under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs are applied.

Article 97(1)An aircraft must, when departing from an aerodrome pertaining to an air traffic control zone or an air traffic information zone, or flying in an air traffic control area, an air traffic control zone, or an air traffic information zone, under instrument flight rules, report its flight plan to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and obtain the Minister's approval. The same applies to any intended changes to the approved flight plan.

(2)Any aircraft must, before engaging in a flight (except such cases as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism), except the case under the preceding paragraph, report its flight plan to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that an aircraft may, when it is difficult to report a flight plan in advance as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, report the flight plan to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism even after starting flight, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)Any aircraft for which its flight plan has been approved or has been reported pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2), must be navigated in accordance with the flight plan in addition to instructions from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism under Article 96, paragraph (1); provided, however, that the same does not apply to navigate in accordance with the procedures specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in the case of telecommunication device failure.

(4)Any aircraft for which its flight plan has been approved or has been reported pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) must, while it is flying in an air traffic control area, an air traffic control zone, or an air traffic information zone, report to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism the aircraft position, flight conditions, and other particulars as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 98The pilot in command of aircraft for which its flight plan has been approved or its flight plan has been reported pursuant to the provisions of the preceding article must, when the aircraft has completed the flight described in the flight plan, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect without delay.

Article 99The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must provide aircrews with necessary information for the navigation of aircraft pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 99-2(1)No person must launch rockets or perform any action (except installation of objects and planting of trees), as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, which might affect the flights of aircraft in an air traffic control zone, an air traffic information zone, an altitude change prohibited airspace or a positive control airspace within an air traffic control area; provided, however, that the same does not apply when the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism deems that the action poses no danger to the flights of aircraft or is necessary in the public interest and transitory and permits that action.

(2)Any person who intends to perform actions which might affect flights of aircraft (except installation of objects and planting of trees) in an airspace other than that set forth in the preceding paragraph, as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, must make a prior report to that effect to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 100(1)Any person who operates air transport services must obtain a license from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)Any person who intends to obtain a license set forth in the preceding paragraph must submit an application to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, describing the following particulars:

(3)Any applicant for a license under paragraph (1) must, when intends to engage in international air transport services, state, in the operation plan, the particulars regarding international air transport services as may be specified by the Order of the Ministy of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, in addition to those listed in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph.

(4)An application under paragraph (2) must be attached by a financial plan and other documents stating particulars as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 101(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when there has been an application for the license under the preceding article, examine whether it conforms to each of the following:

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister deems that the application conforms to the standards pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph as a result of examination under the provisions of the same paragraph, issue a license for air transport services.

Article 102(1)No person who has obtained a license under Article 100, paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "domestic air carrier") must, unless facilities for air navigation management of aircraft used for the services pertaining to that license, facilities for maintenance of aircraft, and other facilities necessary to ensure safe navigation of aircraft as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "operating facilities, etc.") have undergone and passed an inspection by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, perform operation or maintenance of aircraft in those facilities. The same applies to any significant changes to those operating facilities, etc. as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister finds that any domestic air carrier is capable of performing its services safely and properly in accordance with this Act as a result of an inspection set forth in the preceding paragraph, pass the facility.

Article 103Any domestic air carrier must realize that it is most important to ensure transportation safety and continue to make efforts for improvement in transportation safety.

Article 103-2(1)Any domestic air carrier (except those whose management scale is less than that specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; hereinafter the same applies in this article) must establish the safety management rules and notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same appliees to any changes thereof.

(2)The safety management rules must contain necessary particulars pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, with regard to the following particulars to be complied by a domestic air carrier for ensuring transportation safety.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that the safety management rules do not conform to the provisions under the preceding paragraph, order the relevant domestic air carrier to modify those rules.

(4)Any domestic air carrier must appoint a safety manager.

(5)Any domestic air carrier must, when that carrier has appointed or have dismissed a safety manager, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect without delay pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(6)Any domestic air carrier must respect the opinions of a safety manager in performing their duties with regard to ensuring transportation safety.

(7)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that a safety manager has neglected thier duties and thier continuing engagement in those duties might significantly affect operations to ensure transportation safety, order the domestic air carrier to dismiss the safety manager.

