民法(明治二十九年法律第八十九号)
Civil Code(Act No. 89 of 1896)
最終更新:平成二十五年法律第九十四号
Last Version: Act No. 94 of 2013
目次
履歴
-
令和5年3月28日
- 最終更新:平成二十五年法律第九十四号
- 翻訳日:平成26年1月30日
- 辞書バージョン:8.0
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平成25年3月27日
- 最終更新:平成十八年法律第七十八号
- 翻訳日:平成21年4月1日
- 辞書バージョン:2.0
民法(第四編第五編)
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Civil Code (Part IV and Part V)
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明治二十九年四月二十七日法律第八十九号
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Act No. 89 of April 27, 1896
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第四編 親族
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Part IV Relatives
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第一章 総則
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Chapter I General Provisions
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(親族の範囲)
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(Range of Relatives)
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第七百二十五条次に掲げる者は、親族とする。
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Article 725The following persons are relatives:
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一六親等内の血族
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(i)blood relatives of up to the sixth degree;
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二配偶者
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(ii)spouses; and
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三三親等内の姻族
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(iii)relatives by affinity of up to the third degree.
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(親等の計算)
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(Determining Degrees of Kinship)
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第七百二十六条親等は、親族間の世代数を数えて、これを定める。
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Article 726(1)The degree of kinship between two relatives is determined by counting the number of generations between them.
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(縁組による親族関係の発生)
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(Kinship through Adoption)
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第七百二十七条養子と養親及びその血族との間においては、養子縁組の日から、血族間におけるのと同一の親族関係を生ずる。
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Article 727From the time of adoption, the kinship between the adopted child and the adoptive parent (and the blood relatives of the adoptive parent) is the same as that of blood relatives.
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(離婚等による姻族関係の終了)
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(Termination of Relationships of Affinity upon Divorce)
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第七百二十八条姻族関係は、離婚によって終了する。
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Article 728(1)Relationships of affinity are terminated by divorce.
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(離縁による親族関係の終了)
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(Termination of Kinship upon Dissolution of Adoptive Relationship)
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第七百二十九条養子及びその配偶者並びに養子の直系卑属及びその配偶者と養親及びその血族との親族関係は、離縁によって終了する。
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Article 729The kinship of an adopted child and the spouse thereof, as well as the kinship of the adopted child's lineal descendants and their spouses, to the adoptive parent and the blood relatives thereof, is terminated by the dissolution of the adoptive relationship.
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(親族間の扶け合い)
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(Help Among Relatives)
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第七百三十条直系血族及び同居の親族は、互いに扶け合わなければならない。
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Article 730Lineal blood relatives and cohabiting relatives must act so as to help one another.
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第二章 婚姻
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Chapter II Marriage
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第一節 婚姻の成立
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Section 1 Formation of a Marriage
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第一款 婚姻の要件
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Subsection 1 Requirements for Marriage
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(婚姻適齢)
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(Marriageable Age)
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第七百三十一条男は、十八歳に、女は、十六歳にならなければ、婚姻をすることができない。
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Article 731A man may not marry until the age of 18, and a woman may not marry until the age of 16.
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(重婚の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Bigamy)
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第七百三十二条配偶者のある者は、重ねて婚姻をすることができない。
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Article 732A person who has a spouse may not enter into another marriage.
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(再婚禁止期間)
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(Period During Which Remarriage Is Prohibited)
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第七百三十三条女は、前婚の解消又は取消しの日から六箇月を経過した後でなければ、再婚をすることができない。
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Article 733(1)A woman may not remarry until six months have passed since the day of the dissolution or cancellation with prospective effect of her previous marriage.
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(近親者間の婚姻の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Marriage between Close Relatives)
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第七百三十四条直系血族又は三親等内の傍系血族の間では、婚姻をすることができない。ただし、養子と養方の傍系血族との間では、この限りでない。
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Article 734(1)Lineal blood relatives may not marry, nor may collateral blood relatives of up to the third degree of kinship;provided, however that this does not apply with respect to a marriage between an adopted child and a collateral blood relative through adoption.
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(直系姻族間の婚姻の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Marriage between Lineal Relatives by Affinity)
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第七百三十五条直系姻族の間では、婚姻をすることができない。第七百二十八条又は第八百十七条の九の規定により姻族関係が終了した後も、同様とする。
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Article 735Lineal relatives by affinity may not marry. This also applies after relationships of affinity are terminated pursuant to the provisions of Article 728 or Article 817-9.
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(養親子等の間の婚姻の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Marriage between Adoptive Parent and Child)
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第七百三十六条養子若しくはその配偶者又は養子の直系卑属若しくはその配偶者と養親又はその直系尊属との間では、第七百二十九条の規定により親族関係が終了した後でも、婚姻をすることができない。
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Article 736Even after the termination of kinship pursuant to the provisions of Article 729, marriage is not permissible between the adopted child, the spouse thereof, the lineal descendant of the adopted child, or the spouse thereof, and the adoptive parent or lineal ascendant thereof.
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(未成年者の婚姻についての父母の同意)
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(Parental Consent to Marriage of a Minor)
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第七百三十七条未成年の子が婚姻をするには、父母の同意を得なければならない。
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Article 737(1)A minor must obtain the consent of both parents in order to marry.
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(成年被後見人の婚姻)
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(Marriage of an Adult Ward)
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第七百三十八条成年被後見人が婚姻をするには、その成年後見人の同意を要しない。
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Article 738An adult ward does not need the consent of a guardian in order to marry.
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(婚姻の届出)
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(Application to Register a Marriage)
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第七百三十九条婚姻は、戸籍法(昭和二十二年法律第二百二十四号)の定めるところにより届け出ることによって、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 739(1)A marriage becomes valid when an application to register the marriage is filed pursuant to the Family Register Act (Act No. 224 of 1947).
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(婚姻の届出の受理)
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(Acceptance of Application to Register a Marriage)
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第七百四十条婚姻の届出は、その婚姻が第七百三十一条から第七百三十七条まで及び前条第二項の規定その他の法令の規定に違反しないことを認めた後でなければ、受理することができない。
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Article 740It is not permissible to accept an application to register a marriage until the marriage has been found not to violate the provisions of Article 731 through Article 737, the provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, or the provisions of any other law or regulation.
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(外国に在る日本人間の婚姻の方式)
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(Marriage between Japanese Nationals in a Foreign Country)
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第七百四十一条外国に在る日本人間で婚姻をしようとするときは、その国に駐在する日本の大使、公使又は領事にその届出をすることができる。この場合においては、前二条の規定を準用する。
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Article 741If two Japanese nationals in a foreign country seek to marry, they may file an application to register their marriage with the Japanese Ambassador, Minister of the Japanese Embassy, or Consul stationed in that country. The provisions of the preceding two Articles apply mutatis mutandis in such a case.
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第二款 婚姻の無効及び取消し
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Subsection 2 Nullity and Cancellation of Marriages
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(婚姻の無効)
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(Nullity of Marriage)
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第七百四十二条婚姻は、次に掲げる場合に限り、無効とする。
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Article 742A marriage is void only in one of the following cases:
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一人違いその他の事由によって当事者間に婚姻をする意思がないとき。
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(i)if the parties did not have the mutual intention to enter into a marriage due to a party being mistaken as to the identity of the other or any other such cause; or
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二当事者が婚姻の届出をしないとき。ただし、その届出が第七百三十九条第二項に定める方式を欠くだけであるときは、婚姻は、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。
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(ii)if the parties have failed to file an application to register the marriage;provided, however, that if the application to register merely lacks a formality prescribed in Article 739, paragraph (2), this does not impair the validity of the marriage.
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(婚姻の取消し)
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(Cancellation of a Marriage)
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第七百四十三条婚姻は、次条から第七百四十七条までの規定によらなければ、取り消すことができない。
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Article 743A marriage may not be canceled other than pursuant to the provisions of Article 744 through Article 747.
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(不適法な婚姻の取消し)
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(Cancellation of an Unlawful Marriage)
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第七百四十四条第七百三十一条から第七百三十六条までの規定に違反した婚姻は、各当事者、その親族又は検察官から、その取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、検察官は、当事者の一方が死亡した後は、これを請求することができない。
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Article 744(1)Either of the parties, their relatives, or the public prosecutor may request the family court to cancel the marriage if it violates any provision of Article 731 through Article 736;provided, however, that the public prosecutor may not request this after the death of one of the parties.
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(不適齢者の婚姻の取消し)
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(Cancellation of the Marriage of a Person Not of Marriageable Age)
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第七百四十五条第七百三十一条の規定に違反した婚姻は、不適齢者が適齢に達したときは、その取消しを請求することができない。
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Article 745(1)It is not permissible to request that a marriage violating the provisions of Article 731 be canceled once the person that was not of marriageable age reaches marriageable age.
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(再婚禁止期間内にした婚姻の取消し)
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(Cancellation of a Marriage Entered Into within the Period during Which Remarriage Is Prohibited)
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第七百四十六条第七百三十三条の規定に違反した婚姻は、前婚の解消若しくは取消しの日から六箇月を経過し、又は女が再婚後に懐胎したときは、その取消しを請求することができない。
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Article 746It is not permissible to request that a marriage violating the provisions of Article 733 be canceled once six months have passed since the day on which the previous marriage was dissolved or canceled, nor is a request that such a marriage be canceled permissible if the woman conceives a child after remarriage.
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(詐欺又は強迫による婚姻の取消し)
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(Cancellation of a Marriage Resulting from Fraud or Duress)
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第七百四十七条詐欺又は強迫によって婚姻をした者は、その婚姻の取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。
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Article 747(1)A person who has married due to fraud or duress may request the family court to cancel the marriage.
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(婚姻の取消しの効力)
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(Effect of Cancellation of a Marriage)
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第七百四十八条婚姻の取消しは、将来に向かってのみその効力を生ずる。
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Article 748(1)The cancellation of a marriage has only prospective effect.
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(3)A party who had knowledge of the grounds to cancel at the time of marriage must make restitution for all benefits obtained as a result of the marriage. In such a case, the party with knowledge is liable to compensate the other party for damage if the other party entered into the marriage in good faith.
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(離婚の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Divorce Provisions)
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第七百四十九条第七百二十八条第一項、第七百六十六条から第七百六十九条まで、第七百九十条第一項ただし書並びに第八百十九条第二項、第三項、第五項及び第六項の規定は、婚姻の取消しについて準用する。
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Article 749The provisions of Article 728, paragraph (1); Article 766 through Article 769; the proviso to Article 790, paragraph (1); and Article 819, paragraphs (2),(3),(5), and (6) apply mutatis mutandis to the cancellation of a marriage.
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第二節 婚姻の効力
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Section 2 Legal Effect of Marriage
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(夫婦の氏)
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(Surname of Husband and Wife)
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第七百五十条夫婦は、婚姻の際に定めるところに従い、夫又は妻の氏を称する。
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Article 750A husband and wife take the surname of either the husband or the wife, as decided at the time of marriage.
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(生存配偶者の復氏等)
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(Surviving Spouse Reverting to Previous Surname)
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第七百五十一条夫婦の一方が死亡したときは、生存配偶者は、婚姻前の氏に復することができる。
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Article 751(1)If one party to a marriage dies, the surviving spouse may revert to the surname used before the marriage.
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(同居、協力及び扶助の義務)
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(Duty to Live Together, Cooperate, and Be of Assistance to Each Other)
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第七百五十二条夫婦は同居し、互いに協力し扶助しなければならない。
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Article 752A husband and wife must live together, cooperate with each other, and act so as to be of assistance to each other.
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(婚姻による成年擬制)
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(Deemed Majority Due to Marriage)
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第七百五十三条未成年者が婚姻をしたときは、これによって成年に達したものとみなす。
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Article 753If a minor enters into marriage, the minor is deemed to have attained the age of majority.
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(夫婦間の契約の取消権)
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(Right to Rescind Contracts between Husband and Wife)
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第七百五十四条夫婦間でした契約は、婚姻中、いつでも、夫婦の一方からこれを取り消すことができる。ただし、第三者の権利を害することはできない。
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Article 754Either of the parties to a marriage may at any time during the marriage rescind a contract entered into between them;provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of a third party.
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第三節 夫婦財産制
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Section 3 Marital Property Systems
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第一款 総則
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Subsection 1 General Provisions
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(夫婦の財産関係)
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(Property Relations of Husband and Wife)
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第七百五十五条夫婦が、婚姻の届出前に、その財産について別段の契約をしなかったときは、その財産関係は、次款に定めるところによる。
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Article 755Unless husband and wife enter into an agreement setting forth otherwise with regard to their property before filing the application to register the marriage, their property relations are as prescribed in the following subsection.
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(夫婦財産契約の対抗要件)
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(Requirement for the Perfection of Prenuptial Property Agreement)
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第七百五十六条夫婦が法定財産制と異なる契約をしたときは、婚姻の届出までにその登記をしなければ、これを夫婦の承継人及び第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 756If a husband and wife have entered into an agreement that departs from the statutory property system, the agreement may not be asserted against the successor in title of the husband or wife or against a third party unless it is registered by the time that the application to register the marriage is filed.
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(夫婦の財産関係の変更の制限等)
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(Restrictions on Modification of Property Relations of a Husband and Wife)
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第七百五十八条夫婦の財産関係は、婚姻の届出後は、変更することができない。
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Article 758(1)The property relations of a husband and wife may not be modified after registration of their marriage.
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(財産の管理者の変更及び共有財産の分割の対抗要件)
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(Requirements for the Perfection of a Change in the Person Managing the Property or the Division of Property Held in Coownership)
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第七百五十九条前条の規定又は第七百五十五条の契約の結果により、財産の管理者を変更し、又は共有財産の分割をしたときは、その登記をしなければ、これを夫婦の承継人及び第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 759If the person managing the property changes or property held in co-ownership is divided pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article or as a result of the agreement referred to in Article 755, this may not be asserted against the successor in title of the husband or wife or against a third party unless it is registered.
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第二款 法定財産制
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Subsection 2 Statutory Marital Property System
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(婚姻費用の分担)
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(Sharing of Living Expenses)
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第七百六十条夫婦は、その資産、収入その他一切の事情を考慮して、婚姻から生ずる費用を分担する。
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Article 760A husband and wife share the expenses that arise from their marriage, in consideration of their assets, income, and all other circumstances.
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(日常の家事に関する債務の連帯責任)
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(Joint and Several Liability for Debts Incurred for Household Necessities)
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第七百六十一条夫婦の一方が日常の家事に関して第三者と法律行為をしたときは、他の一方は、これによって生じた債務について、連帯してその責任を負う。ただし、第三者に対し責任を負わない旨を予告した場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 761When one party to a marriage performs a juridical act with a third party in respect of a household necessity, the other party to the marriage is jointly and severally liable for the debt arising from that act;provided, however, that this does not apply if advance notice is given to the third party indicating that the other party to the marriage will not bear such liability.
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(夫婦間における財産の帰属)
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(Vesting of Property in the Husband and Wife)
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第七百六十二条夫婦の一方が婚姻前から有する財産及び婚姻中自己の名で得た財産は、その特有財産(夫婦の一方が単独で有する財産をいう。)とする。
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Article 762(1)Property owned by one party before marriage and property obtained in the name of that party during the marriage is separate property (meaning property that one party to a marriage owns independently of the other party).
