商法(明治三十二年法律第四十八号)
Commercial Code(Act No. 48 of 1899)
最終更新:平成二十年法律第五十七号
Last Version: Act No. 57 of 2008
目次
履歴
-
令和5年4月17日
- 最終更新:平成三十年法律第二十九号
- 翻訳日:令和4年2月28日
- 辞書バージョン:14.0
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平成28年10月14日
- 最終更新:
- 翻訳日:平成27年3月4日
- 辞書バージョン:9.0
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平成25年10月22日
- 最終更新:平成二十年法律第五十七号
- 翻訳日:平成21年9月8日
- 辞書バージョン:3.0
商法
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Commercial Code
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明治三十二年三月九日法律第四十八号
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Act No. 48 of March 9, 1899
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第一編 総則
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Part I General Provisions
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第一章 通則(第一条―第三条)
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Chapter I General Rules(Article 1 to Article 3)
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第二章 商人(第四条―第七条)
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Chapter II Merchants(Article 4 to Article 7)
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第三章 商業登記(第八条―第十条)
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Chapter III Commercial Registration(Article 8 to Article 10)
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第四章 商号(第十一条―第十八条)
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Chapter IV Trade Names(Article 11 to Article 18)
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第五章 商業帳簿(第十九条)
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Chapter V Commercial Books(Article 19)
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第六章 商業使用人(第二十条―第二十六条)
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Chapter VI Employees of Merchants(Article 20 to Article 26)
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第七章 代理商(第二十七条―第三十一条)
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Chapter VII Commercial Agents(Article 27 to Article 31)
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第八章 雑則(第三十二条―第五百条)
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Chapter VIII Miscellaneous Provisions(Article 32 to Article 500)
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第二編 商行為
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Part II Commercial Transactions
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第一章 総則(第五百一条―第五百二十三条)
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Chapter I General Provisions(Article 501 to Article 523)
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第二章 売買(第五百二十四条―第五百二十八条)
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Chapter II Sale(Article 524 to Article 528)
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第三章 交互計算(第五百二十九条―第五百三十四条)
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Chapter III Current Account(Article 529 to Article 534)
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第四章 匿名組合(第五百三十五条―第五百四十二条)
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Chapter IV Silent Partnership(Article 535 to Article 542)
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第五章 仲立営業(第五百四十三条―第五百五十条)
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Chapter V Brokerage Business(Article 543 to Article 550)
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第六章 問屋営業(第五百五十一条―第五百五十八条)
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Chapter VI Commission Agency Business(Article 551 to Article 558)
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第七章 運送取扱営業(第五百五十九条―第五百六十八条)
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Chapter VII Forwarding Agency Business(Article 559 to Article 568)
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第八章 運送営業
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Chapter VIII Transportation Business
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第一節 総則(第五百六十九条)
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Section 1 General Provisions(Article 569)
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第二節 物品運送(第五百七十条―第五百八十九条)
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Section 2 Freight Transportation(Article 570 to Article 589)
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第三節 旅客運送(第五百九十条―第五百九十二条)
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Section 3 Passenger Transportation(Article 590 to Article 592)
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第九章 寄託
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Chapter IX Deposit
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第一節 総則(第五百九十三条―第五百九十六条)
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Section 1 General Provisions(Article 593 to Article 596)
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第二節 倉庫営業(第五百九十七条―第六百八十三条)
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Section 2 Warehouse Business(Article 597 to Article 683)
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第三編 海商
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Part III Maritime Commerce
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第一章 船舶及ビ船舶所有者(第六百八十四条―第七百四条)
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Chapter I Ships and Shipowners(Article 684 to Article 704)
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第二章 船長(第七百五条―第七百三十六条)
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Chapter II Captain(Article 705 to Article 736)
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第三章 運送
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Chapter III Transportation
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第一節 物品運送
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Section 1 Freight Transportation
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第一款 総則(第七百三十七条―第七百六十六条)
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Subsection 1 General Provisions(Article 737 to Article 766)
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第二款 船荷証券(第七百六十七条―第七百七十六条)
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Subsection 2 Bill of Lading(Article 767 to Article 776)
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第二節 旅客運送(第七百七十七条―第七百八十七条)
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Section 2 Passenger Transportation(Article 777 to Article 787)
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第四章 海損(第七百八十八条―第七百九十九条)
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Chapter IV Average(Article 788 to Article 799)
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第五章 海難救助(第八百条―第八百十四条)
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Chapter V Salvage(Article 800 to Article 814)
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第六章 保険(第八百十五条―第八百四十一条ノ二)
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Chapter VI Insurance(Article 815 to Article 841-2)
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第七章 船舶債権者(第八百四十二条―第八百五十一条)
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Chapter VII Ship's Creditors(Article 842 to Article 851)
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第一編 総則
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Part I General Provisions
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第一章 通則
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Chapter I General Rules
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(趣旨等)
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(Purpose, etc.)
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第一条商人の営業、商行為その他商事については、他の法律に特別の定めがあるものを除くほか、この法律の定めるところによる。
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Article 1(1)Businesses, commercial transactions and any other commercial affairs of merchants shall be governed by the provisions of this Code, except for those otherwise provided for in other Acts.
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(2)Commercial affairs for which there are no provisions in this Code shall be governed by commercial custom, and if there is no commercial custom, they shall be governed by the provisions of the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896).
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(公法人の商行為)
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(Commercial Transactions by Public Juridical Persons)
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第二条公法人が行う商行為については、法令に別段の定めがある場合を除き、この法律の定めるところによる。
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Article 2Commercial transactions conducted by public juridical persons shall be governed by the provisions of this Code, except for those otherwise provided for in laws and regulations.
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(一方的商行為)
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(Transactions Constituting Commercial Transactions for One of the Parties)
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第三条当事者の一方のために商行為となる行為については、この法律をその双方に適用する。
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Article 3(1)Where an act constitutes a commercial transaction for one of the parties, this Code shall apply to both parties.
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第二章 商人
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Chapter II Merchants
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(定義)
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(Definitions)
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第四条この法律において「商人」とは、自己の名をもって商行為をすることを業とする者をいう。
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Article 4(1)The term "merchant" as used in this Code means a person who engages in the business of conducting a commercial transaction in his/her own name.
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(未成年者登記)
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(Registration of Business by Minor)
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第五条未成年者が前条の営業を行うときは、その登記をしなければならない。
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Article 5When a minor carries out any of the businesses set forth in the preceding Article, a registration thereof shall be made.
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(後見人登記)
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(Registration of Business by Guardian)
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第六条後見人が被後見人のために第四条の営業を行うときは、その登記をしなければならない。
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Article 6(1)When a guardian carries out any of the businesses set forth in Article 4 on behalf of a ward, a registration thereof shall be made.
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(小商人)
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(Petty Merchant)
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第七条第五条、前条、次章、第十一条第二項、第十五条第二項、第十七条第二項前段、第五章及び第二十二条の規定は、小商人(商人のうち、法務省令で定めるその営業のために使用する財産の価額が法務省令で定める金額を超えないものをいう。)については、適用しない。
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Article 7The provisions of Article 5, the preceding Article, the following Chapter, Article 11, paragraph (2), Article 15, paragraph (2), the first sentence of Article 17, paragraph (2), Chapter V, and Article 22 shall not apply to a petty merchant (meaning a merchant the value of whose property used for his/her business as specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice does not exceed the amount specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice).
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第三章 商業登記
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Chapter III Commercial Registration
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(通則)
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(General Rules)
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第八条この編の規定により登記すべき事項は、当事者の申請により、商業登記法(昭和三十八年法律第百二十五号)の定めるところに従い、商業登記簿にこれを登記する。
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Article 8The matters to be registered pursuant to the provisions of this Part shall be registered in a commercial registry upon application from the party concerned, pursuant to the provisions of the Commercial Registration Act (Act No. 125 of 1963).
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(登記の効力)
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(Effect of Registration)
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第九条この編の規定により登記すべき事項は、登記の後でなければ、これをもって善意の第三者に対抗することができない。登記の後であっても、第三者が正当な事由によってその登記があることを知らなかったときは、同様とする。
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Article 9(1)The matters to be registered pursuant to the provisions of this Part may not be duly asserted against a third party who has no knowledge of such matters until after the registration.The same shall apply after the registration if a third party did not know that such matters were registered, based on justifiable grounds.
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(変更の登記及び消滅の登記)
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(Registration of Changes and Extinction)
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第十条この編の規定により登記した事項に変更が生じ、又はその事項が消滅したときは、当事者は、遅滞なく、変更の登記又は消滅の登記をしなければならない。
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Article 10When there is a change to matters registered pursuant to the provisions of this Part or when such matters become extinct, the relevant party shall complete the registration of the change or extinction without delay.
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第四章 商号
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Chapter IV Trade Names
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(商号の選定)
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(Selection of Trade Name)
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第十一条商人(会社及び外国会社を除く。以下この編において同じ。)は、その氏、氏名その他の名称をもってその商号とすることができる。
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Article 11(1)A merchant (excluding companies and foreign companies; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Part) may use his/her surname, full name or any other name as his/her trade name.
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(他の商人と誤認させる名称等の使用の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Use of Names, etc. Causing Misidentification as Another Merchant)
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第十二条何人も、不正の目的をもって、他の商人であると誤認されるおそれのある名称又は商号を使用してはならない。
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Article 12(1)No person may use, with a wrongful purpose, any name or trade name which makes it likely that the person will be mistaken for another merchant.