Article 104(1)Any domestic air carrier must issue operation rules and maintenance rules with regard to the particulars concerning the operation and maintenance of aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies to any changes thereof.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister finds the operation rules and the maintenance rules set forth in the preceding paragraph conforms to the technical standards specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, grant approval under the same paragraph.

Article 105(1)Any domestic air carrier must fix tariffs and charges for passenger and cargo (except mail pertaining to international air transport services; the same applies to paragraph (3)), and notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect in advance. The same applies to any charges thereof.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that tariffs and charges set forth in the preceding paragraph falls under any of the following categories, order the domestic air carrier to change tariffs and charges within a certain time limit.

(3)Any domestic air carrier who intends to operate international air transport services must, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), fix tariffs and charges for passenger and cargo pertaining to the relevant services, and obtain prior approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies to any charges thereof.

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the tariffs and charges set forth in the preceding paragraph fall under none of the items of paragraph (2) and conform to the contents of the concerned international agreement if there is an agreement on air navigation or any other international agreement pertaining to the relevant international air transport services with a foreign country, grant approval set forth in the preceding approval.

Article 106(1)Any domestic air carrier must establish conditions of carriage and obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies to any changes thereof.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister intends to grant an approval set forth in the preceding paragraph, comply with the following standards:

Article 107Any domestic air carrier must post a notification about tariffs and charges and the conditions of carriage, legible to the public, at its business offices and at other places of business.

Article 107-2(1)Any domestic air carrier who intends to start domestic scheduled air transport services must prepare a flight plan (a plan describing aerodromes, number of flights, arrival/departure times for each route and other pariculars specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; the same applies hereinafter), and submit the flight plan to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in advance.

(2)Any domestic air carrier who has submitted its flight plan under the preceding paragraph must, when that carrier intends to make any changes to that flight plan, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect in advance.

(3)Any domestic air carrier set forth in the preceding paragraph must, when that carrier intends to make any changes to its flight plan pertaining to abandonment of a route, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect six months before those changes (two months before, in the case where the Minister deems that those changes would not hamper convenience of users as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism).

(4)Any domestic air carrier under the paragraph (2) must, when that carrier intends to close down its domestic scheduled air transport services, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect six months before that closedown (two months before, in the case where that carrier deems that that closedown would not hamper convenience of users as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism).

Article 107-3(1)Any domestic air carrier who intends to start domestic air transport services using a congested aerodrome (an aerodrome where the number of takeoff and landing per day or hour needs to be restricted in light of its use status for ensuring safe operation of aircraft, as may be designated in Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; the same applies hereinafter) must obtain a license for each congested aerodrome from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism with regard to flight operations using that congested aerodromes.

(2)Any domestic air carrier who intends to obtain a license set forth in the preceding paragraph must submit an application containing a flight plan pertaining to a route using the relevant congested aerodrome to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister intends to grant a license under paragraph (1), comply with the following standards:

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister intends to grant a license under paragraph (1), consider the prior and existing use status of the relevant congested aerodrome of the domestic air carrier under the same paragraph.

(5)The validity period of a license under paragraph (1) is the end of the unit period (each period divided by years specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism within five years after the designation pertaining to the relevant aerodrome as a congested aerodrome under the same paragraph) including the approval date.

(6)Any domestic air carrier who has obtained a license under paragraph (1) must, when that carrier intends to make any changes to its flight plan under paragraph (2), obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(7)The provisions under paragraph (3) apply mutatis mutandis to the approval set forth in the preceding paragraph.

(8)Any domestic air carrier under paragraph (6) must, when that carrier intends to close down its domestic scheduled air transport services using the relevant congested aerodrome, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect six months before that closedown (two months before, in the case where the Minister deems that that closedown would not hamper convenience of users as may be specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism).

(9)With regard to the application of the provisions of the preceding article to an domestic air carrier under paragraph (1), the term "flight plan" in paragraphs (1) through (3) of the same article is deemed to be relplaced with "flight plan pertaining to routes that do not use the congested aerodrome under paragraph (1) of the following article", and the term "domestic scheduled air transport services" in paragraph (4) of the same article is deemed to be replaced with "domestic air transport services (except those using the congested aerodrome under paragraph (1) of the following article)".