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第四節 離婚
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Section 4 Divorce
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第一款 協議上の離婚
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Subsection 1 Divorce by Agreement
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(協議上の離婚)
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(Divorce by Agreement)
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第七百六十三条夫婦は、その協議で、離婚をすることができる。
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Article 763A husband and wife may divorce by agreement.
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(婚姻の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Marriage Provisions)
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第七百六十四条第七百三十八条、第七百三十九条及び第七百四十七条の規定は、協議上の離婚について準用する。
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Article 764The provisions of Articles 738, 739, and 747 apply mutatis mutandis to a divorce by agreement.
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(離婚の届出の受理)
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(Acceptance of Application to Register a Divorce)
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第七百六十五条離婚の届出は、その離婚が前条において準用する第七百三十九条第二項の規定及び第八百十九条第一項の規定その他の法令の規定に違反しないことを認めた後でなければ、受理することができない。
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Article 765(1)It is not permissible to accept an application to register a divorce until the divorce has been found not to violate the provisions of Article 739, paragraph (2) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding Article, the provisions of Article 819, paragraph (1), or the provisions of any other law or regulation.
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(離婚後の子の監護に関する事項の定め等)
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(Determining Issues of Child Custody Following Divorce)
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第七百六十六条父母が協議上の離婚をするときは、子の監護をすべき者、父又は母と子との面会及びその他の交流、子の監護に要する費用の分担その他の子の監護について必要な事項は、その協議で定める。この場合においては、子の利益を最も優先して考慮しなければならない。
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Article 766(1)If parents divorce by agreement, the issues that need to be determined in connection with child custody, such as who will have custody over the child, visitation and other contact between the father or mother and the child, and the sharing of expenses that custody of the child requires, are determined in that agreement. The child's interests must be given the highest priority in the consideration of these issues, in such a case.
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(離婚による復氏等)
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(Reversion to Previous Surname upon Divorce)
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第七百六十七条婚姻によって氏を改めた夫又は妻は、協議上の離婚によって婚姻前の氏に復する。
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Article 767(1)The surname of the husband or wife who changed surnames upon marriage reverts to the surname used before marriage upon divorce by agreement.
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(2)The husband or wife whose surname has reverted to the surname used before marriage pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph may take the surname used at the time of divorce by filing a registration pursuant to the Family Register Act within three months of the day of divorce.
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(財産分与)
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(Division of Property)
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第七百六十八条協議上の離婚をした者の一方は、相手方に対して財産の分与を請求することができる。
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Article 768(1)One party to a divorce by agreement may ask the other party to effectuate a division of property.
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(2)If no agreement between the parties is reached with respect to the division of property under the preceding paragraph or if discussions toward such an agreement cannot be held, either party may file a request with the family court for a disposition in lieu of such an agreement;provided, however, that this does not apply once two years have passed since the time of divorce.
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(3)In a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph, the family court determines whether the parties should be subject to a division of property and the value and method of the division, taking into consideration the value of the property that the parties obtained together through their combined efforts and all other circumstances.
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(離婚による復氏の際の権利の承継)
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(Succession of Rights after Reversion to Previous Surname upon Divorce)
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第七百六十九条婚姻によって氏を改めた夫又は妻が、第八百九十七条第一項の権利を承継した後、協議上の離婚をしたときは、当事者その他の関係人の協議で、その権利を承継すべき者を定めなければならない。
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Article 769(1)If the husband or wife who changed surnames upon marriage becomes party to a divorce by agreement after succeeding to rights as referred to in Article 897, paragraph (1), the matter of who succeeds to those rights must be determined through the agreement of the parties and any other interested persons.
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第二款 裁判上の離婚
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Subsection 2 Judicial Divorce
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(裁判上の離婚)
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(Judicial Divorce)
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第七百七十条夫婦の一方は、次に掲げる場合に限り、離婚の訴えを提起することができる。
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Article 770(1)One party to a marriage may independently initiate an action for divorce only in one of the following cases:
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一配偶者に不貞な行為があったとき。
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(i)if the other spouse commits adultery;
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二配偶者から悪意で遺棄されたとき。
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(ii)if the party has been willfully abandoned by the other spouse;
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三配偶者の生死が三年以上明らかでないとき。
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(iii)if it has been unclear whether the party's spouse is dead or alive for three or more years;
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四配偶者が強度の精神病にかかり、回復の見込みがないとき。
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(iv)if the party's spouse is suffering from severe mental illness and there is no prospect of recovery; or
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五その他婚姻を継続し難い重大な事由があるとき。
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(v)if there are any other material grounds that make it difficult for the marriage to continue.
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(協議上の離婚の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Divorce by Agreement Provisions)
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第七百七十一条第七百六十六条から第七百六十九条までの規定は、裁判上の離婚について準用する。
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Article 771The provisions of Article 766 through Article 769 apply mutatis mutandis to a judicial divorce.
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第三章 親子
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Chapter III Parent and Child
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第一節 実子
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Section 1 Natural Children
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(嫡出の推定)
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(Presumption of Child in Wedlock)
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第七百七十二条妻が婚姻中に懐胎した子は、夫の子と推定する。
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Article 772(1)A child that a wife conceives while married is presumed to be the child of her husband.
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(父を定めることを目的とする訴え)
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(Action to Determine Paternity)
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第七百七十三条第七百三十三条第一項の規定に違反して再婚をした女が出産した場合において、前条の規定によりその子の父を定めることができないときは、裁判所が、これを定める。
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Article 773If a woman remarrying in violation of the provisions of Article 733, paragraph (1) gives birth and the paternity of the child cannot be determined pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the court determines the paternity of the child.
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(嫡出の否認)
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(Rebutting the Presumption of Child in Wedlock)
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第七百七十四条第七百七十二条の場合において、夫は、子が嫡出であることを否認することができる。
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Article 774In a case as referred to in Article 772, the husband may rebut the presumption of the child in wedlock.
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(嫡出否認の訴え)
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(Action to Rebut the Presumption of Child in Wedlock)
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第七百七十五条前条の規定による否認権は、子又は親権を行う母に対する嫡出否認の訴えによって行う。親権を行う母がないときは、家庭裁判所は、特別代理人を選任しなければならない。
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Article 775The right to a rebuttal under Article 774 is exercised through the filing of an action to rebut the presumption of the child in wedlock against the child, or against the mother exercising parental authority. If there is no mother exercising parental authority, the family court must appoint a special agent.
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(嫡出の承認)
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(Acknowledgment of Child in Wedlock)
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第七百七十六条夫は、子の出生後において、その嫡出であることを承認したときは、その否認権を失う。
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Article 776If a husband acknowledges a child to be his child in wedlock after the child is born, he loses the right to rebut the presumption of the child in wedlock.
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(嫡出否認の訴えの出訴期間)
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(Statute of Limitations for Filing an Action to Rebut the Presumption of Child in Wedlock)
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第七百七十七条嫡出否認の訴えは、夫が子の出生を知った時から一年以内に提起しなければならない。
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Article 777A husband must bring an action to rebut the presumption of the child in wedlock within one year of learning of the child's birth.
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(認知)
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(Acknowledgment of Parentage)
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第七百七十九条嫡出でない子は、その父又は母がこれを認知することができる。
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Article 779A father or a mother may acknowledge a child born out of wedlock to be his or her child.
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(認知能力)
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(Competency to Acknowledge Parentage)
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第七百八十条認知をするには、父又は母が未成年者又は成年被後見人であるときであっても、その法定代理人の同意を要しない。
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Article 780A father or a mother does not need the consent of a legal representative in order to acknowledge parentage, even if that father or mother is a minor or an adult ward.
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(認知の方式)
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(Formalities for Acknowledging Parentage)
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第七百八十一条認知は、戸籍法の定めるところにより届け出ることによってする。
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Article 781(1)Parentage is acknowledged through the filing of a registration pursuant to the provisions of the Family Register Act.
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(成年の子の認知)
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(Acknowledging Parentage of an Adult Child)
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第七百八十二条成年の子は、その承諾がなければ、これを認知することができない。
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Article 782A father or mother may not acknowledge parentage of an adult child without that adult child's consent.
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(胎児又は死亡した子の認知)
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(Acknowledging Parentage of an Unborn Child or a Child Who Has Died)
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第七百八十三条父は、胎内に在る子でも、認知することができる。この場合においては、母の承諾を得なければならない。
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Article 783(1)A father may acknowledge paternity even if the child is still in utero. The mother's consent must be obtained in such a case.
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(認知の効力)
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(Legal Effect of an Acknowledgment of Parentage)
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第七百八十四条認知は、出生の時にさかのぼってその効力を生ずる。ただし、第三者が既に取得した権利を害することはできない。
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Article 784An acknowledgement of parentage is effective retroactive to the time of birth;provided, however, that this may not prejudice a right already acquired by a third party.
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(認知の取消しの禁止)
|
(Prohibition on Rescission of Acknowledgments of Parentage)
|
第七百八十五条認知をした父又は母は、その認知を取り消すことができない。
|
Article 785A father or a mother who has acknowledged parentage may not rescind that acknowledgment.
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(認知に対する反対の事実の主張)
|
(Assertion of Opposing Facts against an Acknowledgment of Parentage)
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第七百八十六条子その他の利害関係人は、認知に対して反対の事実を主張することができる。
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Article 786A child or any other interested person may assert opposing facts against an acknowledgment of parentage.
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(認知の訴え)
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(Filiation Proceedings)
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第七百八十七条子、その直系卑属又はこれらの者の法定代理人は、認知の訴えを提起することができる。ただし、父又は母の死亡の日から三年を経過したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 787A child, the lineal descendant thereof, or the legal representative of either, may bring filiation proceedings;provided, however that this does not apply if three years have passed since the day on which the father or mother died.
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(認知後の子の監護に関する事項の定め等)
|
(Determining Issues of Child Custody after Acknowledgment of Paternity)
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第七百八十八条第七百六十六条の規定は、父が認知する場合について準用する。
|
Article 788The provisions of Article 766 apply mutatis mutandis when a father acknowledges paternity.
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(準正)
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(Legitimation)
|
第七百八十九条父が認知した子は、その父母の婚姻によって嫡出子の身分を取得する。
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Article 789(1)A child whose paternity the father acknowledges acquires status as a child in wedlock upon the marriage of the child's father and mother.
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(子の氏)
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(Child's Surname)
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第七百九十条嫡出である子は、父母の氏を称する。ただし、子の出生前に父母が離婚したときは、離婚の際における父母の氏を称する。
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Article 790(1)A child born in wedlock takes the surname of the parents;provided, however that if the parents divorce before the child is born, the child takes the surname used by the parents at the time of divorce.
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(子の氏の変更)
|
(Changing a Child's Surname)
|
第七百九十一条子が父又は母と氏を異にする場合には、子は、家庭裁判所の許可を得て、戸籍法の定めるところにより届け出ることによって、その父又は母の氏を称することができる。
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Article 791(1)If a child's surname differs from that of the father or mother, the child may take the surname of the father or mother after obtaining the permission of the family court, through the filing of a registration pursuant to the provisions of the Family Register Act.
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(2)If a child's surname differs from that of the parents due to the father or mother changing surnames, the child may take the name of the parents without obtaining the permission referred to in the preceding paragraph only if the parents are married to each other, through the filing of a notification pursuant to the provisions of the Family Register Act.
|
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(4)A minor who has changed surnames pursuant to the provisions of one of the preceding three paragraphs may revert to the previous surname within one year of attaining majority, through the filing of a notification pursuant to the provisions of the Family Register Act.
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第二節 養子
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Section 2 Adoption
|
第一款 縁組の要件
|
Subsection 1 Requirements for Adoption
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(養親となる者の年齢)
|
(Age of Adoptive Parents)
|
第七百九十二条成年に達した者は、養子をすることができる。
|
Article 792A person who has attained the age of majority may adopt a child.
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(尊属又は年長者を養子とすることの禁止)
|
(Prohibition against Adopting an Ascendant or a Person of Greater Age than One's Self)
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第七百九十三条尊属又は年長者は、これを養子とすることができない。
|
Article 793It is not permissible to adopt an ascendant or a person of greater age than one's self.
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(後見人が被後見人を養子とする縁組)
|
(Adoption of a Ward by the Guardian)
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第七百九十四条後見人が被後見人(未成年被後見人及び成年被後見人をいう。以下同じ。)を養子とするには、家庭裁判所の許可を得なければならない。後見人の任務が終了した後、まだその管理の計算が終わらない間も、同様とする。
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Article 794A guardian must obtain the permission of the family court in order to adopt a ward (meaning a minor ward or an adult ward; the same applies hereinafter). The same applies if the person's role as guardian has ended but the person has not finished accounting for the management of the ward's property.
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(配偶者のある者が未成年者を養子とする縁組)
|
(Adoption of a Minor by a Spouse)
|
第七百九十五条配偶者のある者が未成年者を養子とするには、配偶者とともにしなければならない。ただし、配偶者の嫡出である子を養子とする場合又は配偶者がその意思を表示することができない場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 795In order for one spouse to adopt a minor the other spouse must do so as well;provided, however, that this does not apply with respect to one spouse's adoption of the child in wedlock of the other spouse, nor does it apply if the other spouse is incapable of manifesting an intention.
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(配偶者のある者の縁組)
|
(Adoption Involving a Spouse)
|
第七百九十六条配偶者のある者が縁組をするには、その配偶者の同意を得なければならない。ただし、配偶者とともに縁組をする場合又は配偶者がその意思を表示することができない場合は、この限りでない。
|
Article 796One spouse may only adopt or be adopted by another with the consent of the other spouse;provided, however, that this does not apply if one spouse adopts or is adopted by another together with the other spouse, or if the other spouse is incapable of manifesting an intention.
|
(十五歳未満の者を養子とする縁組)
|
(Adoption of Persons under the Age of 15)
|
第七百九十七条養子となる者が十五歳未満であるときは、その法定代理人が、これに代わって、縁組の承諾をすることができる。
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Article 797(1)If a person being adopted is under 15 years of age, the legal representative thereof may give consent to the child's adoption on behalf thereof.
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(2)If the person being adopted has another parent that is entitled to custody thereof, the legal representative must obtain the consent of that parent before giving the consent referred to in the preceding paragraph. The same applies if a parent's parental authority in respect of the person being adopted has been suspended.
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(未成年者を養子とする縁組)
|
(Adoption of a Minor)
|
第七百九十八条未成年者を養子とするには、家庭裁判所の許可を得なければならない。ただし、自己又は配偶者の直系卑属を養子とする場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 798A person must obtain the permission of the family court in order to adopt a minor;provided, however, that this does not apply if the person to be adopted is the lineal descendant of either the adoptive parent or the adoptive parent's spouse.
|
(婚姻の規定の準用)
|
(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Marriage Provisions)
|
第七百九十九条第七百三十八条及び第七百三十九条の規定は、縁組について準用する。
|
Article 799The provisions of Article 738 and Article 739 apply mutatis mutandis to adoption.