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(2)Any merchant whose business interests have been, or are likely to be, infringed upon by the use of any name or trade name in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph may seek an injunction suspending or preventing the infringement against the person who infringes, or is likely to infringe, those business interests.
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(過料)
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(Non-Criminal Fine)
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第十三条前条第一項の規定に違反した者は、百万円以下の過料に処する。
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Article 13A person who violates the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article shall be punished by a non-criminal fine of not more than one million yen.
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(自己の商号の使用を他人に許諾した商人の責任)
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(Liability of Merchant Permitting Others to Use His/Her Trade Name)
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第十四条自己の商号を使用して営業又は事業を行うことを他人に許諾した商人は、当該商人が当該営業を行うものと誤認して当該他人と取引をした者に対し、当該他人と連帯して、当該取引によって生じた債務を弁済する責任を負う。
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Article 14Any merchant who has permitted another person to carry out a business or engage in any enterprise by using his/her own trade name shall be liable, jointly and severally with such other person, in relation to any person who has conducted a transaction with such other person based on the misunderstanding that said merchant carries out said business, for the performance of any obligations arising from such transaction.
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(商号の譲渡)
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(Assignment of Trade Name)
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第十五条商人の商号は、営業とともにする場合又は営業を廃止する場合に限り、譲渡することができる。
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Article 15(1)A merchant's trade name may be assigned only when the merchant's business is also transferred or is discontinued.
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(営業譲渡人の競業の禁止)
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(Non-Competition by Transferor of Business)
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第十六条営業を譲渡した商人(以下この章において「譲渡人」という。)は、当事者の別段の意思表示がない限り、同一の市町村(東京都の特別区の存する区域及び地方自治法(昭和二十二年法律第六十七号)第二百五十二条の十九第一項の指定都市にあっては、区。以下同じ。)の区域内及びこれに隣接する市町村の区域内においては、その営業を譲渡した日から二十年間は、同一の営業を行ってはならない。
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Article 16(1)Unless the parties manifest their intention otherwise, a merchant who has transferred his/her business (hereinafter referred to as the "transferor" in this Chapter) may not work in the same line of business within the area of the same city, town or village (or the same ward within areas of Tokyo where special wards exist and within the designated cities set forth in Article 252-19, paragraph (1) of the Local Autonomy Act (Act No. 67 of 1947); the same shall apply hereinafter), or within the area of any of its neighboring cities, towns or villages, for 20 years from the day of the transfer of the business.
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(譲渡人の商号を使用した譲受人の責任等)
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(Liability of Transferee Using Transferor's Trade Name)
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第十七条営業を譲り受けた商人(以下この章において「譲受人」という。)が譲渡人の商号を引き続き使用する場合には、その譲受人も、譲渡人の営業によって生じた債務を弁済する責任を負う。
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Article 17(1)Where any merchant to whom any business is transferred (hereinafter referred to as the "transferee" in this Chapter) continues to use the trade name of the transferor, the transferee shall also be liable for the performance of any obligations arising from the business of the transferor.
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(2)The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply where the transferee registers, without delay after the transfer of the business, a statement to the effect that he/she will not be liable for the performance of the obligations of the transferor.The same shall apply, in cases where the transferee and transferor give notice of the above to any third party without delay after the transfer of the business, to the third party who receives such notice.
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(3)Where the transferee is liable for the performance of the obligations of the transferor pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), the liability of the transferor shall be extinguished upon the lapse of two years after the day of the transfer of the business, in relation to any obligee who does not demand the performance or does not give advance notice of his/her demand within said period.
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(4)In the case prescribed in paragraph (1), any performance made to the transferee with respect to any claim arising from the business of the transferor shall be effective if the party performing such obligations has no knowledge of and is not grossly negligent in not knowing that the claim has thus arisen.
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(譲受人による債務の引受け)
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(Assumption of Obligations by Transferee)
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第十八条譲受人が譲渡人の商号を引き続き使用しない場合においても、譲渡人の営業によって生じた債務を引き受ける旨の広告をしたときは、譲渡人の債権者は、その譲受人に対して弁済の請求をすることができる。
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Article 18(1)Even in cases where the transferee does not continue to use the trade name of the transferor, if he/she advertises to the effect that he/she will assume the obligations arising from the business of the transferor, the obligees of the transferor may demand the performance of the said obligations from the transferee.
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(2)Where the transferee is liable for the performance of the obligations of the transferor pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the liability of the transferor shall be extinguished upon the lapse of two years after the day of the advertisement as set forth in said paragraph, in relation to any obligee who does not demand the performance of the said obligations or does not give advance notice of his/her demand within said period.
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第五章 商業帳簿
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Chapter V Commercial Books
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第六章 商業使用人
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Chapter VI Employees of Merchants
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(支配人)
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(Manager)
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第二十条商人は、支配人を選任し、その営業所において、その営業を行わせることができる。
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Article 20A merchant may appoint a manager(s) and have such manager(s) carry out his/her business at his/her head office or branch office.
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(支配人の代理権)
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(Manager's Authority of Representation)
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第二十一条支配人は、商人に代わってその営業に関する一切の裁判上又は裁判外の行為をする権限を有する。
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Article 21(1)A manager shall have the authority to engage in any and all judicial or extrajudicial acts on behalf of the merchant in connection with the merchant's business.
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(支配人の登記)
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(Registration of Manager)
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第二十二条商人が支配人を選任したときは、その登記をしなければならない。支配人の代理権の消滅についても、同様とする。
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Article 22When a merchant has appointed a manager(s), a registration thereof shall be made.The same shall apply to the extinction of a manager's authority of representation.
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(支配人の競業の禁止)
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(Non-Competition by Manager)
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第二十三条支配人は、商人の許可を受けなければ、次に掲げる行為をしてはならない。
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Article 23(1)A manager shall not conduct any of the following acts without the permission of the merchant:
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一自ら営業を行うこと。
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(i)engage in his/her own business;
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二自己又は第三者のためにその商人の営業の部類に属する取引をすること。
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(ii)conduct, for him/herself or for a third party, any transaction which is in the line of the business of the merchant;
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三他の商人又は会社若しくは外国会社の使用人となること。
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(iii)become an employee of another merchant or a company or foreign company; or
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四会社の取締役、執行役又は業務を執行する社員となること。
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(iv)become a director, executive officer or any member who executes the business of a company.
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(表見支配人)
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(Apparent Manager)
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第二十四条商人の営業所の営業の主任者であることを示す名称を付した使用人は、当該営業所の営業に関し、一切の裁判外の行為をする権限を有するものとみなす。ただし、相手方が悪意であったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 24Any employee with a title which indicates that he/she is the chief of operations of the business office of a merchant shall be deemed to have the authority to engage in any and all extrajudicial acts in connection with the operations of said business office; provided, however, that this shall not apply where a counterparty acts with knowledge of his/her lack of authority.
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(ある種類又は特定の事項の委任を受けた使用人)
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(Entrustment of Specific Types of Matters or Specific Matters to Employees)
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第二十五条商人の営業に関するある種類又は特定の事項の委任を受けた使用人は、当該事項に関する一切の裁判外の行為をする権限を有する。
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Article 25(1)Any employee to whom a specific type of matter or a specific matter in connection with the business of a merchant is entrusted shall have the authority to engage in any and all extrajudicial acts in connection with the specific type of matter or specific matter.
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(物品の販売等を目的とする店舗の使用人)
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(Employees of Stores for the Purpose of Selling Goods, etc.)
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第二十六条物品の販売等(販売、賃貸その他これらに類する行為をいう。以下この条において同じ。)を目的とする店舗の使用人は、その店舗に在る物品の販売等をする権限を有するものとみなす。ただし、相手方が悪意であったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 26Any employee of a store whose purpose is the sale, etc. (meaning sale, lease and any other acts similar thereto; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) of goods shall be deemed to have the authority to conduct the sale, etc. of the goods located in the store; provided, however, that this shall not apply where a counterparty acts with knowledge of his/her lack of authority.
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第七章 代理商
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Chapter VII Commercial Agents
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(通知義務)
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(Duty to Give Notice)
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第二十七条代理商(商人のためにその平常の営業の部類に属する取引の代理又は媒介をする者で、その商人の使用人でないものをいう。以下この章において同じ。)は、取引の代理又は媒介をしたときは、遅滞なく、商人に対して、その旨の通知を発しなければならない。
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Article 27When any commercial agent (meaning a person who acts on behalf of a merchant as an agent or intermediary for any transaction in the ordinary line of the business of the merchant, and who is not an employee of the merchant; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Chapter) conducts any transaction as an agent or intermediary, the commercial agent shall give notice of such fact to the merchant without delay.
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(代理商の競業の禁止)
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(Non-Competition by Commercial Agent)
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第二十八条代理商は、商人の許可を受けなければ、次に掲げる行為をしてはならない。
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Article 28(1)A commercial agent shall not conduct any of the following acts without the permission of the merchant:
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一自己又は第三者のためにその商人の営業の部類に属する取引をすること。
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(i)conduct, for himself/herself or for a third party, any transaction which is in the line of business of the merchant; and
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二その商人の営業と同種の事業を行う会社の取締役、執行役又は業務を執行する社員となること。
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(ii)become a director, executive officer or any member who executes the business of a company which carries out the same kind of business as the merchant.