(10)In the event of designation as a congested aerodrome under paragraph (1), any domestic air carrier who operates domestic scheduled air transport services using the relevant congested aerodrome at the time of the designation is deemed to have obtained approval under the same paragraph on the day of the designation pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(11)In the event of revocation of the designation as a congested aerodrome under paragraph (1), an domestic air carrier who operates domestic scheduled air transport services using the relevant congested aerodrome at the time of the revocation is deemed to have submitted a notification under the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding article pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 108(1)Any domestic air carrier must, in conducting its business operations, comply with the operation plan and flight plan, except when weather conditions or other unavoidable circumstances do not permit.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds any domestic air carrier in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, order that domestic air carrier to conduct its business operations in compliance with the business plan and flight plan.

Article 109(1)Any domestic air carrier must, when intending to alter its operation plan (excluding alterations specified under the provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4)), obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The provisions of Article 101 (except those pertaining to paragraph (1), item (v)) apply mutatis mutandis to approval set forth in the preceding paragraph.

(3)Any domestic air carrier must, when intending to alter its operation in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect in advance.

(4)Any domestic air carrier must, when intending to alter the minor part of its operation in accordance with Ordre of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect without delay.

Article 110The provisions of the Act on the Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade do not apply to any of the following action effected upon approval under paragraph (1) of the following article; provided, however, that the same does not apply in case where unfair business practices are used or substantive limitations in competition in the specific field of trade unfairly harm the interests of users, or where one month has passed since a public announcement under the provisions of Article 111-3, paragraph (4) was made (except where the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has made a decision under the provisions of Article 111-2 upon request under paragraph (3) of the same article).

Article 111(1)Any domestic air carrier must, when intending to conclude any agreement under each item of the preceding article, or to alter the contents of the agreement, obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must not grant approval set forth in the preceding paragraph unless the contents of the agreement pertaining to the application for approval under the same paragraph conform to the following standards:

Article 111-2The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister finds that the contents of the agreement pertaining to the approval under paragraph (1) of the preceding article become unconformable to the provisions of each item of paragraph (2) of the same article, order the domestic air carrier to alter the contents of the agreement, or revoke the approval.

Article 111-3(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister intends to grant approval under Article 111, paragraph (1) with regard to the agreement under Article 110, paragraph (1), consult with the Fair Trade Commission.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister grants approval under Article 111, paragraph (1) with regard to the agreement under Article 110, paragraph (2) or takes any actions under the provisions of the preceding article with regard to the agreement under any of the items of Article 110, notify the Fair Trade Commission to that effect without delay.

(3)The Fair Trade Commission may, when it finds that the contents of the agreement under any of the items of Article 110, which are approved under Article 111, paragraph (1), become unconformable to the standards under each item of Article 111, paragraph (2), call for the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to take any actions under the provisions of the preceding article.

(4)The Fair Trade Commission must, when it makes a demand under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, give a public notice to that effect in the official gazette.

Article 111-4Any domestic air carrier must, when an event which affects normal flight operations of any aircraft specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, occurs, report the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 111-5The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is to organize particulars pertaining on reports under the provisions of the preceding article and an order under the provisions of Article 112, or any other information on transport safety specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and make that information available to the public every business year.

Article 111-6Any domestic air carrier must prepare a safety report (a document or electronic or magnetic records (a record made by an electronic form, a magnetic form, or any other form not recognizable to human perception, which is used in information processing by computers), which describes or records measures taken or to be taken for ensuring transportation safety and other information on transportation safety specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and make that report available to the public every business year.

Article 112The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that the business of any domestic air carrier adversely affects transportation safety, user-friendliness, and other public interests, order the domestic air carrier to do any of the following acts:

Article 113(1)No domestic air carrier must allow another person to utilize its name for air transport services.

(2)No domestic air carrier must allow another person to operate its business under its name regardless of by lending the business or by other means.

Article 113-2(1)With regard to flight operations or maintenance of aircraft used for the services of any domestic air carrier, entrusting/entrusted operational control must be granted a license by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must, when the Minister grants a license under the preceding paragraph, comply with the following standards:

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds that entrusting/entrusted operational control under paragraph (1) no longer complies with any of the standards listed in items of the preceding paragraph, order the entrustee to take necessary measures for improvement in entrusted operational control for flight operations and maintenance, or revoke the license granted under paragraph (1).

Article 114(1)In the case where any domestic air carrier transfers its air transport services, the transferee may succeed to the transferor's title under this Act after both the transferor and the transferee have obtained the approval for that transfer and acquisition from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The provisions of Article 101 apply mutatis mutandis to the approval set forth in the preceding paragraph.