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(縁組の届出の受理)
|
(Acceptance of Application to Register an Adoption)
|
第八百条縁組の届出は、その縁組が第七百九十二条から前条までの規定その他の法令の規定に違反しないことを認めた後でなければ、受理することができない。
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Article 800It is not permissible to accept an application to register an adoption until the adoption has been found not to violate any of the provisions of Article 792 through Article 799 or the provisions of any other law or regulation.
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(外国に在る日本人間の縁組の方式)
|
(Formalities for Adoption between Japanese Nationals in a Foreign Country)
|
第八百一条外国に在る日本人間で縁組をしようとするときは、その国に駐在する日本の大使、公使又は領事にその届出をすることができる。この場合においては、第七百九十九条において準用する第七百三十九条の規定及び前条の規定を準用する。
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Article 801If a Japanese national in a foreign country seeks to adopt, or to be adopted by, another Japanese national in that country, the application to register the adoption may be filed with the Japanese Ambassador, Minister of the Japanese Embassy, or Consul stationed in that country. The provisions of Article 739 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 799 and the provisions of the preceding Article apply mutatis mutandis, in such a case.
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第二款 縁組の無効及び取消し
|
Subsection 2 Nullity and Annulment of Adoptions
|
(縁組の無効)
|
(Nullity of Adoption)
|
第八百二条縁組は、次に掲げる場合に限り、無効とする。
|
Article 802An adoption is void only in one of the following cases:
|
一人違いその他の事由によって当事者間に縁組をする意思がないとき。
|
(i)if the parties did not have the mutual intention to enter into the adoption due to a party being mistaken as to the identity of the other or any other cause; or
|
二当事者が縁組の届出をしないとき。ただし、その届出が第七百九十九条において準用する第七百三十九条第二項に定める方式を欠くだけであるときは、縁組は、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。
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(ii)if the parties have failed to register the adoption;provided, however, that if the registration merely lacks a formality prescribed in Article 739, paragraph (2) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 799, this does not impair the validity of the adoption.
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(縁組の取消し)
|
(Annulment of an Adoption)
|
第八百三条縁組は、次条から第八百八条までの規定によらなければ、取り消すことができない。
|
Article 803An adoption may not be annulled other than pursuant to the provisions of Article 804 through Article 808.
|
(養親が未成年者である場合の縁組の取消し)
|
(Annulment of an Adoption; Adoptive Parent Is a Minor)
|
第八百四条第七百九十二条の規定に違反した縁組は、養親又はその法定代理人から、その取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、養親が、成年に達した後六箇月を経過し、又は追認をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 804An adoptive parent or the legal representative thereof may request the family court to annul an adoption that violates the provisions of Article 792;provided, however, that this does not apply if, after the adoptive parent attains the age of majority, six months are allowed to pass or the adoptive parent ratifies the adoption.
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(養子が尊属又は年長者である場合の縁組の取消し)
|
(Annulment of an Adoption; Adopted Child Is the Ascendant or a Person of Greater Age Than the Adoptive Parent)
|
第八百五条第七百九十三条の規定に違反した縁組は、各当事者又はその親族から、その取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。
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Article 805Either of the parties to an adoption or any relative thereof may request the family court to annul an adoption that violates the provisions of Article 793.
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(後見人と被後見人との間の無許可縁組の取消し)
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(Annulment of an Adoption between a Guardian and Ward Occurring Without the Permission of the Family Court)
|
第八百六条第七百九十四条の規定に違反した縁組は、養子又はその実方の親族から、その取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、管理の計算が終わった後、養子が追認をし、又は六箇月を経過したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 806(1)An adopted child or a natural relative of thereof may request the family court to annul an adoption that violates the provisions of Article 794;provided, however, that this does not apply if, after a full account is rendered of the management of the child's property, the adopted child ratifies the adoption or six months are allowed to pass.
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(3)If a full account is rendered of the management of the adopted child's property but the child has not attained the age of majority or recovered the legal capacity to act, the period referred to in the proviso to paragraph (1) is calculated beginning from the time that the adopted child attains the age of majority or recovers the legal capacity to act.
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|
(配偶者の同意のない縁組等の取消し)
|
(Annulment of an Adoption Effected Without Spousal Consent)
|
第八百六条の二第七百九十六条の規定に違反した縁組は、縁組の同意をしていない者から、その取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、その者が、縁組を知った後六箇月を経過し、又は追認をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 806-2(1)The person not consenting to an adoption that violates the provisions of Article 796 may request the family court to annul the adoption;provided, however, that this does not apply if, after learning of the adoption, the person allows six months to pass or ratifies the adoption.
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(子の監護をすべき者の同意のない縁組等の取消し)
|
(Annulment of an Adoption Effected Without the Consent of the Person Entitled to Custody of the Child)
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第八百六条の三第七百九十七条第二項の規定に違反した縁組は、縁組の同意をしていない者から、その取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、その者が追認をしたとき、又は養子が十五歳に達した後六箇月を経過し、若しくは追認をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 806-3(1)A person not consenting to an adoption that violates the provisions of Article 797, paragraph (2) may request the family court to annul the adoption;provided, however, that this does not apply if the person ratifies the adoption, nor does it apply if, after the adopted child reaches the age of 15, six months are allowed to pass or the child ratifies the adoption.
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(養子が未成年者である場合の無許可縁組の取消し)
|
(Annulment of an Adoption Effected Without the Permission of the Family Court; Adopted Child Is a Minor)
|
第八百七条第七百九十八条の規定に違反した縁組は、養子、その実方の親族又は養子に代わって縁組の承諾をした者から、その取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。ただし、養子が、成年に達した後六箇月を経過し、又は追認をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 807The adopted child, a natural relative thereof, or the person consenting to the adoption on the adopted child's behalf may request the family court to annul the adoption if it violates the provisions of Article 798;provided, however, that this does not apply if, after the adopted child attains the age of majority, six months are allowed to pass or the child ratifies the adoption.
|
(婚姻の取消し等の規定の準用)
|
(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Cancellation of a Marriage)
|
第八百八条第七百四十七条及び第七百四十八条の規定は、縁組について準用する。この場合において、第七百四十七条第二項中「三箇月」とあるのは、「六箇月」と読み替えるものとする。
|
Article 808(1)The provisions of Article 747 and Article 748 apply mutatis mutandis to adoption.In this case, the term "three months" in Article 747, paragraph (2) is deemed to be replaced with "six months".
|
第三款 縁組の効力
|
Subsection 3 Legal Effect of Adoption
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(嫡出子の身分の取得)
|
(Acquisition of Status as a Child in Wedlock)
|
第八百九条養子は、縁組の日から、養親の嫡出子の身分を取得する。
|
Article 809An adopted child acquires status as the child in wedlock of the adoptive parent or parents from the date of the adoption.
|
(養子の氏)
|
(Adopted Child's Surname)
|
第八百十条養子は、養親の氏を称する。ただし、婚姻によって氏を改めた者については、婚姻の際に定めた氏を称すべき間は、この限りでない。
|
Article 810An adopted child takes the surname of the adoptive parent or parents;provided, however, that this does not apply with respect to a person who has changed surnames upon marriage and continues to use the surname decided on at the time of marriage.
|
第四款 離縁
|
Subsection 4 Dissolution of Adoptive Relationships
|
(協議上の離縁等)
|
(Dissolution of Adoptive Relationship by Agreement)
|
第八百十一条縁組の当事者は、その協議で、離縁をすることができる。
|
Article 811(1)Parties to an adoption may agree to dissolve the adoptive relationship.
|
(4)If the agreement referred to in the preceding paragraph is not reached or if discussions toward such an agreement cannot be held, the family court may issue a ruling to stand in place of that agreement, at the request of the father or mother referred to in that paragraph or at the request of an adoptive parent.
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(5)If there is no person to become the legal representative as referred to in paragraph (2), at the request of a relative of the adopted child or any other interested party, the family court may appoint a person to become the guardian of the minor after the dissolution of the adopted child's adoptive relationship.
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(夫婦である養親と未成年者との離縁)
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(Dissolution of Adoptive Relationship between a Married Couple and a Minor)
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第八百十一条の二養親が夫婦である場合において未成年者と離縁をするには、夫婦が共にしなければならない。ただし、夫婦の一方がその意思を表示することができないときは、この限りでない。
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Article 811-2In order for adoptive parents who are married to each other to dissolve their adoptive relationship with a minor, they must do so jointly;provided, however, that this does not apply if one party to the marriage is incapable of manifesting an intention.
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(婚姻の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Marriage Provisions)
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第八百十二条第七百三十八条、第七百三十九条及び第七百四十七条の規定は、協議上の離縁について準用する。この場合において、同条第二項中「三箇月」とあるのは、「六箇月」と読み替えるものとする。
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Article 812The provisions of Article 738, Article 739, and Article 747 apply mutatis mutandis to the dissolution of an adoptive relationship.In this case, the term "three months" in Article 747, paragraph (2) is deemed to be replaced with "six months".
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(離縁の届出の受理)
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(Acceptance of Application to Register the Dissolution of an Adoptive Relationship)
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第八百十三条離縁の届出は、その離縁が前条において準用する第七百三十九条第二項の規定並びに第八百十一条及び第八百十一条の二の規定その他の法令の規定に違反しないことを認めた後でなければ、受理することができない。
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Article 813(1)It is not permissible to accept an application to register the dissolution of an adoptive relationship until the dissolution thereof has been found not to violate any of the provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 739 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding Article, Article 811, Article 811-2, or the provisions of any other law or regulation.
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(裁判上の離縁)
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(Judicial Dissolution of an Adoptive Relationship)
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第八百十四条縁組の当事者の一方は、次に掲げる場合に限り、離縁の訴えを提起することができる。
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Article 814(1)A party to an adoption may independently initiate proceedings to dissolve the adoptive relationship only in one of the following cases:
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一他の一方から悪意で遺棄されたとき。
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(i)if the party has been willfully abandoned by the other party;
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二他の一方の生死が三年以上明らかでないとき。
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(ii)if it has been unclear whether the other party is dead or alive for three years or more; or
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三その他縁組を継続し難い重大な事由があるとき。
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(iii)if there are any other material grounds that make it difficult for the adoptive relationship to continue.
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(養子が十五歳未満である場合の離縁の訴えの当事者)
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(Party to an Action to Dissolve an Adoptive Relationship: Adopted Child Is Under the Age of 15)
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第八百十五条養子が十五歳に達しない間は、第八百十一条の規定により養親と離縁の協議をすることができる者から、又はこれに対して、離縁の訴えを提起することができる。
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Article 815If an adopted child has not attained the age of 15, an action to dissolve the adoptive relationship may be initiated by or against a person who may reach an agreement with the adoptive parent or parents to dissolve the adoptive relationship pursuant to the provisions of Article 811.
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(離縁による復氏等)
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(Reversion of the Surname upon Dissolution of the Adoptive Relationship)
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第八百十六条養子は、離縁によって縁組前の氏に復する。ただし、配偶者とともに養子をした養親の一方のみと離縁をした場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 816(1)An adopted child reverts to the surname used before the adoption upon dissolution of the adoptive relationship;provided, however, that this does not apply in the event of a dissolution of the adoptive relationship between the adopted child and only one of the adoptive parents that adopted that child together with the spouse.
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(2)A person who has reverted to the surname used before adoption pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph and who has done so after seven years have passed since the date of the adoption may take the surname used at the time of the dissolution of the adoptive relationship by filing a registration pursuant to the provisions of the Family Register Act within three months of the date of its dissolution.
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(離縁による復氏の際の権利の承継)
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(Succession of Rights after Reversion to Previous Surname Due to Dissolution of the Adoptive Relationship)
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第八百十七条第七百六十九条の規定は、離縁について準用する。
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Article 817The provisions of Article 769 apply mutatis mutandis to the dissolution of adoptive relationships.
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第五款 特別養子
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Subsection 5 Special Adoptions
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(特別養子縁組の成立)
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(Entering into a Special Adoption)
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第八百十七条の二家庭裁判所は、次条から第八百十七条の七までに定める要件があるときは、養親となる者の請求により、実方の血族との親族関係が終了する縁組(以下この款において「特別養子縁組」という。)を成立させることができる。
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Article 817-2(1)At the request of a person becoming an adoptive parent, the family court may allow an adoption to be entered into which extinguishes the kinship between the child and the natural relatives thereof (referred to hereinafter in this subsection as a "special adoption") if the requirements prescribed in the following Article through Article 817-7 are met.
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(養親の夫婦共同縁組)
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(Joint Adoption by a Married Couple)
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第八百十七条の三養親となる者は、配偶者のある者でなければならない。
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Article 817-3(1)The person becoming an adoptive parent must have a spouse.
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(2)One party to a marriage may not become an adoptive parent unless the other party to the marriage also becomes an adoptive parent;provided, however, that this does not apply if one party to a marriage becomes the adoptive parent of the child in wedlock of the other party to the marriage (but not of a child adopted other than through a special adoption).
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(養親となる者の年齢)
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(Age of Persons Becoming Adoptive Parents)
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第八百十七条の四二十五歳に達しない者は、養親となることができない。ただし、養親となる夫婦の一方が二十五歳に達していない場合においても、その者が二十歳に達しているときは、この限りでない。
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Article 817-4A person who has not attained 25 years of age may not become an adoptive parent;provided, however, that even if, in a married couple becoming adoptive parents, one of the parties to the marriage has not attained 25 years of age, so long as that party has attained 20 years of age, this does not apply.
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(養子となる者の年齢)
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(Age of Persons Being Adopted)
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第八百十七条の五第八百十七条の二に規定する請求の時に六歳に達している者は、養子となることができない。ただし、その者が八歳未満であって六歳に達する前から引き続き養親となる者に監護されている場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 817-5No person who has attained 6 years of age at the time of the request provided for in Article 817-2 may be adopted;provided, however, that this does not apply if the person is under 8 years of age and has been continually cared for by the person becoming the adoptive parent since before the child attained 6 years of age.
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(父母の同意)
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(Parental Consent)
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第八百十七条の六特別養子縁組の成立には、養子となる者の父母の同意がなければならない。ただし、父母がその意思を表示することができない場合又は父母による虐待、悪意の遺棄その他養子となる者の利益を著しく害する事由がある場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 817-6In order for a special adoption to be entered into, both parents of the person being adopted must consent to the special adoption;provided, however, that this does not apply if the parents are incapable of manifesting an intention, nor does it apply in a case of abuse or willful abandonment by the parents of the person being adopted or if the parents have otherwise been the cause of grave harm to the interests of the person being adopted.
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(子の利益のための特別の必要性)
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(Particular Necessity in the Interests of the Child)
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第八百十七条の七特別養子縁組は、父母による養子となる者の監護が著しく困難又は不適当であることその他特別の事情がある場合において、子の利益のため特に必要があると認めるときに、これを成立させるものとする。
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Article 817-7A special adoption is only to be allowed if it is exceedingly difficult or inappropriate for the parents of the person being adopted to care for the child or any other special circumstances exist, and the special adoption is found to be particularly necessary in the interests of the child.