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(2)If a commercial agent conducts the act set forth in item (i) of the preceding paragraph in violation of the provisions of said paragraph, the amount of profit obtained by the commercial agent or any third party as a result of such act shall be presumed to be the amount of damage suffered by the merchant.
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(通知を受ける権限)
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(Authority to Receive Notice)
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第二十九条物品の販売又はその媒介の委託を受けた代理商は、第五百二十六条第二項の通知その他売買に関する通知を受ける権限を有する。
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Article 29A commercial agent to whom the sale of goods or the role of intermediary for such sale is consigned shall have the authority to receive the notice set forth in Article 526, paragraph (2) and any other notice regarding the sale and purchase.
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(契約の解除)
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(Cancellation of Commercial Agency Contract)
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第三十条商人及び代理商は、契約の期間を定めなかったときは、二箇月前までに予告し、その契約を解除することができる。
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Article 30(1)Either a merchant or his/her commercial agent may, when they have not specified the period of the commercial agency contract, cancel the contract by giving two months' advance notice.
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(代理商の留置権)
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(Right of Retention of Commercial Agent)
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第三十一条代理商は、取引の代理又は媒介をしたことによって生じた債権の弁済期が到来しているときは、その弁済を受けるまでは、商人のために当該代理商が占有する物又は有価証券を留置することができる。ただし、当事者が別段の意思表示をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 31If any claim arising from acting as an agent or intermediary for any transaction is due, the commercial agent may retain any property or negotiable instruments of value which he/she possesses on behalf of the merchant until the claim is satisfied; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the parties manifest their intention otherwise.
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第八章 雑則
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Chapter VIII Miscellaneous Provisions
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第二編 商行為
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Part II Commercial Transactions
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第一章 総則
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Chapter I General Provisions
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(絶対的商行為)
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(Transactions Absolutely Regarded as Commercial Transactions due to their Nature)
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第五百一条次に掲げる行為は、商行為とする。
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Article 501The following acts shall be commercial transactions:
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一利益を得て譲渡する意思をもってする動産、不動産若しくは有価証券の有償取得又はその取得したものの譲渡を目的とする行為
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(i)an act for the purpose of acquiring for value any movables, real property or negotiable instruments of value with the intention of assigning such property for profit, or for the purpose of assigning the property thus acquired;
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二他人から取得する動産又は有価証券の供給契約及びその履行のためにする有償取得を目的とする行為
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(ii)an act for the purpose of contracting to supply any movables or negotiable instruments of value to be acquired from others and acquiring for value such property in order to perform such contract;
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三取引所においてする取引
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(iii)a transaction conducted on an exchange; and
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四手形その他の商業証券に関する行為
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(iv)an act relating to bills and notes and other commercial instruments.
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(営業的商行為)
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(Transactions Regarded as Commercial Transactions When Conducted as Business)
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第五百二条次に掲げる行為は、営業としてするときは、商行為とする。ただし、専ら賃金を得る目的で物を製造し、又は労務に従事する者の行為は、この限りでない。
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Article 502The following acts shall be commercial transactions only when they are conducted as a business; provided, however, that this shall not apply where any such act is conducted by a person who manufactures products or engages in labor exclusively for the purpose of earning wages:
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一賃貸する意思をもってする動産若しくは不動産の有償取得若しくは賃借又はその取得し若しくは賃借したものの賃貸を目的とする行為
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(i)an act for the purpose of acquiring for value or leasing from others any movables or real property with the intention of leasing such property for profit, or for the purpose of leasing to others the property thus acquired or leased;
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二他人のためにする製造又は加工に関する行為
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(ii)an act relating to manufacturing and processing conducted for others;
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三電気又はガスの供給に関する行為
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(iii)an act relating to the supply of electricity or gas;
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四運送に関する行為
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(iv)an act relating to transportation;
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五作業又は労務の請負
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(v)a contract for work or labor;
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六出版、印刷又は撮影に関する行為
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(v)an act relating to publishing, printing or photography;
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七客の来集を目的とする場屋における取引
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(vii)a transaction at an establishment intended for gathering customers;
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八両替その他の銀行取引
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(viii)money exchange and other banking transaction;
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九保険
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(ix)insurance;
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十寄託の引受け
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(x)undertaking of a deposit;
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十一仲立ち又は取次ぎに関する行為
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(xi)an act relating to brokerage or of an intermediary;
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十二商行為の代理の引受け
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(xii)undertaking of the role as an agent for a commercial transaction; and
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十三信託の引受け
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(xiii)undertaking of a trust.
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(附属的商行為)
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(Auxiliary Commercial Transactions)
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第五百三条商人がその営業のためにする行為は、商行為とする。
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Article 503(1)Any act conducted by a merchant for his/her business shall be a commercial transaction.
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(商行為の代理)
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(Agency for Commercial Transaction)
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第五百四条商行為の代理人が本人のためにすることを示さないでこれをした場合であっても、その行為は、本人に対してその効力を生ずる。ただし、相手方が、代理人が本人のためにすることを知らなかったときは、代理人に対して履行の請求をすることを妨げない。
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Article 504Even where an agent for a commercial transaction has conducted a transaction without representing that it was conducted on behalf of the principal, such act of the agent shall be binding on the principal; provided, however, that if the other party did not know that such act had been conducted by the agent on behalf of the principal, these provisions shall not preclude the other party from demanding the performance of the said transaction to the agent.
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(商行為の委任)
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(Mandate of Commercial Transactions)
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第五百五条商行為の受任者は、委任の本旨に反しない範囲内において、委任を受けていない行為をすることができる。
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Article 505A mandatary for a commercial transaction may conduct any act which he/she is not mandated to conduct, to the extent that it does not conflict with the main purpose of the mandate.
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(商行為の委任による代理権の消滅事由の特例)
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(Special Provisions for Grounds for Termination of Authority of Representation)
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第五百六条商行為の委任による代理権は、本人の死亡によっては、消滅しない。
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Article 506The authority of an agent privately appointed by mandate for a commercial transaction shall not terminate upon the death of the principal.
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(対話者間における契約の申込み)
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(Offer of Contract between Merchants in Direct Communication)
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第五百七条商人である対話者の間において契約の申込みを受けた者が直ちに承諾をしなかったときは、その申込みは、その効力を失う。
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Article 507Where merchants are in direct communication with each other, if the party who has received an offer of a contract does not immediately accept it, such offer shall cease to be effective.
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(隔地者間における契約の申込み)
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(Offer of Contract between Merchants at Distance)
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第五百八条商人である隔地者の間において承諾の期間を定めないで契約の申込みを受けた者が相当の期間内に承諾の通知を発しなかったときは、その申込みは、その効力を失う。
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Article 508(1)Where merchants are at distance from each other, if the party who has received an offer of a contract that was made without specifying a period for acceptance does not dispatch a notice of acceptance within a reasonable period of time, such offer shall cease to be effective.
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(2)The provisions of Article 523 of the Civil Code shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case referred to in the preceding paragraph.
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(契約の申込みを受けた者の諾否通知義務)
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(Obligation of the Party Receiving Offer of Contract to Give Notice of Acceptance or Refusal)
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第五百九条商人が平常取引をする者からその営業の部類に属する契約の申込みを受けたときは、遅滞なく、契約の申込みに対する諾否の通知を発しなければならない。
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Article 509(1)When a merchant has received, from a person with whom he/she makes transactions ordinarily, the offer of a contract in the line of the business in which he/she works, he/she shall dispatch a notice of acceptance or refusal of the offer of the contract without delay.
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(契約の申込みを受けた者の物品保管義務)
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(Obligation of the Party Receiving Offer of Contract to Take Custody of Goods)
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第五百十条商人がその営業の部類に属する契約の申込みを受けた場合において、その申込みとともに受け取った物品があるときは、その申込みを拒絶したときであっても、申込者の費用をもってその物品を保管しなければならない。ただし、その物品の価額がその費用を償うのに足りないとき、又は商人がその保管によって損害を受けるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 510Where a merchant has received the offer of a contract in the line of business in which he/she works and also received any goods upon such offer, he/she shall store such goods at the expense of the offeror, even when he/she refuses the offer; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the value of the goods is insufficient for compensating for the costs of the storage or the merchant may suffer any damage from the storage.
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(多数当事者間の債務の連帯)
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(Joint and Several Liability for Obligation Among Multi-Parties)
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第五百十一条数人の者がその一人又は全員のために商行為となる行為によって債務を負担したときは、その債務は、各自が連帯して負担する。
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Article 511(1)When two or more persons assume an obligation by way of an act that constitutes a commercial transaction for any one or all of them, they shall assume the obligation jointly and severally.
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(2)Where there is a guarantor, if an obligation has arisen from a commercial transaction conducted by the principal obligor or the guarantee is provided as a commercial transaction, the principal obligor and the guarantor shall assume the obligation jointly and severally even when they have assumed the obligation by way of separate acts.
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(報酬請求権)
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(Right to Claim Remuneration)
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第五百十二条商人がその営業の範囲内において他人のために行為をしたときは、相当な報酬を請求することができる。
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Article 512When a merchant has conducted any act for another person within the scope of his/her business, he/she may claim a reasonable remuneration.