Article 115(1)In the case of a merger of a juridical person who is a domestic air carrier (except when any juridical person who is a domestic air carrier continues to exist after a juridical person who is a domestic air carrier conducts a merger with a juridical person who is not engaged in air transport services), or in the case of demerger of that juridical person (only in the case where a divided corporation succeeds to its air transport services), the juridical person who continues to exist after the merger or is established by the merger, or the juridical person succeeds to air transport services upon demerger, may succeed to the title as a domestic air carrier under this Act, when the merger or demerger has been approved by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The provisions of Article 101 apply mutatis mutandis to the approval set forth in the preceding paragraph.

Article 116(1)In the case of the death of a domestic air carrier, the heir (or an heir who is considered suitable for succeeding to the business after consultation between two or more heirs) succeeds to the title under this Act of that domestic air carrier who constitutes the decedent.

(2)When the heir set forth in the preceding paragraph fails to apply to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for approval of their inheritance within sixty days subsequent to the death of the decedent, the license for air transport services ceases to be effective after the expiration of that period. The same applies on and after the day on which the disposition on an application for approval has been rendered and that application has been rejected.

(3)The provisions of Article 101 apply mutais mutandis to the approval set forth in the preceding paragraph.

Article 117Deleted

Article 118Any domestic air carrier must, when it has closed its business, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect without delay.

Article 119The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when any domestic air carrier falls under any of the following cases, order the domestic air carrier to suspend the whole or part of business for a certain period within six months or revoke the license granted under Article 100, paragraph (1).

Article 120In the case where any domestic air carrier has come to fall under any of the categories listed in item of Article 4, paragraph (1) or any holding company of a domestic air carrier as a corporation has come to fall under any of the categories listed in item (iv) of the same paragraph, the license pertaining to the domestic air carrier under Article 100, paragraph (1) cease to be effective.

Article 120-2(1)Any domestic air carrier, which is a corporation issuing shares listed on a stock exchange or those specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as equivalent to them, and its holding companies, etc. may, when it is requested by a person who has obtained its shares and falls under any of the categories listed in Article 4, paragraph (1), items (i) through (iii) (hereinafter referred to as "foreigner nationals, etc.") to enroll or register that person's name and address in the shareholders' list, refuse to enroll or register that name and address if the domestic air carrier has come to fall under item (iv) of the same paragraph by accepting that request.

(2)Any domestic air carrier, and its holding companies, etc. set forth in the preceding paragraph must give the public notice of the percentage of foreign nationals, etc. in shareholder voting rights pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply where the percentage falls short of the level specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 121and Article 122 Deleted

Article 123(1)Any person who intends to operate aerial work services must obtain a license from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The provisions of Article 100, paragraphs (2) and (4) as well as Article 101 (except for those pertaining to paragraph (1), item (iv)) apply mutatis mutandis to license set forth in the preceding paragraph.In this case, the term "whether or not intending to engage in international air transport services, and other matters" in Article 100, paragraph (2), item (ii) is deemed to be replaced with "other matters".

Article 124The provisions of Articles 102, 103, 108, 109, 111-4, and 112 (except those pertaining to item (ii) and (iii)), 113, 114-116 (except those pertaining to Article 114, paragraph (2), Article 115, paragraph (2), or Article 116, paragraph (3), which apply mutatis mutandis to Article 101, paragraph (1), item (iv)), and 118-120 apply mutatis mutandis to aerial work services.In this case, the term "operation plan and flight operation plan" in Article 108 and the term "operation plan or flight operation plan" in Article 112, item (i) are deemed to be replaced with "operation plan".

Article 125(1)License or approval under this chapter may be attached with conditions or validity period, and the attached conditions and validity period may be modified.

(2)The conditions or validity period set forth in the preceding paragraph must be limited to the minimum necessary to promote the public interest, or to secure the practice of particulars pertaining to license or approval, and must not be of such a nature as to impose an undue burden upon a domestic air carrier or an aerial work service operator (a person who has been licensed under Article 123, paragraph (1); the same applies hereinafter).