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(監護の状況)
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(The Care Situation)
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第八百十七条の八特別養子縁組を成立させるには、養親となる者が養子となる者を六箇月以上の期間監護した状況を考慮しなければならない。
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Article 817-8(1)The state of affairs after not less than six months of the persons becoming the adoptive parents caring for the person being adopted must be taken into consideration before a special adoption is allowed to be entered into.
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(実方との親族関係の終了)
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(Extinguishment of Kinship with the Natural Relatives)
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第八百十七条の九養子と実方の父母及びその血族との親族関係は、特別養子縁組によって終了する。ただし、第八百十七条の三第二項ただし書に規定する他の一方及びその血族との親族関係については、この限りでない。
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Article 817-9The kinship between an adopted child and the natural parents and blood relatives thereof is extinguished by a special adoption;provided, however, that this does not apply to the kinship with the other spouse provided for in the proviso to Article 817-3, paragraph (2) and the blood relatives thereof.
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(特別養子縁組の離縁)
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(Dissolution of a Special Adoption)
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第八百十七条の十次の各号のいずれにも該当する場合において、養子の利益のため特に必要があると認めるときは、家庭裁判所は、養子、実父母又は検察官の請求により、特別養子縁組の当事者を離縁させることができる。
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Article 817-10(1)At the request of the adopted child, the natural parents thereof, or the public prosecutor, the family court may dissolve the adoptive relationship among the parties to a special adoption in a case that falls under both of the following items, if the court finds there to be a particular need to do so in the interests of the adopted child:
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一養親による虐待、悪意の遺棄その他養子の利益を著しく害する事由があること。
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(i)there has been abuse or willful abandonment by the adoptive parents, or the adoptive parents have otherwise been the cause of grave harm to the interests of the adopted child;
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二実父母が相当の監護をすることができること。
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(ii)the natural parents are capable of providing reasonable care for the child.
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(離縁による実方との親族関係の回復)
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(Restoration of Kinship with the Natural Relatives upon Dissolution of the Adoptive Relationship)
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第八百十七条の十一養子と実父母及びその血族との間においては、離縁の日から、特別養子縁組によって終了した親族関係と同一の親族関係を生ずる。
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Article 817-11The same kinship that was extinguished by the special adoption arises between the adopted child and the natural parents and blood relatives thereof from the date of the dissolution of the adoptive relationship.
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第四章 親権
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Chapter IV Parental Authority
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(親権者)
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(Persons Having Parental Authority)
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第八百十八条成年に達しない子は、父母の親権に服する。
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Article 818(1)A child who has not attained the age of majority is subject to the parental authority of the parents.
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(離婚又は認知の場合の親権者)
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(Person Having Parental Authority after Divorce or Acknowledgement of Paternity)
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第八百十九条父母が協議上の離婚をするときは、その協議で、その一方を親権者と定めなければならない。
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Article 819(1)If parents divorce by agreement, they must determine which one of them is to be the person having parental authority in that agreement.
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第二節 親権の効力
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Section 2 Legal Effect of Parental Authority
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(監護及び教育の権利義務)
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(Rights and Duty of Care and Education)
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第八百二十条親権を行う者は、子の利益のために子の監護及び教育をする権利を有し、義務を負う。
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Article 820A person exercising parental authority has the right, and bears the duty, to care for and educate the child in the child's interests.
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(居所の指定)
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(Determination of Residence)
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第八百二十一条子は、親権を行う者が指定した場所に、その居所を定めなければならない。
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Article 821A child must fix his or her residence at the place determined by the person exercising parental authority.
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(懲戒)
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(Discipline)
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第八百二十二条親権を行う者は、第八百二十条の規定による監護及び教育に必要な範囲内でその子を懲戒することができる。
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Article 822The person exercising parental authority may discipline a child to the extent necessary for the child's care and education under the provisions of Article 820.
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(職業の許可)
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(Permission to Work)
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第八百二十三条子は、親権を行う者の許可を得なければ、職業を営むことができない。
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Article 823(1)A child may not work without the permission of the person exercising parental authority.
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(財産の管理及び代表)
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(Management of the Child's Property; Representation)
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第八百二十四条親権を行う者は、子の財産を管理し、かつ、その財産に関する法律行為についてその子を代表する。ただし、その子の行為を目的とする債務を生ずべき場合には、本人の同意を得なければならない。
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Article 824The person exercising parental authority manages the child's property and represents the child in juridical acts involving that property;provided, however, that the person must obtain the consent of the child if a juridical act would give rise to the obligation of the child to act.
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(父母の一方が共同の名義でした行為の効力)
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(Effect of Actions Taken by One Parent in the Name of Both Parents)
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第八百二十五条父母が共同して親権を行う場合において、父母の一方が、共同の名義で、子に代わって法律行為をし又は子がこれをすることに同意したときは、その行為は、他の一方の意思に反したときであっても、そのためにその効力を妨げられない。ただし、相手方が悪意であったときは、この限りでない。
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Article 825In a case in which parents exercise parental authority jointly, when one parent, in the name of both parents, performs a juridical act on behalf of the child or gives consent for the child to perform a juridical act, even if that act or that consent is contrary to the intention of the other parent, this does not impair its validity;provided, however, that this does not apply if the other party to the juridical act has knowledge of the other parent's contrary intention.
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(利益相反行為)
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(Conflict of Interest)
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第八百二十六条親権を行う父又は母とその子との利益が相反する行為については、親権を行う者は、その子のために特別代理人を選任することを家庭裁判所に請求しなければならない。
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Article 826(1)If an action involves a conflict of interest between the father or mother exercising parental authority and the child, the person exercising parental authority must request the family court to appoint a special agent for the child in respect of that action.
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(2)If a person exercising parental authority exercises such authority over more than one child, the person exercising parental authority must request the family court to appoint a special agent for one of the children with respect to an action that involves a conflict of interest between one child and the other child or children.
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(財産の管理における注意義務)
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(Duty of Care in Management of the Child's Property)
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第八百二十七条親権を行う者は、自己のためにするのと同一の注意をもって、その管理権を行わなければならない。
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Article 827A person exercising parental authority must exercise the right to manage the property under that person's authority with the same care the person would exercise for the person's own benefit.
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(財産の管理の計算)
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(Accounting for Management of the Child's Property)
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第八百二十八条子が成年に達したときは、親権を行った者は、遅滞なくその管理の計算をしなければならない。ただし、その子の養育及び財産の管理の費用は、その子の財産の収益と相殺したものとみなす。
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Article 828Once a child attains the age of majority, the person exercising parental authority must account for the management of the child's property without delay;provided, however, that expenses incurred to raise the child and to manage the property are deemed to have been set-off against profit from the child's property.
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(第三者が無償で子に与えた財産の管理)
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(Management of Property That a Third Party Gives to a Child without Receiving Compensation)
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第八百三十条無償で子に財産を与える第三者が、親権を行う父又は母にこれを管理させない意思を表示したときは、その財産は、父又は母の管理に属しないものとする。
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Article 830(1)If a third party who gives property to a child without receiving compensation manifests the intention that the father or mother exercising parental authority not be permitted to manage that property, the management of that property does not come under the purview of the father or mother.
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(委任の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Mandate Provisions)
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第八百三十一条第六百五十四条及び第六百五十五条の規定は、親権を行う者が子の財産を管理する場合及び前条の場合について準用する。
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Article 831The provisions of Article 654 and Article 655 apply mutatis mutandis when a person exercising parental authority manages the property of a child and to a case as referred to in the preceding Article.
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(財産の管理について生じた親子間の債権の消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription of Claims between Parent and Child Arising in Respect of Management of the Child's Property)
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第八百三十二条親権を行った者とその子との間に財産の管理について生じた債権は、その管理権が消滅した時から五年間これを行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。
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Article 832(1)A claim arising in respect of the management of the child's property between a person who exercised parental authority and the child is extinguished by prescription if not exercised within five years from the time the right to manage the child's property lapses.
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(2)If the right to manage a child's property lapses before the child attains the age of majority and the child has no legal representative, the period referred to in the preceding paragraph is calculated beginning from the time the child attains the age of majority or a new statutory agent is appointed.
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(子に代わる親権の行使)
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(Exercising Parental Authority in Place of a Child)
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第八百三十三条親権を行う者は、その親権に服する子に代わって親権を行う。
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Article 833A person who exercises parental authority over a child also acts in place of that child in exercising any parental authority that child holds.
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第三節 親権の喪失
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Section 3 Loss of Parental Authority
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(親権喪失の審判)
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(Ruling Affirming the Loss of Parental Authority)
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第八百三十四条父又は母による虐待又は悪意の遺棄があるときその他父又は母による親権の行使が著しく困難又は不適当であることにより子の利益を著しく害するときは、家庭裁判所は、子、その親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人又は検察官の請求により、その父又は母について、親権喪失の審判をすることができる。ただし、二年以内にその原因が消滅する見込みがあるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 834If the father or mother abuses or willfully abandons the child, or if significant difficulty or impropriety in the father's or mother's exercise of parental authority otherwise greatly harms the interests of the child, the family court may issue a ruling affirming the father's or mother's loss of parental authority, at the request of the child, a relative thereof, the guardian, the guardian supervisor, or the public prosecutor;provided, however, that this does not apply if cause for such a ruling is expected to cease to exist within two years.
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(親権停止の審判)
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(Ruling Suspending Parental Authority)
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第八百三十四条の二父又は母による親権の行使が困難又は不適当であることにより子の利益を害するときは、家庭裁判所は、子、その親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人又は検察官の請求により、その父又は母について、親権停止の審判をすることができる。
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Article 834-2(1)If difficulty or impropriety in the father's or mother's exercise of parental authority harms the interests of the child, the family court may rule to suspend the parental authority of the father or mother, at the request of the child, a relative thereof, the guardian, the guardian supervisor, or the public prosecutor.
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(2)If the family court rules to suspend parental authority, it must fix the term of no greater than two years during which parental authority is suspended in consideration of the time expected to be required for cause for such a ruling to cease to exist, the physical and mental condition of the child, circumstances in the child's daily life, and all other circumstances.
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(管理権喪失の審判)
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(Ruling Affirming the Loss of the Right to Manage the Child's Property)
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第八百三十五条父又は母による管理権の行使が困難又は不適当であることにより子の利益を害するときは、家庭裁判所は、子、その親族、未成年後見人、未成年後見監督人又は検察官の請求により、その父又は母について、管理権喪失の審判をすることができる。
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Article 835If difficulty or impropriety in the father's or mother's exercise of the right to manage the child's property harms the interests of the child, the family court may issue a ruling affirming the father's or mother's loss of the right to manage the child's property, at the request of the child, a relative thereof, the guardian, the guardian supervisor, or the public prosecutor.
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(親権喪失、親権停止又は管理権喪失の審判の取消し)
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(Rescission of a Ruling Affirming the Loss of Parental Authority, Suspending Parental Authority, or Affirming the Loss of the Right to Manage the Child's Property)
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第八百三十六条第八百三十四条本文、第八百三十四条の二第一項又は前条に規定する原因が消滅したときは、家庭裁判所は、本人又はその親族の請求によって、それぞれ親権喪失、親権停止又は管理権喪失の審判を取り消すことができる。
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Article 836If the cause provided for in the main clause of Article 834, Article 834-2, paragraph (1); or the preceding Article ceases to exist, the family court may rescind a ruling affirming the loss of parental authority, suspending parental authority, or affirming the loss of the right to manage the child's property, at the request of the person concerned or a relative thereof.
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(親権又は管理権の辞任及び回復)
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(Surrender and Resumption of Parental Authority or the Right to Manage the Child's Property)
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第八百三十七条親権を行う父又は母は、やむを得ない事由があるときは、家庭裁判所の許可を得て、親権又は管理権を辞することができる。
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Article 837(1)If there are compelling circumstances, a father or mother who exercises parental authority may surrender parental authority or the right to manage the child's property, with the permission of the family court.
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第五章 後見
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Chapter V Guardianship
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第一節 後見の開始
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Section 1 Commencement of Guardianship
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一未成年者に対して親権を行う者がないとき、又は親権を行う者が管理権を有しないとき。
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(i)there is no person exercising parental authority over a minor, or the person exercising parental authority does not have the right to manage the minor's property;
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二後見開始の審判があったとき。
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(ii)there has been a decision to establish a guardianship.
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第二節 後見の機関
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Section 2 Guardianship Mechanisms
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第一款 後見人
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Subsection 1 Guardians
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(未成年後見人の指定)
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(Designation of a Guardian for a Minor)
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第八百三十九条未成年者に対して最後に親権を行う者は、遺言で、未成年後見人を指定することができる。ただし、管理権を有しない者は、この限りでない。
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Article 839(1)The person last exercising parental authority over a minor may designate a guardian for the minor by a will;provided, however, that this does not apply to a person who has no right to manage the minor's property.
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(未成年後見人の選任)
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(Appointment of a Guardian for a Minor)
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第八百四十条前条の規定により未成年後見人となるべき者がないときは、家庭裁判所は、未成年被後見人又はその親族その他の利害関係人の請求によって、未成年後見人を選任する。未成年後見人が欠けたときも、同様とする。
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Article 840(1)If there is no person to become the guardian of a minor pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, the family court may appoint a guardian for the minor at the request of the prospective minor ward, the relative thereof, or any other interested party. This also applies if the minor comes to no longer have such a guardian.
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(3)In appointing a guardian for a minor, the family court must consider the age, physical and mental condition, circumstances in the daily life, and financial circumstances of the minor ward, the occupation and personal history of the person becoming the guardian, the existence of any vested interest between them (if the person becoming the guardian is a corporation, the type and content of its business and the existence of any vested interest between the minor ward and the corporation or its representative), the opinion of the minor ward, and all other circumstances.
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(父母による未成年後見人の選任の請求)
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(Request by the Parents for Appointment of a Guardian for a Minor)
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第八百四十一条父若しくは母が親権若しくは管理権を辞し、又は父若しくは母について親権喪失、親権停止若しくは管理権喪失の審判があったことによって未成年後見人を選任する必要が生じたときは、その父又は母は、遅滞なく未成年後見人の選任を家庭裁判所に請求しなければならない。
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Article 841If the father or mother surrenders parental authority or the right to manage the child's property, or if the necessity of appointing a guardian for a minor arises as a result of a ruling affirming the loss of parental authority, suspending parental authority, or affirming the loss of the right to manage the child's property, the father or mother, without delay, must request the family court to appoint a guardian.
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(未成年後見人の数)
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(Number of Guardians for a Minor)
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第八百四十二条削除
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Article 842Deleted
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(成年後見人の選任)
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(Appointment of a Guardian for an Adult)
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第八百四十三条家庭裁判所は、後見開始の審判をするときは、職権で、成年後見人を選任する。
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Article 843(1)The family court appoints a guardian for an adult sua sponte if it reaches the decision to establish a guardianship.
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(4)In appointing a guardian for an adult, the family court must consider the physical and mental condition, circumstances in the daily life, and financial circumstances of the adult ward, the occupation and personal history of the person becoming the guardian, the existence of any vested interest between them (if the person becoming the guardian is a corporation, the type and content of its business and the existence of any vested interest between the adult ward and the corporation or its representative), the opinion of the adult ward, and all other circumstances.