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(利息請求権)
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(Right to Claim Interest)
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第五百十三条商人間において金銭の消費貸借をしたときは、貸主は、法定利息(次条の法定利率による利息をいう。以下同じ。)を請求することができる。
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Article 513(1)When a money loan for consumption is provided between merchants, the lender may claim statutory interest (meaning interest at a statutory interest rate as set forth in the following Article; the same shall apply hereinafter).
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(商事法定利率)
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(Statutory Interest Rate for Commercial Affairs)
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第五百十四条商行為によって生じた債務に関しては、法定利率は、年六分とする。
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Article 514The statutory interest rate applicable to obligations arising from commercial transactions shall be six percent per annum.
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(契約による質物の処分の禁止の適用除外)
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(Exclusion from Application of the Prohibition on Disposition of the Thing Pledged by Contract)
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第五百十五条民法第三百四十九条の規定は、商行為によって生じた債権を担保するために設定した質権については、適用しない。
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Article 515The provisions of Article 349 of the Civil Code shall not apply to a pledge created to secure an obligation arising from a commercial transaction.
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(債務の履行の場所)
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(Place of Performance of Obligation)
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第五百十六条商行為によって生じた債務の履行をすべき場所がその行為の性質又は当事者の意思表示によって定まらないときは、特定物の引渡しはその行為の時にその物が存在した場所において、その他の債務の履行は債権者の現在の営業所(営業所がない場合にあっては、その住所)において、それぞれしなければならない。
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Article 516(1)When the place where an obligation arising from a commercial transaction is to be performed cannot be specified owing to the nature of the transaction or the manifestation of the intentions of the parties, the delivery of a specified thing shall be performed at the place where such thing exists at the time of the transaction, and any other obligation shall be performed at the current business office of the obligee (if the obligee has no business office, at his/her domicile), respectively.
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(指図債権等の証券の提示と履行遅滞)
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(Presentation of Instruments of Debts Payable to Order, etc. and Delay in Performance of Obligations)
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第五百十七条指図債権又は無記名債権の債務者は、その債務の履行について期限の定めがあるときであっても、その期限が到来した後に所持人がその証券を提示してその履行の請求をした時から遅滞の責任を負う。
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Article 517The obligor of a debt payable to order or to bearer shall be responsible for any delay after the time that the debt becomes due and the bearer demands performance of the obligation by presenting the instrument of the debt even if a due date has been set for the performance of the obligation.
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(有価証券喪失の場合の権利行使方法)
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(Method of Exercise of Right in the Event of Loss of Negotiable Instruments of Value)
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第五百十八条金銭その他の物又は有価証券の給付を目的とする有価証券の所持人がその有価証券を喪失した場合において、非訟事件手続法(平成二十三年法律第五十一号)第百十四条に規定する公示催告の申立てをしたときは、その債務者に、その債務の目的物を供託させ、又は相当の担保を供してその有価証券の趣旨に従い履行をさせることができる。
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Article 518Where the holder of a negotiable instrument of value issued for the purpose of delivering money or other things or negotiable instruments of value has lost the negotiable instrument of value, when he/she files a petition for public notification as prescribed in Article 114 of the Non-Contentious Cases Procedure Act (Act No. 51 of 2011), he/she may have the obligor of the negotiable instrument deposit the subject matter of the obligation, or have the obligor perform the obligation in line with the purpose of the negotiable instrument while providing reasonable security.
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(有価証券の譲渡方法及び善意取得)
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(Method of Negotiation of Negotiable Instrument of Value and Bona Fide Acquisition)
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Article 519(1)With regard to the negotiation of a negotiable instrument of value issued for the purpose of delivering money or other things or negotiable instruments of value, the provisions of Article 12, Article 13, and Article 14, paragraph (2) of the Bills and Notes Act (Act No. 20 of 1932) or the provisions of Article 5, paragraph (2) and Article 19 of the Checks Act (Act No. 57 of 1933), depending on the nature of the negotiable instrument of value.
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(取引時間)
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(Trading Hours)
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第五百二十条法令又は慣習により商人の取引時間の定めがあるときは、その取引時間内に限り、債務の履行をし、又はその履行の請求をすることができる。
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Article 520If trading hours for merchants are fixed by laws and regulations or custom, obligations may be performed or the performance of obligations may be demanded only during such trading hours.
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(商人間の留置権)
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(Right of Retention of Merchants)
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第五百二十一条商人間においてその双方のために商行為となる行為によって生じた債権が弁済期にあるときは、債権者は、その債権の弁済を受けるまで、その債務者との間における商行為によって自己の占有に属した債務者の所有する物又は有価証券を留置することができる。ただし、当事者の別段の意思表示があるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 521When any claim between merchants arising from an act that constitutes a commercial transaction for both parties is due, the obligee may retain any object or negotiable instruments of value owned by the obligor of which the obligee has taken possession by way of the commercial transaction with the obligor, until the claim is satisfied; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the parties manifest their intention otherwise.
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(商事消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription for Commercial Affairs)
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第五百二十二条商行為によって生じた債権は、この法律に別段の定めがある場合を除き、五年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。ただし、他の法令に五年間より短い時効期間の定めがあるときは、その定めるところによる。
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Article 522Unless otherwise provided for in this Code, any claim arising from a commercial transaction shall be extinguished by prescription if not exercised for five years; provided, however, that if a period of prescription shorter than five years is provided for in other laws and regulations, such provisions shall prevail.
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第二章 売買
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Chapter II Sale
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(売主による目的物の供託及び競売)
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(Deposit and Auction of Property by Seller)
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第五百二十四条商人間の売買において、買主がその目的物の受領を拒み、又はこれを受領することができないときは、売主は、その物を供託し、又は相当の期間を定めて催告をした後に競売に付することができる。この場合において、売主がその物を供託し、又は競売に付したときは、遅滞なく、買主に対してその旨の通知を発しなければならない。
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Article 524(1)When, in a sales transaction between merchants, the buyer refuses to receive or is unable to receive the property that is the subject matter of the sale, the seller may deposit the property or may put it up for auction after making a demand for the receipt of the property by specifying a reasonable period of time.In this case, when the seller has deposited the property or put it up for auction, he/she shall dispatch a notice of such fact to the buyer without delay.
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(3)When the seller has put up for auction the property that is the subject matter of a sale pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, he/she shall deposit the proceeds from the auction; provided, however, that this shall not preclude the seller from appropriating the whole or part of the proceeds for the payment of the purchase price.
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(定期売買の履行遅滞による解除)
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(Cancellation by reason of Delay in Performance of Sale Where Time Is of Essence)
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第五百二十五条商人間の売買において、売買の性質又は当事者の意思表示により、特定の日時又は一定の期間内に履行をしなければ契約をした目的を達することができない場合において、当事者の一方が履行をしないでその時期を経過したときは、相手方は、直ちにその履行の請求をした場合を除き、契約の解除をしたものとみなす。
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Article 525In a sales transaction between merchants in which, due to the nature of the sale or the manifestation of intention of the parties, the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved unless the obligation is performed at a specified date and time or within a certain period of time, if one of the parties has failed to perform the obligation by the time when such date and time or period has lapsed, the other party shall be deemed to have cancelled the contract, except where he/she has immediately demanded performance of the obligation.
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(買主による目的物の検査及び通知)
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(Inspection of Property by Buyer and Giving Notice of Defects)
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第五百二十六条商人間の売買において、買主は、その売買の目的物を受領したときは、遅滞なく、その物を検査しなければならない。
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Article 526(1)In a sales transaction between merchants, the buyer shall, upon receiving the property that is the subject matter of the sale, inspect the property without delay.
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(2)In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, when the buyer, as a result of the inspection under the provisions of said paragraph, has found any defect or any shortfall in the quantity of the property that is the subject matter of sale, he/she may not cancel the contract nor demand a reduction of the purchase price or compensation for the damage unless he/she immediately dispatches a notice of such defect or shortfall to the seller.The same shall apply where the property that is the subject matter of the sale contains a defect that is not immediately obvious and where the buyer finds such defect within six months.
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(買主による目的物の保管及び供託)
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(Storage and Deposit of Property by Buyer)
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第五百二十七条前条第一項に規定する場合においては、買主は、契約の解除をしたときであっても、売主の費用をもって売買の目的物を保管し、又は供託しなければならない。ただし、その物について滅失又は損傷のおそれがあるときは、裁判所の許可を得てその物を競売に付し、かつ、その代価を保管し、又は供託しなければならない。
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Article 527(1)In the case prescribed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, the buyer shall store or deposit the property that is the subject matter of the sale at the expense of the seller, even when he/she cancels the contract; provided, however, that if the property is likely to be lost or damaged, the buyer shall put the property up for auction with the permission of the court and store or deposit the proceeds from the auction.
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Article 528The provisions of the preceding Article shall apply to the goods which are delivered by the seller to the buyer and found to be different from the goods ordered, and it shall also apply to any portion of the goods delivered by the seller to the buyer which exceeds the quantity of the goods ordered.
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第三章 交互計算
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Chapter III Current Account
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(交互計算)
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(Current Account)
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第五百二十九条交互計算は、商人間又は商人と商人でない者との間で平常取引をする場合において、一定の期間内の取引から生ずる債権及び債務の総額について相殺をし、その残額の支払をすることを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 529A current account shall be effective in cases where merchants, or a merchant and a person who is not a merchant, make transactions ordinarily, if they agree to set off the total amounts of claims and obligations arising from their transactions during a certain period of time and to pay any balance thereof.