Article 126(1)Any aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state, which is a Contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (hereinafter referred to briefly as "Contracting State") (except any aircraft which is used for the concerned services by any person who has obtained permission under Article 129, paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "foreign international air carrier"), any aircraft which is used for the concerned transportation by any person who has obtained permission under Article 130-2, and any aircraft which is used by any foreign state, any public entity or any equivalent of a foreign state) must, when it engages in any of the following flights, obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply to any flights operated along designated airways.

(2)Any aircraft having the nationality of a Contracting State, which is used by any foreign state, any public entity or any equivalent of a foreign state, and any aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state other than a Contracting State (except any aircraft which is used for the concerned services by any foreign international carrier or any aircraft which is used for the concerned transportation by any person who has obtained permission under Article 130-2) must, when it engages in a flight listed in any item of the preceding paragraph, obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)Any aircraft used for military, customs or police operations are regarded as aircraft used by a state with regard to application of the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs.

(4)Any aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state must, upon request by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, when it engages a flight listed in each item of paragraph (1), land at the designated aerodrome without delay.

(5)Any aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state must, when it engages in a navigation listed to in paragraph (1), item (i) or (ii), land at or take off from an aerodrome designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, except in very unfavorable weather conditions or other unavoidable circumstances; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 127No aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state (except for any aircraft which is used for the concerned services of any foreign international carrier or any aircraft which is used for the concerned transportation by any person who has obtained permission under Article 130-2) must be used for any flights between points within Japan; provided, however, that the same does not apply when permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 128No aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state must, unless permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, carry munitions specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism on a flight listed to in each item of Article 126, paragraph (1).

Article 129(1)Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 100, paragraph (1), any person listed to in (a) or (e) of Article 101, paragraph (1), item (v) may, upon permission by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, operate services for passenger or cargo transport through any flight listed in each item of Article 126, paragraph (1) (including flights between points in Japan which are made in connection thereof) for remuneration in response to demand of other persons.

(2)Any person who intends to obtain permission set forth in the preceding paragraph must submit an application to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, describing the operation plan, the proposed commencement date of operation, and other particulars specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may request an applicant to submit other documents in addition to those prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

Article 129-2Any foreign international air carrier must fix tariffs and charges for passenger and cargo (except postal items) and obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies in case of any alteration thereof.

Article 129-3(1)Any foreign international air carrier must, in performing its business, comply with the submitted operation plan except when weather conditions or other unavoidable circumstances do not permit.

(2)Any foreign international air carrier must, when intending to alter its operation plan, obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same does not apply in case of alterations pertaining to minor matters specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)Any foreign international air carrier must, when it has altered its operation plan with regard to particulars under the proviso of the preceding paragraph, notify the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect without delay.

Article 129-4The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister finds it necessary, order any foreign international air carrier to take the following action:

Article 129-5The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when any foreign international air carrier falls under any of the following cases, order the foreign international air carrier to suspend its services for a certain period or revoke the license.

Article 130No aircraft pertaining to the permission under the proviso of Article 127, or used for the concerned services by any foreign intentional air carrier or the concerned transportation by any person who has obtained permission under the following article, must be used for passenger or cargo transport for remuneration between points in Japan; provided, however, that the same does not apply where permitted by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Article 130-2Any aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state (except any aircraft which is used for the concerned services of any foreign international air carrier) must obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, when it engages in passenger or cargo transport for remuneration arriving in Japan by a flight referred to in Article 126, paragraph (1), item (i) (including flights between points in Japan which is made in connection thereof) or departing from Japan by a flight referred to in item (ii) of the same paragraph (including flights between points in Japan which is made in connection thereof).

Article 131With regard to airworthiness, noise level, engine emissions and aircrew qualification for the following aircraft, any certification, license, or other act, as well as any qualification certificate or other document thereof made by any foreign state to which the nationality of tht aircraft belongs (including any contracting state in cases where there is an agreement under Article 83-2 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation between that foreign state and any contracting state in which the owner of that aircraft has the address), is regarded as aircraft registration certificate under Article 6, airworthiness certification under Article 10, paragraph (1), airworthiness certificate under paragraph (7) of the same article, competence certification under Article 22, competence certificate under Article 23, aviation medical certification under Article 31, paragraph (1), and aviation medical certificate under paragraph (2) of the same article, aviation English proficiency certification under Article 33, paragraph (1), or instrument flight certification under Article 34, paragraph (1), pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, with regard to application of the provisions of Article 11, paragraph (1) or (2), Article 28, paragraph (1) or (2), Article 33, paragraph (1), Article 34, paragraph (1), Article 59, Articles 65 through 67, Article 92, paragraph (1), Article 134, paragraph (1), Article 143, or Article 150.