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(後見人の辞任)
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(Resignation of the Guardian)
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第八百四十四条後見人は、正当な事由があるときは、家庭裁判所の許可を得て、その任務を辞することができる。
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Article 844If there is a legitimate reason, the guardian of an adult may resign from the role of guardian, with the permission of the family court.
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(辞任した後見人による新たな後見人の選任の請求)
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(Request by the Resigning Guardian for the Appointment of a New Guardian)
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第八百四十五条後見人がその任務を辞したことによって新たに後見人を選任する必要が生じたときは、その後見人は、遅滞なく新たな後見人の選任を家庭裁判所に請求しなければならない。
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Article 845If the need arises for a new guardian to be appointed due to a guardian's resignation from the role, the guardian, without delay, must request the family court to appoint a new guardian.
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(後見人の解任)
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(Dismissal of the Guardian)
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第八百四十六条後見人に不正な行為、著しい不行跡その他後見の任務に適しない事由があるときは、家庭裁判所は、後見監督人、被後見人若しくはその親族若しくは検察官の請求により又は職権で、これを解任することができる。
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Article 846In the event of an unlawful act or grave misconduct on the part of the guardian or in the event of any other circumstances that render the guardian unfit for the duties of guardianship, the family court may replace the guardian at the request of the guardian supervisor, the ward, the relative thereof, or the public prosecutor, or sua sponte.
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(後見人の欠格事由)
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(Grounds for Ineligibility as Guardian)
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第八百四十七条次に掲げる者は、後見人となることができない。
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Article 847None of the following persons may become a guardian:
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一未成年者
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(i)a minor;
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二家庭裁判所で免ぜられた法定代理人、保佐人又は補助人
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(ii)a legal representative, curator, or assistant who has been replaced by the family court;
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三破産者
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(iii)a bankrupt;
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四被後見人に対して訴訟をし、又はした者並びにその配偶者及び直系血族
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(iv)a person who is bringing or has brought an action against the ward, the spouse of such a person, or a lineal blood relative thereof; or
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五行方の知れない者
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(v)a person whose whereabouts are unknown.
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第二款 後見監督人
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Subsection 2 Guardian Supervisors
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(未成年後見監督人の指定)
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(Designation of a Supervisor for the Guardian of a Minor)
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第八百四十八条未成年後見人を指定することができる者は、遺言で、未成年後見監督人を指定することができる。
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Article 848A person who may designate a guardian for a minor may designate a supervisor for the guardian of the minor, by a will.
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(後見監督人の選任)
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(Appointment of a Guardian Supervisor)
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第八百四十九条家庭裁判所は、必要があると認めるときは、被後見人、その親族若しくは後見人の請求により又は職権で、後見監督人を選任することができる。
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Article 849The family court may appoint a guardian supervisor if it finds this to be necessary, at the request of a ward or the relative thereof, at the request of the guardian, or sua sponte.
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(後見監督人の欠格事由)
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(Grounds for Ineligibility as Guardian Supervisor)
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第八百五十条後見人の配偶者、直系血族及び兄弟姉妹は、後見監督人となることができない。
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Article 850The spouse, lineal blood relative, or sibling of the guardian may not become the supervisor of that guardian.
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(後見監督人の職務)
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(Duties of the Guardian Supervisor)
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第八百五十一条後見監督人の職務は、次のとおりとする。
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Article 851The duties of a guardian supervisor are as follows:
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一後見人の事務を監督すること。
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(i)to supervise the administration of the guardian;
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二後見人が欠けた場合に、遅滞なくその選任を家庭裁判所に請求すること。
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(ii)to apply to the family court without delay to appoint a guardian if there comes to no longer be a guardian;
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三急迫の事情がある場合に、必要な処分をすること。
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(iii)to take the necessary measures in the event of an emergency; and
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四後見人又はその代表する者と被後見人との利益が相反する行為について被後見人を代表すること。
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(iv)to represent the ward with respect to acts that constitute a conflict of interest between the ward and the guardian or the person representing the guardian.
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(委任及び後見人の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Mandate and Guardian Provisions)
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第八百五十二条第六百四十四条、第六百五十四条、第六百五十五条、第八百四十四条、第八百四十六条、第八百四十七条、第八百六十一条第二項及び第八百六十二条の規定は後見監督人について、第八百四十条第三項及び第八百五十七条の二の規定は未成年後見監督人について、第八百四十三条第四項、第八百五十九条の二及び第八百五十九条の三の規定は成年後見監督人について準用する。
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Article 852The provisions of Article 644; Article 654; Article 655; Article 844; Article 846; Article 847; Article 861, paragraph (2); and Article 862 apply mutatis mutandis to a guardian supervisor; the provisions of Article 840, paragraph (3) and Article 857-2 apply mutatis mutandis to the supervisor for the guardian of a minor, and the provisions of Article 843, paragraph (4); Article 859-2; and Article 859-3 apply mutatis mutandis to the supervisor for the guardian of an adult.
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第三節 後見の事務
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Section 3 Guardianship Administration
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(財産の調査及び目録の作成)
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(Searching for Assets, Preparing an Inventory)
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第八百五十三条後見人は、遅滞なく被後見人の財産の調査に着手し、一箇月以内に、その調査を終わり、かつ、その目録を作成しなければならない。ただし、この期間は、家庭裁判所において伸長することができる。
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Article 853(1)A guardian must undertake a search for the ward's assets without delay, and must finish the search and prepare an inventory within one month;provided, however, that this period may be extended with the approval of the family court.
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(財産の目録の作成前の権限)
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(Authority Prior to Completion of the Inventory of Property)
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第八百五十四条後見人は、財産の目録の作成を終わるまでは、急迫の必要がある行為のみをする権限を有する。ただし、これをもって善意の第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 854Until completing the inventory of property, the guardian has only the authority to take those actions that urgently need to be taken;provided, however, that this may not be asserted against a third party in good faith.
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(後見人の被後見人に対する債権又は債務の申出義務)
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(Guardian's Duty to Report Claims and Obligations in Respect of the Ward)
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第八百五十五条後見人が、被後見人に対し、債権を有し、又は債務を負う場合において、後見監督人があるときは、財産の調査に着手する前に、これを後見監督人に申し出なければならない。
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Article 855(1)If a guardian holds a claim against the ward or bears an obligation thereto, the guardian must report this to the supervisor, if there is one, before undertaking the search for assets.
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(被後見人が包括財産を取得した場合についての準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions If a Ward Acquires Property under Universal Title)
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第八百五十六条前三条の規定は、後見人が就職した後被後見人が包括財産を取得した場合について準用する。
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Article 856The provisions of the preceding three Articles apply mutatis mutandis if the ward acquires property under universal title after the guardian begins that role.
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(未成年被後見人の身上の監護に関する権利義務)
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(Rights and Duties in Respect of Physical Custody of a Minor Ward)
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第八百五十七条未成年後見人は、第八百二十条から第八百二十三条までに規定する事項について、親権を行う者と同一の権利義務を有する。ただし、親権を行う者が定めた教育の方法及び居所を変更し、営業を許可し、その許可を取り消し、又はこれを制限するには、未成年後見監督人があるときは、その同意を得なければならない。
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Article 857The guardian of a minor has the same rights and duties as a person exercising parental authority with respect to the matters prescribed in Article 820 through Article 823;provided, however, that in order to change the plan of education or residence fixed by a person exercising parental authority, in order to give the minor permission to do business, or in order to revoke or limit that permission, the guardian must obtain the consent of the supervisor, if there is one.
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(未成年後見人が数人ある場合の権限の行使等)
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(Exercise of Authority; Minor Ward with Multiple Guardians)
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第八百五十七条の二未成年後見人が数人あるときは、共同してその権限を行使する。
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Article 857-2(1)If a minor ward has multiple guardians, they exercise their authority jointly.
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(成年被後見人の意思の尊重及び身上の配慮)
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(Respect for the Wishes of the Adult Ward, Personal Consideration)
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第八百五十八条成年後見人は、成年被後見人の生活、療養看護及び財産の管理に関する事務を行うに当たっては、成年被後見人の意思を尊重し、かつ、その心身の状態及び生活の状況に配慮しなければならない。
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Article 858The guardian of an adult, in undertaking administration in respect of the daily life, medical treatment or care, and management of the property of the adult ward, must respect the wishes of the adult ward and act with consideration for the ward's mental and physical condition and circumstances in the ward's daily life.
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(財産の管理及び代表)
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(Management of the Ward's Property; Representation)
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第八百五十九条後見人は、被後見人の財産を管理し、かつ、その財産に関する法律行為について被後見人を代表する。
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Article 859(1)The guardian manages the ward's property and represents the ward in juridical acts involving the same.
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(成年後見人が数人ある場合の権限の行使等)
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(Exercise of Authority; Adult Ward with Multiple Guardians)
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第八百五十九条の二成年後見人が数人あるときは、家庭裁判所は、職権で、数人の成年後見人が、共同して又は事務を分掌して、その権限を行使すべきことを定めることができる。
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Article 859-2(1)If an adult ward has multiple guardians, the family court may determine, sua sponte, that the guardians must exercise their authority jointly or according to a division of labor.
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(成年被後見人の居住用不動産の処分についての許可)
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(Permission to Dispose of Real Estate Used as an Adult Ward's Residence)
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第八百五十九条の三成年後見人は、成年被後見人に代わって、その居住の用に供する建物又はその敷地について、売却、賃貸、賃貸借の解除又は抵当権の設定その他これらに準ずる処分をするには、家庭裁判所の許可を得なければならない。
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Article 859-3The guardian of an adult must obtain the permission of the family court to sell, rent out, cancel the lease on, establish a mortgage on, or otherwise similarly dispose, on the adult ward's behalf, of a building or site being used as the ward's residence.
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(利益相反行為)
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(Acts in Conflict of Interest)
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第八百六十条第八百二十六条の規定は、後見人について準用する。ただし、後見監督人がある場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 860The provisions of Article 826 apply mutatis mutandis to a guardian;provided, however, that this does not apply if there is a guardian supervisor.
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(支出金額の予定及び後見の事務の費用)
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(Estimation of Expenditures, Expenses of Guardianship Administration)
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第八百六十一条後見人は、その就職の初めにおいて、被後見人の生活、教育又は療養看護及び財産の管理のために毎年支出すべき金額を予定しなければならない。
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Article 861(1)Upon beginning in the role of guardian, the guardian must estimate the amount of money that will be required in annual expenditures for the daily life, education, medical treatment and care, and management of the ward's property.
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(後見人の報酬)
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(Remuneration of the Guardian)
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第八百六十二条家庭裁判所は、後見人及び被後見人の資力その他の事情によって、被後見人の財産の中から、相当な報酬を後見人に与えることができる。
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Article 862The family court may grant reasonable remuneration to a guardian out of the ward's property, based on the financial capacity of the guardian and the ward and other circumstances.
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(後見の事務の監督)
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(Supervision of Guardianship Administration)
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第八百六十三条後見監督人又は家庭裁判所は、いつでも、後見人に対し後見の事務の報告若しくは財産の目録の提出を求め、又は後見の事務若しくは被後見人の財産の状況を調査することができる。
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Article 863(1)At any time, the guardian supervisor or the family court may demand that the guardian submit a report on the guardianship administration or an inventory of property, and may investigate the guardianship administration or the financial status of the ward.
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(後見監督人の同意を要する行為)
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(Acts Requiring the Consent of the Guardian Supervisor)
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第八百六十四条後見人が、被後見人に代わって営業若しくは第十三条第一項各号に掲げる行為をし、又は未成年被後見人がこれをすることに同意するには、後見監督人があるときは、その同意を得なければならない。ただし、同項第一号に掲げる元本の領収については、この限りでない。
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Article 864A guardian must obtain the consent of the guardian supervisor, if there is one, in order to do business or perform an act set forth in one of the items of Article 13, paragraph (1) on behalf of a ward, or in order to give consent for a minor ward to do the same;provided, however, that this does not apply to the receipt of principal set forth in Article 13, paragraph (1), item (i).
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(被後見人の財産等の譲受けの取消し)
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(Ward's Disaffirmance of the Acquisition of Property)
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第八百六十六条後見人が被後見人の財産又は被後見人に対する第三者の権利を譲り受けたときは、被後見人は、これを取り消すことができる。この場合においては、第二十条の規定を準用する。
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Article 866(1)If a guardian acquires the property of the ward or the right of a third party against the ward, the ward may disaffirm that acquisition.In this case, the provisions of Article 20 apply mutatis mutandis.
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(未成年被後見人に代わる親権の行使)
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(Exercising Parental Authority in Place of a Minor Ward)
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第八百六十七条未成年後見人は、未成年被後見人に代わって親権を行う。
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Article 867(1)The guardian of a minor acts in place of the minor ward in exercising any parental authority the ward holds.
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(財産に関する権限のみを有する未成年後見人)
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(Guardian of a Minor with Authority Only over the Minor's Property)
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第八百六十八条親権を行う者が管理権を有しない場合には、未成年後見人は、財産に関する権限のみを有する。
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Article 868If the person exercising parental authority does not have the right to manage the minor's property, the guardian of that minor has authority only over the minor's property.
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(委任及び親権の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Mandate and Parental Authority Provisions)
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第八百六十九条第六百四十四条及び第八百三十条の規定は、後見について準用する。
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Article 869The provisions of Article 644 and Article 830 apply mutatis mutandis to guardianship.
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第四節 後見の終了
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Section 4 End of Guardianship
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(後見の計算)
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(Accounting for the Guardianship)
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第八百七十条後見人の任務が終了したときは、後見人又はその相続人は、二箇月以内にその管理の計算(以下「後見の計算」という。)をしなければならない。ただし、この期間は、家庭裁判所において伸長することができる。
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Article 870When the duties of a guardian come to an end, the guardian or the heir thereof must account for the guardian's management of the ward's property (hereinafter referred to as "accounting for the guardianship") within two months; provided, however, that this period may be extended with the approval of the family court.
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(未成年被後見人と未成年後見人等との間の契約等の取消し)
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(Rescission of Contracts between the Minor Ward and the Guardian)
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第八百七十二条未成年被後見人が成年に達した後後見の計算の終了前に、その者と未成年後見人又はその相続人との間でした契約は、その者が取り消すことができる。その者が未成年後見人又はその相続人に対してした単独行為も、同様とする。
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Article 872(1)A minor ward may rescind a contract entered into with the guardian or the successor thereof after attaining the age of majority but before the accounting for the guardianship has been finalized. The same applies to a unilateral juridical act that the person performs against the guardian of a minor or the successor thereof.
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(返還金に対する利息の支払等)
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(Payment of Interest against Money Refunded)
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第八百七十三条後見人が被後見人に返還すべき金額及び被後見人が後見人に返還すべき金額には、後見の計算が終了した時から、利息を付さなければならない。
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Article 873(1)Interest must be calculated to accrue on money to be refunded by the guardian to the ward and money to be refunded by the ward to the guardian from the time the accounting for the guardianship is finalized.
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(委任の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Mandate Provisions)
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第八百七十四条第六百五十四条及び第六百五十五条の規定は、後見について準用する。
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Article 874The provisions of Article 654 and Article 655 apply mutatis mutandis to guardianship.