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(商業証券に係る債権債務に関する特則)
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(Special Provisions for Claims and Obligations Arising from Commercial Instruments)
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第五百三十条手形その他の商業証券から生じた債権及び債務を交互計算に組み入れた場合において、その商業証券の債務者が弁済をしないときは、当事者は、その債務に関する項目を交互計算から除外することができる。
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Article 530Where claims and obligations arising from bills and notes and other commercial instruments are included in a current account, if the obligor of such commercial instruments does not perform his/her obligations, the parties may exclude the item relating to such obligations from the current account.
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(交互計算の期間)
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(Current Account Period)
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第五百三十一条当事者が相殺をすべき期間を定めなかったときは、その期間は、六箇月とする。
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Article 531If the parties do not specify a period for which a set-off should be made, the period shall be six months.
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(交互計算の承認)
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(Acknowledgment of Current Account)
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第五百三十二条当事者は、債権及び債務の各項目を記載した計算書の承認をしたときは、当該各項目について異議を述べることができない。ただし、当該計算書の記載に錯誤又は脱漏があったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 532When the parties acknowledge a statement of account in which claim and obligation items are recorded, they may not object to these items; provided, however, that this shall not apply if there is any mistake or omission in the contents of the statement of account.
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(残額についての利息請求権等)
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(Right to Claim Interest on a Balance, etc.)
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第五百三十三条相殺によって生じた残額については、債権者は、計算の閉鎖の日以後の法定利息を請求することができる。
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Article 533(1)For any balance derived from a set-off, the obligee may claim statutory interest thereon for the period from the date of the closing of the account.
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(交互計算の解除)
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(Cancellation of Current Account)
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第五百三十四条各当事者は、いつでも交互計算の解除をすることができる。この場合において、交互計算の解除をしたときは、直ちに、計算を閉鎖して、残額の支払を請求することができる。
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Article 534Each of the parties to a current account may cancel the account at any time.In this case, the party who cancels the current account may immediately close the account and demand payment of any balance.
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第四章 匿名組合
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Chapter IV Silent Partnership
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(匿名組合契約)
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(Silent Partnership Contract)
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第五百三十五条匿名組合契約は、当事者の一方が相手方の営業のために出資をし、その営業から生ずる利益を分配することを約することによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 535A silent partnership contract shall become effective when one party to the contract promises to make a contribution towards the other party's business, and the other party promises to distribute the profits arising from the business.
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(匿名組合員の出資及び権利義務)
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(Contribution by Silent Partner and Rights and Obligations Thereof)
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第五百三十六条匿名組合員の出資は、営業者の財産に属する。
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Article 536(1)A contribution made by a silent partner shall be included in the property of the business operator.
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(自己の氏名等の使用を許諾した匿名組合員の責任)
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(Liability of Silent Partner Permitting the Use of His/Her Own Name, etc.)
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第五百三十七条匿名組合員は、自己の氏若しくは氏名を営業者の商号中に用いること又は自己の商号を営業者の商号として使用することを許諾したときは、その使用以後に生じた債務については、営業者と連帯してこれを弁済する責任を負う。
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Article 537When a silent partner has permitted the use of his/her own surname or full name in the trade name of the business operator or the use of his/her own trade name in the trade name of the business operator, he/she shall be liable, jointly and severally with the business operator, in connection with any obligations arising from such use.
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(利益の配当の制限)
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(Restriction on Distribution of Profits)
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第五百三十八条出資が損失によって減少したときは、その損失をてん補した後でなければ、匿名組合員は、利益の配当を請求することができない。
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Article 538When a contribution is decreased due to any loss thereon, the silent partner may not demand the distribution of profits until after he/she has compensated for such loss.
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(貸借対照表の閲覧等並びに業務及び財産状況に関する検査)
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(Inspection of Balance Sheet and of the Status of Business and Property)
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第五百三十九条匿名組合員は、営業年度の終了時において、営業者の営業時間内に、次に掲げる請求をし、又は営業者の業務及び財産の状況を検査することができる。
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Article 539(1)A silent partner may, at the end of the business year, during the business hours of the business operator, make the following requests or inspect the status of the business and property of the business operator:
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一営業者の貸借対照表が書面をもって作成されているときは、当該書面の閲覧又は謄写の請求
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(i)if the balance sheet of the business operator is prepared in the form of a document, a request for the inspection or copying of such document; and
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二営業者の貸借対照表が電磁的記録(電子的方式、磁気的方式その他人の知覚によっては認識することができない方式で作られる記録であって、電子計算機による情報処理の用に供されるもので法務省令で定めるものをいう。)をもって作成されているときは、当該電磁的記録に記録された事項を法務省令で定める方法により表示したものの閲覧又は謄写の請求
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(ii)if the balance sheet of the business operator is prepared in the form of an electromagnetic record (meaning a record made in an electronic form, a magnetic form or any other form not recognizable to human perception, which is used in information processing by computers and specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice), a request for the inspection or copying of anything which indicates the matters recorded in the electromagnetic record by a method specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice.
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(匿名組合契約の解除)
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(Cancellation of Silent Partnership Contract)
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第五百四十条匿名組合契約で匿名組合の存続期間を定めなかったとき、又はある当事者の終身の間匿名組合が存続すべきことを定めたときは、各当事者は、営業年度の終了時において、契約の解除をすることができる。ただし、六箇月前にその予告をしなければならない。
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Article 540(1)Where a silent partnership contract does not specify the duration of the silent partnership or it provides that the silent partnership is to continue to exist for the life of either party, each party may cancel the contract at the end of the business year; provided, however, that such party who cancels the contract shall give notice six months in advance.
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(匿名組合契約の終了事由)
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(Grounds for Termination of Silent Partnership Contract)
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第五百四十一条前条の場合のほか、匿名組合契約は、次に掲げる事由によって終了する。
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Article 541In addition to the cases referred to in the preceding Article, a silent partnership contract shall be terminated on the following grounds:
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一匿名組合の目的である事業の成功又はその成功の不能
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(i)the successful completion of the business that is the objective of the silent partnership, or the impossibility of such successful completion;
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二営業者の死亡又は営業者が後見開始の審判を受けたこと。
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(ii)the death of the business operator, or a ruling of commencement of guardianship given to the business operator; or
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三営業者又は匿名組合員が破産手続開始の決定を受けたこと。
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(iii)an order of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings given to the business operator or the silent partner.
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(匿名組合契約の終了に伴う出資の価額の返還)
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(Return of the Value of Contribution upon Termination of Silent Partnership Contract)
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第五百四十二条匿名組合契約が終了したときは、営業者は、匿名組合員にその出資の価額を返還しなければならない。ただし、出資が損失によって減少したときは、その残額を返還すれば足りる。
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Article 542When a silent partnership contract is terminated, the business operator shall return the value of the contribution to the silent partner; provided, however, that if the contribution is decreased due to any loss thereon, it shall be sufficient to return any value that remains.
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第五章 仲立営業
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Chapter V Brokerage Business
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Article 548When either party orders the broker not to disclose the party's name or trade name to the other party, the broker may not state such party's name or trade name in the document set forth in Article 546, paragraph (1) or in the transcript set forth in paragraph (2) of the preceding Article.
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第六章 問屋営業
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Chapter VI Commission Agency Business
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Article 553A commission agent shall, with regard to the sale or purchase that he/she has engaged in on behalf of the consignor, be responsible for performing the other party's obligation him/herself if the other party does not perform the obligation; provided, however, that this shall not apply if there is any manifestation of intention or custom to the contrary.
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Article 554Where a commission agent has sold goods at a price lower than that designated by the consignor or has purchased goods at a price higher than that designated by the consignor, if the commission agent has paid any difference him/herself, such sale or purchase shall be effective in relation to the consignor.
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Article 555(1)When a commission agent has been entrusted to sell or purchase goods with quotations at an exchange, he/she may become the purchaser or the seller him/herself. In this case, the price of the sale or purchase shall be determined by the quotations at the exchange as of the time when the commission agent dispatched a notice to the effect that he/she became the purchaser or the seller.
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第七章 運送取扱営業
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Chapter VII Forwarding Agency Business
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Article 560A freight forwarder may not be released from the liability to compensate for damage with regard to the damage to or the loss or delay of the freight unless he/she proves that he/she or his/her employee was not negligent in exercising due care in receiving, delivering or storing the freight, choosing a carrier or another freight forwarder or dealing with any other affairs concerning the transportation.
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第八章 運送営業
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Chapter VIII Transportation Business
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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第二節 物品運送
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Section 2 Freight Transportation
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一運送品ノ種類、重量又ハ容積及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、個数並ニ記号
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(i)the type, weight or capacity of the freight, the type of packaging, the number of packages, and the marks;
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二到達地
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(ii)the destination;
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三荷受人ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(iii)the name or trade name of the consignee; and
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四運送状ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(iv)the place and date of the issuance of the invoice.
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一前条第二項第一号乃至第三号ニ掲ケタル事項
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(i)the matters listed in item (i) to item (iii) of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article;
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二荷送人ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(ii)the name or trade name of the consignor;
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三運送賃
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(iii)the freight charge; and
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四貨物引換証ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(iv)the place and date of the issuance of the inland bill of lading.
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Article 575When an inland bill of lading is delivered to a person entitled to receive the freight based on such inland bill of lading, the delivery of the inland bill of lading shall have the same effect as the delivery of the freight in relation to the acquisition of the rights to be exercised upon the freight.