Article 131-2Any license or approval under this chapter may be attached with conditions or validity period, which may be changed, and may also attached with further conditions or revised validity period after that permission or approval has been granted.

Article 132Deleted

Article 133(1)Any person who intends to operate air transport agency business (agency business to make contracts for transport by aircraft on behalf of an air carrier; the same applies hereinafter), must submit notification on the particulars specified by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same applies when that person intends to alter any particularrs which have been reported.

(2)Any person who operates air transport agency business must, when that person terminates the business, inform the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect within 30 days reckoning from the termination day.

Article 134(1)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister deems it necessary to secure enforcement of this Act, request any person who falls under any of the following categories to submit reports on design, manufacturing, maintenance, alteration or inspection of aircraft or its components, training of airmen or determination of knowledge and capability of airman, aviation medical examination certification, construction work or administration or utilization of aerodrome or air navigation facilities, use of aircraft, air navigation services, air transport services, aerial work services, or air transport agency business

(2)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when the Minister deems it necessary to secure enforcement of this Act, have a right to order that Minister's officials to enter offices, factories or any other business premises, aerodromes, any places where air navigation facilities are installed, any places where construction work on an aerodrome or air navigation facility is performed, any places where aircrafts are parked, or any aircraft, which belong to any person listed in each item of the preceding paragraph, and inspect aircraft, air navigation facilities, ledgers, documents, or any other items, or interrogate any person concerned.

(3)In the case of the preceding paragraph, the pertinent officials must carry their identification cards and produce them upon requested by any person concerned.

(4)The authority under paragraph (2) must not be construed as being granted for the purpose of criminal investigation.

Article 134-2The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is to formulate basic principles for proper implementation of those pertaining to the safety management rules (limited to the part pertaining to Article 103-2, paragraph (2), item (i)), with regard to collection of reports under paragraph (1) of the preceding article or on-site inspection under paragraph (2) of the same article.

Article 135Any person (except any state government or independent administrative agency (limited to those specified in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No.103, 1999) as may be specified by Cabinet Order in consideration of the business contents and other circumstances of those incorporated administrative agencies)) listed in the following categories must pay fees, the amount of which may be specified by Cabinet Order in consideration of the actual costs.

Article 136The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism must consult with the Transport Council when the Minister intends to take the following actions:

Article 137(1)Particulars under the authority of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of this Act may be delegated to the director of the Regional Civil Aviation Bureau or the director of the Air Traffic Control Center pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(2)The director of the Regional Civil Aviation Bureau or the Director of the Air Traffic Control Center may delegate those particulars, which have been delegated to their authority pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, to the chief of a branch office of the Regional Civil Aviation Bureau, pursuant to the provisions of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

(3)Particulars under the authority of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of this Act, which are listed in the following items, are to be delegated to the Minister of Defense pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order.

(4)The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is to control the particulars concerning the administration of operations by the Minister of Defense due to the delegation under the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 137-2In the case of establishment, amendment or repeal of Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in accordance with the provisions of this Act, any necessary transitional measures (including transitional measures concerning penal provisions) may be stipulated by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, to the extent deemed reasonably necessary due to that establishment, amendment or repeal.

Article 137-3(1)The provisions of Chapter II and III of the Administrative Procedure Act (Act No. 88, 1993) do not apply to the disposition with regard to the registration of aircraft or the disposition under the provisions of Article 96, paragraph (1) or (2).

(2)The provisions of Chapter II of the Administrative Procedure Act do not apply to the disposition with regard to the provisions of the proviso of Article 94, proviso of Article 94-2, paragraph (1), proviso of Article 95, or Article 97, paragraph (1).

(3)The provisions of Chapter III of the Administrative Procedure Act do not apply to the disposition with regard the provisions of Article 126, paragraph (4), Article 129-4, Article 129-5 or Article 131-2.

Article 137-4The procedures necessary for the enforcement of this Act and other particulars, in addition to those specified by this Act, are stipulated by Order of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Articles 138 to 142Deleted

Article 143Any operator of aircraft who falls under any of the following cases is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to three years or a fine of up to one million yen, or both.