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(後見に関して生じた債権の消滅時効)
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(Extinctive Prescription of Claims Arising in Respect of Guardianship)
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第八百七十五条第八百三十二条の規定は、後見人又は後見監督人と被後見人との間において後見に関して生じた債権の消滅時効について準用する。
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Article 875(1)The provisions of Article 832 apply mutatis mutandis to the extinctive prescription of a claim that arises between the guardian or guardian supervisor and the ward in respect of the guardianship.
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第六章 保佐及び補助
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Chapter VI Curatorship, Assistance
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第一節 保佐
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Section 1 Curatorship
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(保佐の開始)
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(Commencement of Curatorship)
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第八百七十六条保佐は、保佐開始の審判によって開始する。
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Article 876Curatorship commences upon a decision to establish a curatorship.
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(保佐人及び臨時保佐人の選任等)
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(Appointment of a Curator or Temporary Curator)
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第八百七十六条の二家庭裁判所は、保佐開始の審判をするときは、職権で、保佐人を選任する。
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Article 876-2(1)If the family court issues a decision to establish a curatorship, it appoints a curator sua sponte.
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(保佐監督人)
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(Curator Supervisor)
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第八百七十六条の三家庭裁判所は、必要があると認めるときは、被保佐人、その親族若しくは保佐人の請求により又は職権で、保佐監督人を選任することができる。
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Article 876-3(1)The family court may appoint a curator supervisor, if it finds this to be necessary, at the request of the person under curatorship, the relative thereof, the curator, or sua sponte.
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(2)The provisions of Article 644; Article 654; Article 655; Article 843, paragraph (4); Article 844; Article 846; Article 847; Article 850; Article 851; Article 859-2; Article 859-3; Article 861, paragraph (2); and Article 862 apply mutatis mutandis to a curator supervisor.In this case, the phrase "to represent the ward with respect to" in Article 851, item (iv) is deemed to be replaced with "to represent the person under curatorship, or consent to the person under curatorship acting, with respect to".
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(保佐人に代理権を付与する旨の審判)
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(Ruling Granting the Curator the Authority to Represent)
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第八百七十六条の四家庭裁判所は、第十一条本文に規定する者又は保佐人若しくは保佐監督人の請求によって、被保佐人のために特定の法律行為について保佐人に代理権を付与する旨の審判をすることができる。
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Article 876-4(1)At the request of a person provided for in the main clause of Article 11, the curator, or the curator supervisor, the family court may issue a ruling that grants the curator authority to represent the person under curatorship in respect of specified juridical acts.
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(保佐の事務及び保佐人の任務の終了等)
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(Curatorship Administration; End of the Curator's Role)
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第八百七十六条の五保佐人は、保佐の事務を行うに当たっては、被保佐人の意思を尊重し、かつ、その心身の状態及び生活の状況に配慮しなければならない。
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Article 876-5(1)A curator, in administering the curatorship, must respect the wishes of the person under curatorship and act with consideration for the mental and physical condition of the person under curatorship and circumstances in that person's daily life.
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(2)The provisions of Article 644; Article 859-2; Article 859-3; Article 861, paragraph (2); Article 862; and Article 863 apply mutatis mutandis to the administration of a curatorship, and the provisions of the proviso to Article 824 apply mutatis mutandis when a curator represents a person under curatorship based on a ruling granting authority to represent as referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.
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(3)The provisions of Article 654, Article 655, Article 870, Article 871, and Article 873 apply mutatis mutandis when the duties of a curator end, and the provisions of Article 832 apply mutatis mutandis to claims that arise between the curator or curator supervisor and the person under curatorship in respect of the curatorship.
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第二節 補助
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Section 2 Assistance
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(補助の開始)
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(Commencement of Assistance)
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第八百七十六条の六補助は、補助開始の審判によって開始する。
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Article 876-6Assistance commences upon a decision to establish an assistance.
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(補助人及び臨時補助人の選任等)
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(Appointment of an Assistant or Temporary Assistant)
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第八百七十六条の七家庭裁判所は、補助開始の審判をするときは、職権で、補助人を選任する。
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Article 876-7(1)If the family court issues a decision to establish an assistance, it appoints an assistant sua sponte.
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(補助監督人)
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(Assistant Supervisors)
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第八百七十六条の八家庭裁判所は、必要があると認めるときは、被補助人、その親族若しくは補助人の請求により又は職権で、補助監督人を選任することができる。
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Article 876-8(1)The family court may appoint an assistant supervisor if it finds this to be necessary, at the request of the person under assistance, the relative thereof, the assistant, or sua sponte.
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(2)The provisions of Article 644; Article 654; Article 655; Article 843, paragraph (4); Article 844; Article 846; Article 847; Article 850; Article 851; Article 859-2; Article 859-3; Article 861, paragraph (2); and Article 862 apply mutatis mutandis to an assistant supervisor.In this case, the phrase "to represent the ward with respect to" in Article 851, item (iv) is deemed to be replaced with "to represent the person under assistance, or consent to the person under assistance acting, with respect to".
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(補助人に代理権を付与する旨の審判)
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(Ruling Granting the Assistant the Authority to Represent)
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第八百七十六条の九家庭裁判所は、第十五条第一項本文に規定する者又は補助人若しくは補助監督人の請求によって、被補助人のために特定の法律行為について補助人に代理権を付与する旨の審判をすることができる。
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Article 876-9(1)At the request of a person provided for in the main clause of Article 15, paragraph (1), the assistant, or the assistant supervisor, the family court may issue a ruling that grants the assistant authority to represent the person under assistance in respect of specified juridical acts.
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(補助の事務及び補助人の任務の終了等)
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(Assistance Administration; End of the Assistant's Role)
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第八百七十六条の十第六百四十四条、第八百五十九条の二、第八百五十九条の三、第八百六十一条第二項、第八百六十二条、第八百六十三条及び第八百七十六条の五第一項の規定は補助の事務について、第八百二十四条ただし書の規定は補助人が前条第一項の代理権を付与する旨の審判に基づき被補助人を代表する場合について準用する。
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Article 876-10(1)The provisions of Article 644; Article 859-2; Article 859-3; Article 861, paragraph (2); Article 862; Article 863; and Article 876-5, paragraph (1) apply mutatis mutandis to the administration of assistance, and the provisions of the proviso to Article 824 apply mutatis mutandis when an assistant represents a person under assistance based on a ruling granting the assistant authority to represent as referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.
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(2)The provisions of Article 654, Article 655, Article 870, Article 871, and Article 873 apply mutatis mutandis when the duties of the assistant end, and the provisions of Article 832 apply mutatis mutandis to claims that arise between the assistant or assistant supervisor and the person under assistance in respect of the assistance.
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第七章 扶養
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Chapter VII Support
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(扶養義務者)
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(Persons under a Duty to Support One Another)
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第八百七十七条直系血族及び兄弟姉妹は、互いに扶養をする義務がある。
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Article 877(1)Lineal blood relatives and siblings have a duty to support one another.
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(扶養の順位)
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(Order in Which Persons Support a Relative)
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第八百七十八条扶養をする義務のある者が数人ある場合において、扶養をすべき者の順序について、当事者間に協議が調わないとき、又は協議をすることができないときは、家庭裁判所が、これを定める。扶養を受ける権利のある者が数人ある場合において、扶養義務者の資力がその全員を扶養するのに足りないときの扶養を受けるべき者の順序についても、同様とする。
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Article 878In the event that several persons are under a duty to support a relative, if no agreement between the parties is reached with respect to the order in which they will support that relative or if discussions toward such an agreement cannot be held, the family court determines that order. The same applies if there are several persons entitled to receive such support and the financial capacity of the person under a duty to support them is insufficient to support them all.
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(扶養の程度又は方法)
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(Extent and Form of Support)
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第八百七十九条扶養の程度又は方法について、当事者間に協議が調わないとき、又は協議をすることができないときは、扶養権利者の需要、扶養義務者の資力その他一切の事情を考慮して、家庭裁判所が、これを定める。
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Article 879If no agreement between the parties is reached with respect to the extent and form of support or if discussions toward such an agreement cannot be held, the family court determines this in consideration of the needs of the person entitled to support, the financial capacity of the person under a duty to give support, and all other circumstances.
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(扶養に関する協議又は審判の変更又は取消し)
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(Alteration or Revocation of an Agreement or Ruling with Regard to Support)
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第八百八十条扶養をすべき者若しくは扶養を受けるべき者の順序又は扶養の程度若しくは方法について協議又は審判があった後事情に変更を生じたときは、家庭裁判所は、その協議又は審判の変更又は取消しをすることができる。
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Article 880If an alteration in circumstances arises after an agreement or ruling on the order in which persons are under a duty to support a relative, the order in which persons are entitled to receive support, or the extent or form of support, the family court may alter or revoke the agreement or ruling.
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(扶養請求権の処分の禁止)
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(Prohibition on Disposal of the Right to Claim Support)
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第八百八十一条扶養を受ける権利は、処分することができない。
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Article 881The right to receive support may not be disposed of.
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第五編 相続
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Part V Succession
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第一章 総則
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Chapter I General Provisions
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(相続開始の原因)
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(Cause for the Opening of the Succession)
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第八百八十二条相続は、死亡によって開始する。
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Article 882Succession opens at the death of the person.
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(相続開始の場所)
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(Place for the Opening of Succession)
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第八百八十三条相続は、被相続人の住所において開始する。
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Article 883Succession opens in the domicile of the decedent.
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(相続回復請求権)
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(Right to File for the Recovery of a Succession)
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第八百八十四条相続回復の請求権は、相続人又はその法定代理人が相続権を侵害された事実を知った時から五年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。相続開始の時から二十年を経過したときも、同様とする。
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Article 884The right to file for the recovery of a succession is extinguished by the operation of the prescription if it is not exercised within five years of the time when the heir or the legal representative thereof learns of the fact that the right of inheritance has been infringed. The same applies when twenty years have elapsed from the time the succession opened.
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(相続財産に関する費用)
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(Expenses Relating to an Estate)
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第八百八十五条相続財産に関する費用は、その財産の中から支弁する。ただし、相続人の過失によるものは、この限りでない。
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Article 885(1)The expenses of an estate are paid out of that estate;provided, however, that this does not apply to expenses resulting from the negligence of the heir.
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第二章 相続人
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Chapter II Heirs
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(相続に関する胎児の権利能力)
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(Unborn Child's Legal Capacity to Hold Rights of Succession)
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第八百八十六条胎児は、相続については、既に生まれたものとみなす。
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Article 886(1)An unborn child is deemed to have already been born as regards succession.
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(子及びその代襲者等の相続権)
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(Right of Inheritance of Children and Their Heirs, Per Stirpes)
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第八百八十七条被相続人の子は、相続人となる。
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Article 887(1)The children of the decedent become heirs thereof.
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(2)If a child of the decedent dies before the opening of the succession or loses the right of inheritance through the application of the provisions of Article 891 or through disinheritance, the children of such a child become heirs of the decedent, per stirpes;provided, however, that this does not apply to a person who is not a lineal descendant of the decedent.
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(3)The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply mutatis mutandis if a person who would have become an heir per stirpes dies before the opening of the succession or if that person loses the right to take per stirpes through the application of the provisions of Article 891 or through disinheritance.
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(直系尊属及び兄弟姉妹の相続権)
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(Right of Inheritance of Lineal Ascendants and Siblings)
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第八百八十九条次に掲げる者は、第八百八十七条の規定により相続人となるべき者がない場合には、次に掲げる順序の順位に従って相続人となる。
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Article 889(1)If no one becomes an heir pursuant to the provisions of Article 887, the following persons become heirs in accordance with their places in the line of succession, in the following order:
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一被相続人の直系尊属。ただし、親等の異なる者の間では、その近い者を先にする。
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(i)lineal ascendants of the decedent;provided, however, that between persons of differing degrees of kinship, persons of a closer degree of kinship to the decedent have priority in inheritance;
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二被相続人の兄弟姉妹
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(ii)siblings of the decedent.
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(配偶者の相続権)
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(Spousal Right of Inheritance)
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第八百九十条被相続人の配偶者は、常に相続人となる。この場合において、第八百八十七条又は前条の規定により相続人となるべき者があるときは、その者と同順位とする。
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Article 890The spouse of the decedent always becomes an heir. In this, if someone is to become an heir pursuant to the provisions of Article 887 or the preceding Article, the spouse takes the same place in the line of succession as that person.
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(相続人の欠格事由)
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(Grounds for Ineligibility as an Heir)
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第八百九十一条次に掲げる者は、相続人となることができない。
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Article 891None of the following persons may become heirs of the decedent:
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一故意に被相続人又は相続について先順位若しくは同順位にある者を死亡するに至らせ、又は至らせようとしたために、刑に処せられた者
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(i)a person who has received a criminal sentence for intentionally causing or attempting to cause the death of the decedent or the death of a person with an equal or prior place in the line of succession;
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二被相続人の殺害されたことを知って、これを告発せず、又は告訴しなかった者。ただし、その者に是非の弁別がないとき、又は殺害者が自己の配偶者若しくは直系血族であったときは、この限りでない。
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(ii)a person who knows that the decedent was killed by someone but made no formal accusation or criminal complaint about this;provided, however, that this does not apply if the person cannot discern right from wrong, or if the killer was that person's spouse or lineal relative;
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三詐欺又は強迫によって、被相続人が相続に関する遺言をし、撤回し、取り消し、又は変更することを妨げた者
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(iii)a person who has prevented the decedent from making, revoking, rescinding, or changing a will as regards succession, through fraud or duress;
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四詐欺又は強迫によって、被相続人に相続に関する遺言をさせ、撤回させ、取り消させ、又は変更させた者
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(iv)a person who has forced the decedent to make, revoke, rescind, or change a will as regards succession, through fraud or duress; or
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五相続に関する被相続人の遺言書を偽造し、変造し、破棄し、又は隠匿した者
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(v)a person who forges, alters, destroys, or conceals the will of the decedent as regards succession.
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(推定相続人の廃除)
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(Disinheritance of a Presumptive Heir)
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第八百九十二条遺留分を有する推定相続人(相続が開始した場合に相続人となるべき者をいう。以下同じ。)が、被相続人に対して虐待をし、若しくはこれに重大な侮辱を加えたとき、又は推定相続人にその他の著しい非行があったときは、被相続人は、その推定相続人の廃除を家庭裁判所に請求することができる。
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Article 892A person leaving an estate may file a request with the family court to disinherit a presumptive heir (meaning a person who would become an heir if the succession were to open; the same applies hereinafter) for whom there is statutory reserved share, if the presumptive heir has abused or given grave insult to the person leaving the estate, or if there has been any other grave misconduct on the part of the presumptive heir.
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(遺言による推定相続人の廃除)
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(Disinheritance of a Presumptive Heir by Will)
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第八百九十三条被相続人が遺言で推定相続人を廃除する意思を表示したときは、遺言執行者は、その遺言が効力を生じた後、遅滞なく、その推定相続人の廃除を家庭裁判所に請求しなければならない。この場合において、その推定相続人の廃除は、被相続人の死亡の時にさかのぼってその効力を生ずる。
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Article 893If the decedent, by will, has manifested the intention to disinherit a presumptive heir, the executor of the will must apply to the family court to disinherit the presumptive heir without delay after the will becomes effective. The disinheritance of that presumptive heir is effective retroactive to the time of death of the decedent, in such a case.