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Article 577A carrier may not be released from the liability to compensate for damage with regard to the damage to or the loss or delay of the freight unless the carrier proves that he/she or his/her freight forwarder or an employee thereof or any other person whom he/she employs for transportation was not negligent in exercising due care in the receipt, delivery, storage or transportation of the freight.
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(2)The amount of damages in the event of the partial loss or damage to the freight shall be determined by the value thereof at the destination as of the day on which the freight was delivered; provided, however, that the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis in the event of the delay.
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Article 582(1)The consignor or the holder of an inland bill of lading may request a carrier to stop the transportation or return or otherwise dispose of the freight. In this case, the carrier may claim payment of the freight charge in proportion to the transportation that he/she has already completed, any payment made on behalf of another person, and any costs arising from such disposition of the freight.
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(2)In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the carrier makes a demand on the consignor, by specifying a reasonable period of time, to the effect that the consignor should give instructions as to how to dispose of the freight but the consignor does not give any such instructions, the carrier may put the freight up for auction.
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Article 588(1)The liability of a carrier shall be extinguished when the consignee receives the freight without making any reservation and pays the freight charge and other costs; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the freight contains a defect that cannot be immediately discovered or the freight is partially lost, and the consignee dispatches a notice of such fact to the carrier within two weeks from the date of delivery.
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第三節 旅客運送
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Section 3 Passenger Transportation
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(2)The provisions of Article 524 shall apply mutatis mutandis where a passenger has not demanded the delivery of his/her baggage within one week from the day on which the baggage arrives at the destination; provided, however, that if the passenger's domicile or residence is unknown, the passenger carrier shall not be required to make a demand on or give notice to the passenger.
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第九章 寄託
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Chapter IX Deposit
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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Article 594(1)When a proprietor/proprietress of a hotel, eating and drinking establishment, bathhouse or any other establishment intended for gathering customers receives a deposit of goods from a customer, he/she may not be released from the liability to compensate for damage with regard to the loss of or damage to the deposited goods unless he/she proves that such loss or damage is due to force majeure.
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(2)When a customer does not deposit but carries goods on his/her person within an establishment and such goods are lost or damaged due to the carelessness of the proprietor/proprietress of the establishment or any of his/her employees, the proprietor/proprietress of the establishment shall be liable to compensate for damage.
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Article 595A proprietor/proprietress of an establishment as set forth in the preceding Article shall not be liable to compensate for any damage arising from the loss of or damage to the cash, negotiable instruments of value or other expensive goods of a customer unless the customer deposits such goods with the proprietor/proprietress of the establishment and declares the type and value thereof.
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第二節 倉庫営業
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Section 2 Warehouse Business
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一受寄物ノ種類、品質、数量及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、個数並ニ記号
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(i)the type, quality and quantity of the deposited goods, the type of packaging, the number of packages, and the marks;
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二寄託者ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(ii)the name or trade name of the depositor;
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三保管ノ場所
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(iii)the place of storage;
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四保管料
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(iv)the storage fee;
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五保管ノ期間ヲ定メタルトキハ其期間
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(v)if a storage period is specified, such period;
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六受寄物ヲ保険ニ付シタルトキハ保険金額、保険期間及ヒ保険者ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(vi)if the deposited goods are covered by insurance, the insured amount, the insurance period, and the name or trade name of the insurer;
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七証券ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(vii)the place and date of the issuance of the receipts.
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一前条第一号、第二号及ヒ第四号乃至第六号ニ掲ケタル事項
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(i)the matters listed in item (i), item (ii), and item (iv) to item (vi) of the preceding Article; and
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二証券ノ番号及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(ii)the numbers assigned to the receipts and the date of the issuance thereof.
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Article 601(1)The holder of a deposit receipt and a pledge receipt may request a warehouse business operator to divide the deposited goods and deliver new deposit receipts and pledge receipts for the respective portions of the goods. In this case, the holder shall return the initial deposit receipt and pledge receipt to the warehouse business operator.
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Article 611(1)A warehouse business operator shall pay to the holder of a pledge receipt, in exchange for the receipt, an amount that remains after deducting the costs for an auction, the taxes imposed on the deposited goods, the storage fee and any other costs for the storage as well as any payment made on behalf of another person, from the proceeds from the auction.
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(2)If there is any remainder after deducting, from the proceeds from an auction, the costs, taxes, storage fee and payment made on behalf of another person as listed in the preceding paragraph as well as the amount of the claim of the holder of a pledge receipt, interest and expenses of protest, a warehouse business operator shall pay such remainder to the holder of the deposit receipt in exchange for the receipt.
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(2)The provisions of Article 45, paragraph (1), paragraph (3), paragraph (5), and paragraph (6), Article 48, paragraph (1), Article 49, and Article 50, paragraph (1) of the Bills and Notes Act shall apply mutatis mutandis to the claim for payment of a shortfall prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
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(3)The provisions of Article 52, paragraph (3) of the Bills and Notes Act shall apply mutatis mutandis to the calculation of the amount of reimbursement in cases where the business place or domicile of the person against whom the claim for payment of a shortfall is made is located at a different place from the place where the business office or domicile of the person who makes the claim is located.
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Article 615The claim of the holder of a pledge receipt shall be extinguished by prescription when one year has elapsed from the due date if the claim is against the holder of a deposit receipt, and when six months have elapsed from the day on which the holder of the pledge receipt receives the delivery of the deposited goods if the claim is against an endorser of the pledge receipt; and the claim of an endorser of a pledge receipt against his/her predecessor shall be extinguished by prescription when six months have elapsed from the day on which reimbursement is made.
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Article 617A warehouse business operator may not be released from the liability to compensate for damage with regard to the loss of or damage to the deposited goods unless he/she proves that he/she or his/her employees were not negligent in exercising due care in carrying out the storage of the goods.
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Article 618A warehouse business operator may claim the payment of the storage fee, any payment made on behalf of another person, and any other costs for the deposited goods only at the time of the removal of the goods from the warehouse; provided, however, that when part of the deposited goods are removed from the warehouse, the warehouse business operator may claim payment in proportion to such removed part.
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Article 619Where the parties have not specified a storage period, the warehouse business operator may not return the deposited goods until more than six months have elapsed from the date of the storage of the goods in the warehouse; provided, however, that this shall not apply where there are unavoidable grounds.
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Article 622(1)If the deposited goods consist of goods of the same kind and the same quality and they are divisible, the holder of a deposit receipt may deposit part of the amount of the claim and interest thereon for the period until the due date and demand the return of the part of the deposited goods in proportion to said part of the amount. In this case, the warehouse business operator shall write the amount of money which has been deposited and the quantity of the returned deposited goods on the deposit receipt, and make an entry in his/her books to that effect.
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Article 624(1)The provisions of Article 524, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis where the depositor or holder of a deposit receipt refuses to receive or is unable to receive the deposited goods. In this case, the holder of a pledge receipt shall have rights over the proceeds from an auction
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(2)In the event of the total loss of the deposited goods, the period set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be counted from the day on which the warehouse business operator dispatched a notice of the loss to the holder of the deposit receipt, or if the holder of the deposit receipt is unknown, to the depositor.
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Article 628Where a pledge is created on a warehouse receipt, the depositor may, with the consent of the pledgee, demand the return of part of the deposited goods even before the due date of the claim. In this case, the warehouse business operator shall write the type, quality and quantity of the deposited goods thus returned on the warehouse receipt, and make an entry in his/her books to that effect.
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第十章 保険
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Chapter X Insurance
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第一節 損害保険
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Section 1 Casualty Insurance
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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第三編 海商
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Part III Maritime Commerce
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第一章 船舶及ヒ船舶所有者
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Chapter I Ships and Shipowners
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(2)A co-owner who intends to make a demand as set forth in the preceding paragraph shall dispatch a notice to the other co-owner(s) or the ship's husband of such intention within three days after the date of the resolution; provided, however, that in the case of a co-owner who did not participate in making the resolution, said period shall be counted from the day following the day on which he/she received notice of the resolution.
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一船舶ノ譲渡若クハ賃貸ヲ為シ又ハ之ヲ抵当ト為スコト
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(i)assigning or leasing the ship to another or mortgaging the ship;
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二船舶ヲ保険ニ付スルコト
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(ii)buying insurance for the ship;
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三新ニ航海ヲ為スコト
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(iii)making a new voyage;
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四船舶ノ大修繕ヲ為スコト
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(iv)making a large repair to the ship; and
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五借財ヲ為スコト
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(v)borrowing money.
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(2)When a ship owned by a company loses Japanese nationality due to the transfer of the share of any company member(s), other member(s) if the company is a general partnership company, or other member(s) with unlimited liability if the company is a limited partnership company, may purchase said share at a reasonable price.
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第二章 船長
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Chapter II Captain
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Article 707When the captain is unable to direct the ship for a compelling reason, he/she may appoint another person and have him/her perform the captain's duties, unless otherwise provided for in laws and regulations. In this case, the captain shall be responsible to the shipowner for the appointment.
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(2)An interested person may be released from his/her liability by abandoning the shipped goods to the creditor of a claim that has arisen with regard to the shipped goods as a result of an act of the captain; provided, however, that this shall not apply if there is negligence on the part of the interested person.