Article 143-2Any designated airworthiness inspector, when that inspector falls under any of the following cases, is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to three years or a fine of up to one million yen, or both.

Article 144Any operator of aircraft, who uses an aircraft for air navigation without displaying information required under the provisions of Article 57 or makes a false display thereon, is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to one year or a fine of up to 500,000 yen.

Article 145Any operator of aircraft, when that operator falls under any of the following cases, is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

Article 145-2Any person who has been certified under Article 20, paragraph (1), when that person falls under any of the following cases, is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

Article 145-3Any person who falls under any of the following cases is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

Article 146Any person falling under one of the following itmes is liable to a fine of up to two million yen.

Article 147(1)Any person who has established an air navigation facility without permission, in violation of the provisions of Article 38, paragraph (1), is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

(2)The same penalty set forth in the preceding paragraph is applied to any person who has made a significant alteration to any air navigation facility, in violation of the provisions of Article 43, paragraph (1).

Article 148Any person falling under one of the following itmes is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

Article 148-2(1)Any provider of an aerodrome or air navigation facility, when that provider falls under any of the following cases, is liable to a fine of up to 500,000 yen.

(2)Any provider of an aerodrome who has established administrative rules or altered those rules, without permission under the provisions of Article 54-2, paragraph (2), is liable to a fine of up to 500,000 yen.

Article 149Any person falling under one of the following items is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to one year or a fine of up to 300,000 yen.

Article 149-2Any designated aviation medical examiner, when that examiner has issued an aviation medical certificate to a person who failed to comply with the medical standards under Article 31, paragraph (3), is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to one year or a fine of up to 300,000 yen.

Article 150Any person who falls under any of the following cases is liable to a fine of up to 500,000 yen.

Article 151The pilot in command, when that pilot has, by abusing their authority, compelled any other person on board an aircraft to do anything beyond the scope of the person's duties or obstructed any other person from exercising the person's rights, is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to two years.

Article 152The pilot in command, when that pilot has, in violation of the provisions of Article 75, failed to take every possible means necessary to rescue passengers or to prevent injury or damage to persons or objects, is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to five years.

Article 153The pilot in command, when that pilot falls under any of the following cases, is liable to a fine of up to 500,000 yen.

Article 154(1)Any member of aircrew, when that member falls under any of the following cases, is liable to a fine of up to 500,000 yen.

(2)Any member of aircrew other than the pilot in command, when that member falls under any of the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, is punished, and the pilot in command is also liable to punishment under the same paragraph; provided, however, that the same does not apply to the pilot in command where it has been proven that due care and supervision had been exercised to avoid that violation by any member of aircrew other than the pilot in command.

Article 155Any person falling under one of the following items is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to three years or a fine of up to three million yen, or both.

Article 156(1)Any domestic air carrier or aerial work service operator, when that carrier falls under any of the following cases, is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to one year or a fine of up to 1,500,000 yen, or both.

(2)Any person who conducted activities under Article 113-2, paragraph (1) without obtaining a license which is required is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to one year or a fine of up to 1,500,000 yen, or both.

Article 157(1)Any domestic air carrier or aerial work service operator, when that carrier or operator falls under any of the following cases, is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

(2)Any trustee who has obtained a license under Article 113-2, paragraph (1), when that trustee violates an order under the provisions of paragraph (3) of the same article, is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

Article 157-2Any foreign international air carrier, when that carrier violates an order to suspend operations under the provisions of Article 129-5, is liable to imprisonment sentence of up to one year or a fine of up to 1,500,000 yen, or both.

Article 157-3Any foreign international air carrier, when that carrier falls under any of the following cases, is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

Article 158Any person who falls under any of the following cases is liable to a fine of up to one million yen.

Article 159When any representative of a juridical person or an agent, employee or any other worker of a juridical person or an individual has violated the provisions listed in the following items, that offender is punished, and at the same time, that juridical person is liable to a fine stipulated in each item of this article and the offender is liable to a fine stipulated in each relevant article.

Article 160Any person who falls under any of the following cases is liable to a civil fine of up to 500,000 yen.

Article 161Any person falling under one of the following items is liable to a civil fine of up to 300,000 yen.

Article 162Any person who has violated any provisions of any orders under the provisions of Article 9, Article 21 or Article 36 is liable to a civil fine of up to 100,000 yen.