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(推定相続人の廃除の取消し)
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(Rescission of the Disinheritance of a Presumptive Heir)
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第八百九十四条被相続人は、いつでも、推定相続人の廃除の取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。
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Article 894(1)A person leaving an estate may at any time file a request with the family court to rescind the disinheritance of a presumptive heir.
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(推定相続人の廃除に関する審判確定前の遺産の管理)
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(Administration of the Estate before a Ruling Involving the Disinheritance of a Presumptive Heir Becomes Final and Binding)
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第八百九十五条推定相続人の廃除又はその取消しの請求があった後その審判が確定する前に相続が開始したときは、家庭裁判所は、親族、利害関係人又は検察官の請求によって、遺産の管理について必要な処分を命ずることができる。推定相続人の廃除の遺言があったときも、同様とする。
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Article 895(1)If succession opens after a request is filed to disinherit a presumptive heir or to rescind the disinheritance of the same but before the ruling on this becomes final and binding, the family court may order any necessary measures with regard to the administration of the estate at the request of a relative, an interested party, or the public prosecutor. The same applies if the decedent has left a will in which a presumptive heir is disinherited.
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第三章 相続の効力
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Chapter III Effect of Succession
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(相続の一般的効力)
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(General Effect of Succession)
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第八百九十六条相続人は、相続開始の時から、被相続人の財産に属した一切の権利義務を承継する。ただし、被相続人の一身に専属したものは、この限りでない。
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Article 896From the time the succession opens, the heirs succeed to all rights and duties attached to the property of the decedent;provided, however, that this does not apply to rights or duties of the decedent that are purely personal.
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(祭祀に関する権利の承継)
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(Assumption of Rights in Respect of Rituals)
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第八百九十七条系譜、祭具及び墳墓の所有権は、前条の規定にかかわらず、慣習に従って祖先の祭祀を主宰すべき者が承継する。ただし、被相続人の指定に従って祖先の祭祀を主宰すべき者があるときは、その者が承継する。
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Article 897(1)Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Article, rights of ownership in genealogical records, implements used in rituals, and graves are succeeded to by the person that custom dictates is to preside over ancestral rituals;provided, however, that if the decedent has designated a person to preside over ancestral rituals, this person succeeds to these rights.
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(共同相続の効力)
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(Effect of Joint Succession)
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第八百九十八条相続人が数人あるときは、相続財産は、その共有に属する。
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Article 898If there are two or more heirs, the estate belongs to those heirs in coownership.
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第二節 相続分
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Section 2 Shares of the Estate
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(法定相続分)
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(Intestate Shares)
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第九百条同順位の相続人が数人あるときは、その相続分は、次の各号の定めるところによる。
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Article 900If there are two or more heirs of the same place in the line of succession, their shares of the estate are as prescribed in the following items:
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一子及び配偶者が相続人であるときは、子の相続分及び配偶者の相続分は、各二分の一とする。
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(i)if a child or children and a spouse are the heirs, the child's or children's share of the estate is one-half and the spouse's share of the estate is one-half;
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二配偶者及び直系尊属が相続人であるときは、配偶者の相続分は、三分の二とし、直系尊属の相続分は、三分の一とする。
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(ii)if a spouse and a lineal ascendant or ascendants are the heirs, the spouse's share of the estate is two-thirds and the lineal ascendant's or ascendants' share of the estate is one-third;
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三配偶者及び兄弟姉妹が相続人であるときは、配偶者の相続分は、四分の三とし、兄弟姉妹の相続分は、四分の一とする。
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(iii)if a spouse and a sibling or siblings are the heirs, the spouse's share of the estate is three-quarters, and the sibling's or siblings' share of the estate is one-quarter;
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四子、直系尊属又は兄弟姉妹が数人あるときは、各自の相続分は、相等しいものとする。ただし、父母の一方のみを同じくする兄弟姉妹の相続分は、父母の双方を同じくする兄弟姉妹の相続分の二分の一とする。
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(iv)if there are two or more children, lineal ascendants, or siblings, each share in the estate is to be equal;provided, however, that the share of a sibling who has only one parent in common with the decedent is one half of the share of a sibling who has both parents in common with the decedent.
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(代襲相続人の相続分)
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(Share of an Heir Taking per Stirpes)
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第九百一条第八百八十七条第二項又は第三項の規定により相続人となる直系卑属の相続分は、その直系尊属が受けるべきであったものと同じとする。ただし、直系卑属が数人あるときは、その各自の直系尊属が受けるべきであった部分について、前条の規定に従ってその相続分を定める。
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Article 901(1)The share in the decedent's estate of a lineal descendant who becomes an heir pursuant to the provisions of Article 887, paragraph (2) or paragraph (3) is the same as the share that person's lineal ascendant would have received;provided, however, that if there are two or more such lineal descendants, their shares of the estate are determined in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article.
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(遺言による相続分の指定)
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(Designation of a Person's Share of the Estate by Will)
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第九百二条被相続人は、前二条の規定にかかわらず、遺言で、共同相続人の相続分を定め、又はこれを定めることを第三者に委託することができる。ただし、被相続人又は第三者は、遺留分に関する規定に違反することができない。
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Article 902(1)Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two Articles, a person leaving an estate may decide by will the share of a coheir or entrust a third party by will with deciding the same;provided, however, that it is not permissible for the person leaving the estate or the third party to violate provisions regarding the statutory reserved share.
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(特別受益者の相続分)
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(Share in the Decedent's Estate of an Heir Who Has Received a Special Benefit)
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第九百三条共同相続人中に、被相続人から、遺贈を受け、又は婚姻若しくは養子縁組のため若しくは生計の資本として贈与を受けた者があるときは、被相続人が相続開始の時において有した財産の価額にその贈与の価額を加えたものを相続財産とみなし、前三条の規定により算定した相続分の中からその遺贈又は贈与の価額を控除した残額をもってその者の相続分とする。
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Article 903(1)If any of the coheirs has received from the decedent a legacy or other gift for marriage or adoption or as capital for subsistence, the estate of the decedent is deemed to comprise the value of the property belonging to the decedent at the time the succession opens plus the value of all such legacies and other gifts, and the share in the estate of a coheir who has received such a legacy or other gift is the amount remaining after the value of all such legacies and other gifts thereto is deducted from the heir's share of the estate as calculated pursuant to the provisions of the preceding three Articles.
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Article 904Even if the conduct of the donee leads to the loss of the property that was the object of a gift and even if there is a fluctuation in the value of such property, the property is deemed to be in its original state, as it was at the time the succession opened, as regards the determination of the value of the gift as prescribed in the preceding Article.
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(寄与分)
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(Amount of Contribution to the Estate)
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第九百四条の二共同相続人中に、被相続人の事業に関する労務の提供又は財産上の給付、被相続人の療養看護その他の方法により被相続人の財産の維持又は増加について特別の寄与をした者があるときは、被相続人が相続開始の時において有した財産の価額から共同相続人の協議で定めたその者の寄与分を控除したものを相続財産とみなし、第九百条から第九百二条までの規定により算定した相続分に寄与分を加えた額をもってその者の相続分とする。
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Article 904-2(1)If a coheir has made a special contribution to maintaining or increasing the assets of the decedent, by supplying labor or providing financially for the business of the decedent, through a contribution to the medical treatment or care of the decedent, or in any other way, the estate is deemed to comprise the value of the assets held by the decedent at the time the succession opens, less the amount that the coheirs determine by agreement to be the heirs' contribution to the estate; and the share in the estate of a coheir who has made such a contribution is the amount of that heir's contribution plus the heir's share of the estate as calculated pursuant to the provisions of Article 900 through Article 902.
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(2)If an agreement as referred to in the preceding paragraph is not reached or if discussions toward such an agreement cannot be held, the family court determines the amount of contribution to the estate at the request of a person making a contribution to the estate as prescribed the preceding paragraph, in consideration of the timing of the contribution, the means and extent of the contribution, the value of the estate, and all other circumstances.
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(相続分の取戻権)
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(Right to Recover a Share in the Estate)
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第九百五条共同相続人の一人が遺産の分割前にその相続分を第三者に譲り渡したときは、他の共同相続人は、その価額及び費用を償還して、その相続分を譲り受けることができる。
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Article 905(1)If one coheir assigns that heir's share in the estate to a third party before the division of the estate, any other coheir may acquire that share by reimbursing the third party for the value and expenses thereof.
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第三節 遺産の分割
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Section 3 Division of the Estate
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(遺産の分割の基準)
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(Standards for the Division of the Estate)
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第九百六条遺産の分割は、遺産に属する物又は権利の種類及び性質、各相続人の年齢、職業、心身の状態及び生活の状況その他一切の事情を考慮してこれをする。
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Article 906The division of an estate is made in consideration of the type and nature of goods and rights belonging to the estate, the age, occupation, mental and physical condition, and financial circumstances of each heir, and all other circumstances.
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(遺産の分割の協議又は審判等)
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(Agreement or Ruling on the Division of the Estate)
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第九百七条共同相続人は、次条の規定により被相続人が遺言で禁じた場合を除き、いつでも、その協議で、遺産の分割をすることができる。
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Article 907(1)Unless the decedent has prevented them from doing so by will pursuant to the provisions of the following Article, coheirs may at any time divide the estate by agreement.
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(遺産の分割の方法の指定及び遺産の分割の禁止)
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(Designation of How the Estate Is Divided; Prohibition of Division)
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第九百八条被相続人は、遺言で、遺産の分割の方法を定め、若しくはこれを定めることを第三者に委託し、又は相続開始の時から五年を超えない期間を定めて、遺産の分割を禁ずることができる。
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Article 908A person leaving an estate, by will, may decide how the estate is to be divided, entrust a third party with deciding the same, or prohibit the division of the estate for a specified period not exceeding five years from the time the succession opens.
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(遺産の分割の効力)
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(Effect of the Division of the Estate)
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第九百九条遺産の分割は、相続開始の時にさかのぼってその効力を生ずる。ただし、第三者の権利を害することはできない。
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Article 909The division of an estate is effective retroactive to the time the succession opens;provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of a third party.
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(相続の開始後に認知された者の価額の支払請求権)
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(Right of a Person Whose Parentage Is Acknowledged after the Opening of the Succession, to Payment of the Value of That Person's Share)
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第九百十条相続の開始後認知によって相続人となった者が遺産の分割を請求しようとする場合において、他の共同相続人が既にその分割その他の処分をしたときは、価額のみによる支払の請求権を有する。
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Article 910If a person who becomes an heir through an acknowledgment of parentage or filiation after succession is opened seeks to request the division of the estate, but the other coheirs have already divided or otherwise disposed of it, that person is entitled to payment of that person's share in terms of its value only.
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(共同相続人間の担保責任)
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(Warranties among Coheirs)
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第九百十一条各共同相続人は、他の共同相続人に対して、売主と同じく、その相続分に応じて担保の責任を負う。
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Article 911Each coheir, in proportion to that heir's share of the estate, is liable under warranty to all of the other coheirs in the same manner that a seller would be.
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(遺産の分割によって受けた債権についての担保責任)
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(Liability under a Guaranty on a Claim Received in the Division of the Estate)
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第九百十二条各共同相続人は、その相続分に応じ、他の共同相続人が遺産の分割によって受けた債権について、その分割の時における債務者の資力を担保する。
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Article 912(1)Each coheir, in proportion to that heir's share of the estate, guarantees the solvency, at the time of division, of any obligor of a claim that another coheir receives in the division of the estate.
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(資力のない共同相続人がある場合の担保責任の分担)
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(Sharing of Liability under a Warranty or Guaranty; Coheir Is Insolvent)
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第九百十三条担保の責任を負う共同相続人中に償還をする資力のない者があるときは、その償還することができない部分は、求償者及び他の資力のある者が、それぞれその相続分に応じて分担する。ただし、求償者に過失があるときは、他の共同相続人に対して分担を請求することができない。
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Article 913If, among the coheirs who are liable to one another under a warranty or guaranty, there is an heir who is without the financial means to reimburse one of the others, the portion that the insolvent heir is unable to reimburse is shared among the heir seeking reimbursement and the other solvent heirs, in proportion to their shares of the estate;provided, however, that if there is negligence on the part of the heir seeking reimbursement, that heir may not request that the other coheirs share liability.
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(遺言による担保責任の定め)
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(Determination of Warranties and Guaranties by Will)
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第九百十四条前三条の規定は、被相続人が遺言で別段の意思を表示したときは、適用しない。
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Article 914If a decedent, by will, has manifested an intention that differs from the provisions of the preceding three Articles, the provisions of those Articles do not apply.
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第四章 相続の承認及び放棄
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Chapter IV Acceptance or Renunciation of Succession
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(相続の承認又は放棄をすべき期間)
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(Period for Acceptance or Renunciation of Succession)
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第九百十五条相続人は、自己のために相続の開始があったことを知った時から三箇月以内に、相続について、単純若しくは限定の承認又は放棄をしなければならない。ただし、この期間は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求によって、家庭裁判所において伸長することができる。
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Article 915(1)An heir must either accept the succession unconditionally or with qualifications, or renounce it, within three months of the time the heir learns that succession has opened to that heir;provided, however, that this period may be extended by the family court at the request of an interested party or the public prosecutor.
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(相続財産の管理)
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(Administration of the Estate)
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第九百十八条相続人は、その固有財産におけるのと同一の注意をもって、相続財産を管理しなければならない。ただし、相続の承認又は放棄をしたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 918(1)An heir must administer the estate with the same care that the heir would exercise over the heir's own property;provided, however, that this does not apply once the heir accepts or renounces the succession.
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(相続の承認及び放棄の撤回及び取消し)
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(Revocation and Rescission; Acceptance and Renunciation of Succession)
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第九百十九条相続の承認及び放棄は、第九百十五条第一項の期間内でも、撤回することができない。
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Article 919(1)The acceptance or renunciation of a succession may not be revoked even within the period referred to in Article 915, paragraph (1).
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(3)The right of rescission referred to in the preceding paragraph is extinguished by prescription if not exercised within six months of the time ratification becomes possible. It is also extinguished by prescription once ten years have passed since the time of acceptance or renunciation of the succession.
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第二節 相続の承認
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Section 2 Acceptance of Succession
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第一款 単純承認
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Subsection 1 Unconditional Acceptance
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(単純承認の効力)
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(Effect of Unconditional Acceptance)
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第九百二十条相続人は、単純承認をしたときは、無限に被相続人の権利義務を承継する。
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Article 920An heir inherits the rights and obligations of the decedent without limitation upon unconditional acceptance of the succession.