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一船舶ヲ抵当ト為スコト
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(i)mortgaging the ship;
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二借財ヲ為スコト
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(ii)borrowing money; and
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三積荷ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ売却又ハ質入スルコト但第七百十二条第一項ノ場合ハ此限ニ在ラス
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(iii)selling or pledging all or part of the shipped goods, except in the case referred to in Article 712, paragraph (1).
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(2)The amount of damages payable in the case where the captain has sold or pledged the shipped goods shall be determined by the value thereof at the port of discharge as of the time when the shipped goods should have arrived at the port; provided, however, that any costs that are not required to be paid from such value shall be deducted.
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一船舶カ其現在地ニ於テ修繕ヲ受クルコト能ハス且其修繕ヲ為スヘキ地ニ到ルコト能ハサルトキ
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(i)where the ship is unable to be repaired at its current location and where it is unable to travel to any place where it is possible for it to be repaired; and
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二修繕費カ船舶ノ価額ノ四分ノ三ニ超ユルトキ
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(ii)where the cost of the repair exceeds three-fourths of the value of the ship.
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第三章 運送
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Chapter III Transportation
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第一節 物品運送
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Section 1 Freight Transportation
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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Article 739A shipowner may not be released from the liability of compensating for any damage arising from his/her own negligence, an intentional act or the gross negligence of a mariner or other employee or from the ship not being seaworthy, even where he/she has agreed to any special provisions to the contrary.
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Article 740(1)The captain may, at any time, discharge any freight that is shipped in violation of laws and regulations or not in accordance with the contract, and abandon such freight if it is likely to harm the ship or the shipped goods; provided, however, that if the captain transports such freight, he/she may demand the highest freight charge for the same type of freight at the place and time of the shipment.
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(2)Where the period during which a charterer should ship the freight is specified, such period shall be counted from the day following the day on which the notice set forth in the preceding paragraph is dispatched. If the freight is shipped after the expiration of said period, the shipowner may claim a reasonable remuneration even where there are no special provisions to that effect.
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Article 742Where the captain is to receive the freight from a third party, if the identity of such party cannot be ascertained or said party does not ship the freight, the captain shall immediately dispatch a notice to the charterer to that effect. In this case, the charterer may ship the freight only within the period for shipment.
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(2)When the charterer makes a request as set forth in the preceding paragraph, he/she shall pay the full amount of the freight charge and any costs arising from the fact that he/she does not ship the freight in whole, and shall also provide reasonable security when requested to do so by the shipowner.
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(2)In the case of a round trip voyage, if the charterer cancels the contract before the departure of the return voyage, he/she shall pay two-thirds of the freight charge. The same shall apply in the case of a voyage to the port of shipment from another port, where the charterer cancels the contract before the ship departs from the port of shipment.
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Article 748(1)Where a transportation contract is entered into with regard to part of a ship, if a charterer cancels the contract before departure independently from other charterer(s) and consignor(s), he/she shall pay the full amount of the freight charge; provided, however, that any freight charge that the shipowner receives from other freight shall be deducted.
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(2)Where the period during which the freight should be discharged is specified, such period shall be counted from the day following the day on which the notice set forth in the preceding paragraph is dispatched. If the freight is discharged after the expiration of said period, the shipowner may claim a reasonable remuneration even where there are no special provisions to that effect.
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Article 753(1)When the consignee receives the freight, he/she shall be obliged to pay, in accordance with the purport of the transportation contract or bill of lading, the freight charge, any ancillary costs, payment made on his/her behalf by another person, the anchorage, and the amount that he/she should bear for a general average or salvage in proportion to the value of the freight.
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Article 756Where the freight charge is rated on the basis of a period of time, the amount thereof shall be determined by the period from the date of the start of the shipment of the freight until the date of the completion of the discharge of the freight; provided, however, that if it is necessary to have the ship berth in the port of departure or in any port during the voyage due to force majeure, or if it is necessary to make a repair to the ship during the voyage, said period shall not include the period of such berthing or repair. In the cases referred to in Article 741, paragraph (2) or Article 752, paragraph (2), said period shall not include the number of days which it took to ship or discharge the freight after the period for shipment or the discharge period had expired.
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Article 759Where a transportation contract is entered into with regard to the whole or part of a ship, if the charterer also enters into another transportation contract with a third party, only the shipowner shall be liable to perform the obligation under the latter contract to such third party to the extent that the performance of the obligation falls within the scope of the captain's duties.
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一船舶ガ沈没シタルコト
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(i)the ship sank;
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二船舶ガ修繕スルコト能ハザルニ至リタルコト
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(ii)the ship became unrepairable;
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三船舶ガ捕獲セラレタルコト
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(iii)the ship was captured; or
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四運送品カ不可抗力ニ因リテ滅失シタルコト
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(iv)the freight was lost due to force majeure.
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一船長カ第七百十五条第一項ノ規定ニ従ヒテ積荷ヲ売却又ハ質入シタルトキ
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(i)where the captain has sold or pledged the shipped goods pursuant to the provisions of Article 715, paragraph (1);
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二船長カ第七百十九条ノ規定ニ従ヒテ積荷ヲ航海ノ用ニ供シタルトキ
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(ii)where the captain has used the shipped goods for the voyage pursuant to the provisions of Article 719; and
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三船長カ第七百八十八条ノ規定ニ従ヒテ積荷ヲ処分シタルトキ
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(iii)where the captain has disposed of the shipped goods pursuant to the provisions of Article 788.
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第二款 船荷証券
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Subsection 2 Bill of Lading
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一船舶ノ名称及ヒ国籍
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(i)the name and nationality of the ship;
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二船長カ船荷証券ヲ作ラサルトキハ船長ノ氏名
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(ii)if the captain is not the person who issues the bill of lading, the name of the captain;
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三運送品ノ種類、重量若クハ容積及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、箇数並ニ記号
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(iii)the type, weight or capacity of the freight, the type of packaging, the number of packages, and the marks;
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四傭船者又ハ荷送人ノ氏名又ハ商号
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(iv)the name or trade name of the charterer or the consignor;
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五荷受人ノ氏名若クハ商号
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(v)the name or trade name of the consignee;
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六船積港
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(vi)the port of shipment;
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七陸揚港但発航後傭船者又ハ荷送人カ陸揚港ヲ指定スヘキトキハ其之ヲ指定スヘキ港
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(vii)the port of discharge, or if the charterer or the consignor is to designate the port of discharge after departure, such designated port;
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八運送賃
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(viii)the freight charge;
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九数通ノ船荷証券ヲ作リタルトキハ其員数
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(ix)if more than one bill of lading is issued, the number of the bills of lading; and
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十船荷証券ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日
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(x)the place and date of the issuance of the bill(s) of lading.
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Article 773When two or more holders of bills of lading demand the delivery of the freight, the captain shall deposit the freight without delay and dispatch a notice of such fact to each holder. Where the captain has delivered any portion of the freight pursuant to the provisions of Article 771 to one of such holders and then another holder demands the delivery of the freight, the captain shall also deposit the remaining portion of the freight and dispatch a notice.
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第二節 旅客運送
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Section 2 Passenger Transportation
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Article 783When it is necessary to make a repair to a ship during a voyage, a shipowner shall provide passengers with reasonable accommodation and food while the repair is being made; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the shipowner provides passengers with another ship to transport them to the port of landing to the extent that such transportation does not infringe their rights.
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第四章 海損
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Chapter IV Average
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Article 789The general average shall be shared among the interested persons in accordance with the ratio between the value of the ship or the shipped goods that have been successfully preserved therefrom, half the amount of the freight charges, and the amount of damage to be treated as the general average.
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Article 790When determining the amount of the general average contribution, the value of the ship shall be the price thereof at the place and time of its arrival, and the value of the shipped goods shall be the value thereof at the place and time of their discharge; provided, however, that with regard to the value of the shipped goods, any freight charges and other costs that are not required to be paid in the event of the loss of the shipped goods shall be deducted from said value.
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Article 792The value of any weapons, salaries for the mariners, and food and clothing for the mariners and passengers that are kept on a ship shall not be included in the amount of a general average to be shared; provided, however, that any damage caused by any interested person to any of those items shall be borne by other interested persons.
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Article 794(1)The amount of damages to be treated as a general average shall be determined on the basis of the value of the ship at the place and time of its arrival or the value of the shipped goods at the place and time of their discharge; provided, however, that with regard to the value of the shipped goods, any and all costs that are not required to be paid in the event of the loss of or damage to the shipped goods shall be deducted.
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Article 795(1)Where the value of the shipped goods indicated in a bill of lading or any other document by which the value of the shipped goods can be estimated is lower than the real value of the shipped goods, the amount of damages caused to the shipped goods shall be determined on the basis of such value as indicated in the bill or document.
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Article 796Where the interested persons shared a general average pursuant to the provisions of Article 789, and then the whole or part of the ship, its equipment or the shipped goods are returned to the owner(s), such owner(s) shall return the compensation, after deducting therefrom the amount of the salvage charge and the amount of damages arising from the partial loss of or damage to such property.
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第五章 海難救助
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Chapter V Salvage
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Article 801Where there are no special provisions on the salvage charge, if a dispute occurs over the amount thereof, the court shall determine the amount while taking into consideration the degree of risk, the consequence of the salvage, the labor and costs incurred for the salvage and any other circumstances concerned.
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Article 805(1)The shipowner of a ship that engaged in the salvage shall be paid two-thirds of the salvage charge if the ship is a steamship, or half of the salvage charge if the ship is a sailing ship, and the remaining amount shall be divided into halves, of which one half is to be paid to the captain and the other to the mariners.
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一故意又ハ過失ニ因リテ海難ヲ惹起シタルトキ
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(i)where he/she provoked the marine accident intentionally or negligently;
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二正当ノ事由ニ因リテ救助ヲ拒マレタルニ拘ハラス強ヒテ之ニ従事シタルトキ
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(ii)where he/she engaged in the salvage despite the fact that his/her engagement was refused on justifiable grounds; and
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三救助シタル物品ヲ隠匿シ又ハ濫ニ之ヲ処分シタルトキ
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(iii)where he/she concealed salvaged property or disposed of it without good reason.
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第六章 保険
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Chapter VI Insurance
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(2)Unless otherwise provided for in this Chapter, the provisions of Chapter II, Section 1 to 4 and 6, and Chapter V of the Insurance Act (Act No. 56 of 2008) shall apply to marine insurance contracts.
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Article 817An insurer shall be liable to compensate for a general average contribution payable by an insured; provided, however, that if the insurance value is partially covered by insurance, the insurer's liability shall be determined on the basis of the ratio of the insured amount to the insurance value.
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(3)In the cases referred to in the preceding two paragraphs, the insurer's liability shall terminate at the time when the discharge of goods or ballast is completed at the port of arrival; provided, however, that if there is any delay in the discharge due to reasons other than force majeure, the insurer's liability shall terminate at the time when the discharge should have been completed.
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Article 822(1)Where the shipped goods are covered by insurance or any profit or remuneration to be gained upon the arrival of the shipped goods is covered by insurance, the insurer's liability shall commence at the time when the shipped goods leave land and terminate at the time when the discharge thereof is completed at the port of discharge.
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Article 823A marine insurance policy shall state the following matters in addition to the matters listed in Article 6, paragraph (1) of the Insurance Act:
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一船舶ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ其船舶ノ名称、国籍並ニ種類、船長ノ氏名及ヒ発航港、到達港又ハ寄航港ノ定アルトキハ其港名
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(i)in the case of insurance for a ship, the name, nationality and type of the ship, the name of the captain and the names of the port of departure, the port of arrival or the port(s) of call if such port(s) is designated; and
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二積荷ヲ保険ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ船舶ノ名称、国籍並ニ種類、船積港及ヒ陸揚港
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(ii)in the case of insurance for the shipped goods or any profit or remuneration to be acquired upon the arrival of the shipped goods, the name, nationality and type of the ship, the port of shipment and the port of discharge.
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Article 825If an insured fails to have the ship depart or continue a voyage, or changes the route or otherwise changes or increases the risk, an insurer shall not be liable for any accident that may occur after such change or increase; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the change or increase has no influence on the occurrence of an accident or has been caused due to force majeure attributable to the insurer or on justifiable grounds.
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Article 827Where the shipped goods are covered by insurance or any profit or remuneration to be gained upon the arrival of the shipped goods is covered by insurance, when the ship is changed, the insurer shall not be liable for any accident that may occur after such change; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the change was due to reasons not attributable to the policyholder or the insured.
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一保険ノ目的ノ性質若クハ瑕疵、其自然ノ消耗又ハ保険契約者若クハ被保険者ノ悪意若クハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ生シタル損害
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(i)any damage arising from the nature of or any defect to the insured property or its ordinary wear and tear, or an intentional act or the gross negligence of the policyholder or the insured;
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二船舶又ハ運送賃ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ発航ノ当時安全ニ航海ヲ為スニ必要ナル準備ヲ為サス又ハ必要ナル書類ヲ備ヘサルニ因リテ生シタル損害
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(ii)in the case of insurance for a ship or the freight charge, any damage arising from the failure to make the necessary preparations or keep the necessary documents for a safe voyage at the time of departure;
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三積荷ヲ保険ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ傭船者、荷送人又ハ荷受人ノ悪意若クハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ生シタル損害
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(iii)in the case of insurance for the shipped goods or profit or remuneration to be gained upon the arrival of the shipped goods, any damage arising from an intentional act or the gross negligence of the charterer, the consignor, or the consignee; and
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四水先案内料、入港料、燈台料、検疫料其他船舶又ハ積荷ニ付キ航海ノ為メニ出タシタル通常ノ費用
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(iv)the pilotage charges, harbor charges, light dues, quarantine fees, and other ordinary costs insured in connection with the ship or the shipped goods for the voyage.
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Article 831When shipped goods covered by insurance arrive at the port of discharge in a damaged state, the insurer shall be liable to compensate for part of the insurance value on the basis of the ratio of the value of the shipped goods in such damaged state to the value that the shipped goods would have had in an undamaged state.
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第八百三十二条航海ノ途中ニ於テ不可抗力ニ因リ保険ノ目的タル積荷ヲ売却シタルトキハ其売却ニ依リテ得タル代価ノ中ヨリ運送賃其他ノ費用ヲ控除シタルモノト保険価額トノ差ヲ以テ保険者ノ負担トス但保険価額ノ一部ヲ保険ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ保険法第十九条ノ適用ヲ妨ケス
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Article 832(1)When shipped goods covered by insurance have been sold due to force majeure during a voyage, the insurer shall be liable to pay any difference between the amount calculated by deducting the freight charge and other costs from the sales proceeds and the insurance value; provided, however, that this shall not preclude the application of Article 19 of the Insurance Act in cases where the insurance value is partially covered by insurance.
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一船舶カ沈没シタルトキ
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(i)where the ship sinks;
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二船舶ノ行方カ知レサルトキ
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(ii)where the ship goes missing;
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三船舶カ修繕スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキ
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(iii)where the ship is rendered unrepairable;
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四船舶又ハ積荷カ捕獲セラレタルトキ
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(iv)where the ship or the shipped goods were captured; and
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五船舶又ハ積荷カ官ノ処分ニ依リテ押収セラレ六个月間解放セラレサルトキ
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(v)where the ship or the shipped goods were seized by an official disposition and remained unreleased for six months.
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第七章 船舶債権者
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Chapter VII Ship's Creditors
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一船舶並ニ其属具ノ競売ニ関スル費用及ヒ競売手続開始後ノ保存費
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(i)the costs for an auction of the ship and its equipment, as well as the costs for the storage of the same after the commencement of the auction procedure;
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二最後ノ港ニ於ケル船舶及ヒ其属具ノ保存費
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(ii)the costs for the storage of the ship and its equipment incurred at the last port;
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三航海ニ関シ船舶ニ課シタル諸税
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(iii)the taxes imposed on the ship in connection with the voyage;
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四水先案内料及ヒ挽船料
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(iv)the pilotage charge and towage charge;
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五救助料及ヒ船舶ノ負担ニ属スル共同海損
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(v)the salvage charge and the general average to be borne by the ship;
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六航海継続ノ必要ニ因リテ生シタル債権
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(vi)any claims which arise from the necessity of continuing the voyage;
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七雇傭契約ニ因リテ生シタル船長其他ノ船員ノ債権
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(vii)any claims of the captain and other mariners which arise from employment contracts; and
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八船舶カ其売買又ハ製造ノ後未タ航海ヲ為ササル場合ニ於テ其売買又ハ製造並ニ艤装ニ因リテ生シタル債権及ヒ最後ノ航海ノ為メニスル船舶ノ艤装、食料並ニ燃料ニ関スル債権
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(viii)in the case where the ship has not made any voyage after it was sold or manufactured, any claims which arise from the sale or manufacture and the outfitting of the ship, and any claims which arise from the outfitting of the ship, food and fuel that are required for its last voyage.
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Article 844(1)Where statutory liens held by a ship's creditors conflict with each other, the order of priority of those liens shall follow the order set forth in Article 842; provided, however, that between the claims listed in item (iv) to item (vi) of said Article, the one which arose later shall take precedence over the one which arose earlier.
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(2)Where two or more persons hold statutory liens of the same rank, they shall receive payment in proportion to the value of their claims; provided, however, that where the claims listed in Article 842, item (iv) to item (vi) arose at different times, the one which arose later shall take precedence over the one which arose earlier.
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Article 846(1)Where a shipowner has assigned his/her ship, the assignee shall, after registering the assignment, give public notice to the holders of statutory liens to the effect that they should file proof of their claims within a certain period of time; provided, however, that such period may not be shorter than one month.
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3船舶ノ抵当権ニハ不動産ノ抵当権ニ関スル規定ヲ準用ス此場合ニ於テハ民法第三百八十四条第一号中「抵当権を実行して競売の申立てをしないとき」トアルハ「抵当権の実行としての競売の申立て若しくはその提供を承諾しない旨の第三取得者に対する通知をせず、又はその通知をした債権者が抵当権の実行としての競売の申立てをすることができるに至った後一週間以内にこれをしないとき」ト読替フルモノトス
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(3)The provisions on a mortgage on real property shall apply mutatis mutandis to a mortgage on a ship. In this case, the phrase "[if the obligee] does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage [within two months after receipt of the documents listed in each item of the preceding article]" in Article 384, item (i) of the Civil Code shall be deemed to be replaced with "[if the obligee] does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage or give notice to the third party acquirer to the effect that he/she has not approved the third party acquirer's offer [within two months after receipt of the documents listed in each item of the preceding article], or if the obligee who has given such notice does not file a petition for auction by executing the mortgage within one week after he/she is able to file it."
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