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(法定単純承認)
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(Statutory Unconditional Acceptance)
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第九百二十一条次に掲げる場合には、相続人は、単純承認をしたものとみなす。
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Article 921An heir is deemed to have accepted the succession unconditionally if:
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一相続人が相続財産の全部又は一部を処分したとき。ただし、保存行為及び第六百二条に定める期間を超えない賃貸をすることは、この限りでない。
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(i)the heir disposes of the estate in whole or in part;provided, however, that this does not apply to an act of preservation or a lease that does not exceed the period prescribed in Article 602;
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二相続人が第九百十五条第一項の期間内に限定承認又は相続の放棄をしなかったとき。
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(ii)the heir does not assert a qualified acceptance or renounce the succession within the period referred to in Article 915, paragraph (1);
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三相続人が、限定承認又は相続の放棄をした後であっても、相続財産の全部若しくは一部を隠匿し、私にこれを消費し、又は悪意でこれを相続財産の目録中に記載しなかったとき。ただし、その相続人が相続の放棄をしたことによって相続人となった者が相続の承認をした後は、この限りでない。
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(iii)the heir, even after asserting a qualified acceptance or renouncing the succession, conceals the whole or part of the estate, personally expends the whole or part thereof, or knowingly fails to enter the whole or part thereof in the inventory of the estate;provided, however, that this does not apply if the original heir does so after the acceptance of the succession by a person who becomes an heir due to the original heir's renunciation of the succession.
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第二款 限定承認
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Subsection 2 Qualified Acceptance
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(限定承認)
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(Qualified Acceptance)
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第九百二十二条相続人は、相続によって得た財産の限度においてのみ被相続人の債務及び遺贈を弁済すべきことを留保して、相続の承認をすることができる。
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Article 922An heir may accept a succession with the qualification that the debts and legacies of the decedent are to be paid and delivered only up to the limit of the assets acquired by succession.
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(共同相続人の限定承認)
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(Qualified Acceptance by Coheirs)
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第九百二十三条相続人が数人あるときは、限定承認は、共同相続人の全員が共同してのみこれをすることができる。
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Article 923If there are multiple heirs, qualified acceptance is only permissible if all of the coheirs assert their qualified acceptance jointly.
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(限定承認の方式)
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(Formalities for Qualified Acceptance)
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第九百二十四条相続人は、限定承認をしようとするときは、第九百十五条第一項の期間内に、相続財産の目録を作成して家庭裁判所に提出し、限定承認をする旨を申述しなければならない。
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Article 924If an heir seeks to assert a qualified acceptance, the heir must prepare an inventory of the estate and submit this to the family court with a statement indicating the heir's qualified acceptance within the period referred to in Article 915, paragraph (1).
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(限定承認をしたときの権利義務)
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(Rights and Obligations upon Qualified Acceptance)
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第九百二十五条相続人が限定承認をしたときは、その被相続人に対して有した権利義務は、消滅しなかったものとみなす。
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Article 925If an heir asserts a qualified acceptance, any rights or obligations that the heir held towards the decedent are deemed not to have lapsed.
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(限定承認者による管理)
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(Administration by an Heir Asserting a Qualified Acceptance)
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第九百二十六条限定承認者は、その固有財産におけるのと同一の注意をもって、相続財産の管理を継続しなければならない。
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Article 926(1)An heir asserting a qualified acceptance must continue to administer the estate with the same care that the heir would exercise over the heir's own property.
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(相続債権者及び受遺者に対する公告及び催告)
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(Issuing Public Notice and Notice to File to Creditors of the Succession and Legatees)
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第九百二十七条限定承認者は、限定承認をした後五日以内に、すべての相続債権者(相続財産に属する債務の債権者をいう。以下同じ。)及び受遺者に対し、限定承認をしたこと及び一定の期間内にその請求の申出をすべき旨を公告しなければならない。この場合において、その期間は、二箇月を下ることができない。
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Article 927(1)An heir asserting a qualified acceptance must issue public notice to all creditors of the succession (meaning creditors with claims that are a part of the estate; hereinafter the same applies) and legatees, within five days of asserting the qualified acceptance, indicating that the person is asserting a qualified acceptance and that the creditors and legatees must file their claims within a fixed period. This period, in such a case, may not be of less than two months.
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(2)A supplementary note must be placed in the public notice under the preceding paragraph, indicating that creditors of the succession and legatees failing to file within the period fixed therein will be excluded from payment or delivery;provided, however, that an heir asserting a qualified acceptance may not exclude any known creditor of the succession or legatee.
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(公告期間満了前の弁済の拒絶)
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(Refusal of Payment or Delivery before Expiration of the Period under Public Notice)
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第九百二十八条限定承認者は、前条第一項の期間の満了前には、相続債権者及び受遺者に対して弁済を拒むことができる。
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Article 928An heir asserting a qualified acceptance may refuse payment or delivery to a creditor of the succession or legatee before the expiration of the period referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.
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(公告期間満了後の弁済)
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(Payment or Delivery after Expiration of the Period under Public Notice)
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第九百二十九条第九百二十七条第一項の期間が満了した後は、限定承認者は、相続財産をもって、その期間内に同項の申出をした相続債権者その他知れている相続債権者に、それぞれその債権額の割合に応じて弁済をしなければならない。ただし、優先権を有する債権者の権利を害することはできない。
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Article 929After the expiration of the period referred to in Article 927, paragraph (1), an heir asserting a qualified acceptance must pay the creditors of the succession that have made the filing referred to in that paragraph within the period fixed therein, and any other known creditor of the succession, out of the assets of the estate, in proportion to the amount of each of those creditor's claims;provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of any creditor with a right of priority.
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(期限前の債務等の弁済)
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(Payment of Debts Not Yet Due)
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第九百三十条限定承認者は、弁済期に至らない債権であっても、前条の規定に従って弁済をしなければならない。
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Article 930(1)An heir asserting a qualified acceptance must make payment even of a claim which is not yet due, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article.
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(受遺者に対する弁済)
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(Delivery to Legatees)
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第九百三十一条限定承認者は、前二条の規定に従って各相続債権者に弁済をした後でなければ、受遺者に弁済をすることができない。
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Article 931An heir asserting a qualified acceptance may not make delivery to a legatee until after all creditors of the succession have been paid in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two Articles.
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(弁済のための相続財産の換価)
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(Realization of the Estate for Payment of Claims)
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第九百三十二条前三条の規定に従って弁済をするにつき相続財産を売却する必要があるときは、限定承認者は、これを競売に付さなければならない。ただし、家庭裁判所が選任した鑑定人の評価に従い相続財産の全部又は一部の価額を弁済して、その競売を止めることができる。
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Article 932If it is necessary to sell off the estate in order to make payment or delivery in accordance with the provisions of the preceding three Articles, an heir asserting a qualified acceptance must put the estate up for auction;provided, however, that the heir may prevent such an auction by paying the value of all or part the estate in accordance with the valuation of the appraiser appointed by the family court.
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(相続債権者及び受遺者の換価手続への参加)
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(Participation of Creditors of the Succession and Legatees in the Realization Process)
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第九百三十三条相続債権者及び受遺者は、自己の費用で、相続財産の競売又は鑑定に参加することができる。この場合においては、第二百六十条第二項の規定を準用する。
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Article 933A creditor of the succession or legatee, at the creditor's or legatee's own expense, may participate in the auction or appraisal of the estate. The provisions of Article 260, paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis in such a case.
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(不当な弁済をした限定承認者の責任等)
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(Liability of an Heir Asserting a Qualified Acceptance Whose Payment or Delivery Is Unfair)
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第九百三十四条限定承認者は、第九百二十七条の公告若しくは催告をすることを怠り、又は同条第一項の期間内に相続債権者若しくは受遺者に弁済をしたことによって他の相続債権者若しくは受遺者に弁済をすることができなくなったときは、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負う。第九百二十九条から第九百三十一条までの規定に違反して弁済をしたときも、同様とする。
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Article 934(1)If an heir asserting a qualified acceptance fails to issue the public notice or notice to file referred to in Article 927, or if the heir's payment or delivery to a creditor of the succession or legatee within the period referred to in paragraph (1) of that Article causes the heir to become unable to make payment or delivery to another creditor of the succession or legatee, the heir is liable to compensate for damage arising from this. The same applies with regard to the liability of an heir asserting a qualified acceptance who violates any of the provisions of Article 929 through Article 931.
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(公告期間内に申出をしなかった相続債権者及び受遺者)
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(Creditors of the Succession and Legatees Not Filing within the Period under Public Notice)
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第九百三十五条第九百二十七条第一項の期間内に同項の申出をしなかった相続債権者及び受遺者で限定承認者に知れなかったものは、残余財産についてのみその権利を行使することができる。ただし、相続財産について特別担保を有する者は、この限りでない。
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Article 935A creditor of a succession or legatee that fails to make the filing referred to in Article 927, paragraph (1) within the period referred to in that paragraph and that was unknown to the heir asserting the qualified acceptance, may only exercise rights over the residuary estate;provided, however, that this does not apply to a person with a specific security interest in the estate.
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(相続人が数人ある場合の相続財産の管理人)
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(Administration of the Estate If There Are Multiple Heirs)
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第九百三十六条相続人が数人ある場合には、家庭裁判所は、相続人の中から、相続財産の管理人を選任しなければならない。
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Article 936(1)If there are multiple heirs, the family court must appoint an administrator to the estate from among the heirs.
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(3)The provisions of Article 926 through Article 935 apply mutatis mutandis to an estate administrator as referred to in paragraph (1).In this case, the phrase "within five days of asserting the qualified acceptance" in Article 927, paragraph (1) is deemed to be replaced with "within ten days of the appointment of the administrator of the estate".
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(法定単純承認の事由がある場合の相続債権者)
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(Creditors of a Succession If There Is Cause for Statutory Unconditional Acceptance)
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第九百三十七条限定承認をした共同相続人の一人又は数人について第九百二十一条第一号又は第三号に掲げる事由があるときは、相続債権者は、相続財産をもって弁済を受けることができなかった債権額について、当該共同相続人に対し、その相続分に応じて権利を行使することができる。
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Article 937If a cause set forth in Article 921, item (i) or item (iii) has occurred in respect of one or multiple coheirs who have asserted a qualified acceptance, a creditor of the succession may exercise rights over any amount of the claim not satisfied by the estate against that coheir or those coheirs, in proportion to each of the relevant heirs' shares in the estate.
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第三節 相続の放棄
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Section 3 Renunciation of Succession
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(相続の放棄の方式)
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(Formalities for a Renunciation of Succession)
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第九百三十八条相続の放棄をしようとする者は、その旨を家庭裁判所に申述しなければならない。
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Article 938A person seeking to renounce a succession must file a statement with the family court to that effect.
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(相続の放棄の効力)
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(Effect of a Renunciation of Succession)
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第九百三十九条相続の放棄をした者は、その相続に関しては、初めから相続人とならなかったものとみなす。
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Article 939A person who has renounced a succession is deemed never to have been an heir as regards that succession.
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(相続の放棄をした者による管理)
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(Administration by a Person Who Has Renounced a Succession)
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第九百四十条相続の放棄をした者は、その放棄によって相続人となった者が相続財産の管理を始めることができるまで、自己の財産におけるのと同一の注意をもって、その財産の管理を継続しなければならない。
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Article 940(1)A person renouncing a succession must continue to administer the estate with the same care that the person would exercise over the person's own property until a person who becomes an heir as a result of the renunciation begins to administer the estate.
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第五章 財産分離
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Chapter V Separation of Patrimony
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(相続債権者又は受遺者の請求による財産分離)
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(Separation of Patrimony at the Request of a Creditor of the Succession or Legatee)
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第九百四十一条相続債権者又は受遺者は、相続開始の時から三箇月以内に、相続人の財産の中から相続財産を分離することを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。相続財産が相続人の固有財産と混合しない間は、その期間の満了後も、同様とする。
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Article 941(1)A creditor of the succession or a legatee may file a request with the family court for the decedent's estate to be separated from the property of an heir, within three months of the time the succession opens. The same applies with respect to the filing of such a request even after that period has elapsed, if the decedent's estate has not been mixed with the heir's personal property.
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(2)If the family court orders a separation of patrimony based on a request as referred to in the preceding paragraph, the person filing the request must issue public notice within five days indicating that an order for a separation of patrimony has been issued and that petitions for participation in the distribution must be filed within a specified period. This period, in such a case, may not be of less than two months.
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(財産分離の効力)
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(Effect of a Separation of Patrimony)
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第九百四十二条財産分離の請求をした者及び前条第二項の規定により配当加入の申出をした者は、相続財産について、相続人の債権者に先立って弁済を受ける。
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Article 942A person filing a request for a separation of patrimony and persons petitioning to participate in the distribution pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article are paid out of the estate with priority over the creditors of the heir.
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(財産分離の請求後の相続財産の管理)
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(Administration of the Estate after a Request for a Separation of Patrimony)
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第九百四十三条財産分離の請求があったときは、家庭裁判所は、相続財産の管理について必要な処分を命ずることができる。
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Article 943(1)If a request has been filed for a separation of patrimony, the family court may order any necessary measures for the administration of the estate.
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(財産分離の請求後の相続人による管理)
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(Administration by Heir after a Request for a Separation of Patrimony)
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第九百四十四条相続人は、単純承認をした後でも、財産分離の請求があったときは、以後、その固有財産におけるのと同一の注意をもって、相続財産の管理をしなければならない。ただし、家庭裁判所が相続財産の管理人を選任したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 944(1)Even after an heir unconditionally accepts the succession, the heir must administer the estate with the same care that the heir would exercise over the heir's own property if a request for a separation of patrimony is filed;provided, however, that this does not apply if the family court appoints an administrator to the estate.
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(不動産についての財産分離の対抗要件)
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(Requirement for the Perfection of a Separation of Patrimony Involving Real Property)
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第九百四十五条財産分離は、不動産については、その登記をしなければ、第三者に対抗することができない。
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Article 945A separation of patrimony involving real property may not be asserted against a third party unless the separation is registered.
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(物上代位の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on the Extension of a Security Interest to the Proceeds of Collateral)
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第九百四十六条第三百四条の規定は、財産分離の場合について準用する。
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Article 946The provisions of Article 304 apply mutatis mutandis in the case of a separation of patrimony.
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(相続債権者及び受遺者に対する弁済)
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(Making Payment and Delivery to Creditors of the Succession and Legatees)
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第九百四十七条相続人は、第九百四十一条第一項及び第二項の期間の満了前には、相続債権者及び受遺者に対して弁済を拒むことができる。
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Article 947(1)An heir may refuse to make payment or delivery to a creditor of the succession or legatee before the expiration of the period referred to in Article 941, paragraph (1) or paragraph (2).
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(2)If a request has been filed for a separation of patrimony, after the expiration of the period referred to in Article 941, paragraph (2), the heir must make payment or delivery to the creditors of the succession and legatees that have requested the separation of patrimony or petitioned to participate in the distribution, out of the assets of the estate, in proportion to the amount of each of their claims;provided, however, that this may not prejudice the rights of any creditor with a right of priority.
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(相続人の固有財産からの弁済)
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(Payment or Delivery from the Heir's Own Assets)
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第九百四十八条財産分離の請求をした者及び配当加入の申出をした者は、相続財産をもって全部の弁済を受けることができなかった場合に限り、相続人の固有財産についてその権利を行使することができる。この場合においては、相続人の債権者は、その者に先立って弁済を受けることができる。
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Article 948A person requesting a separation of patrimony or a person petitioning to participate in a distribution may exercise rights against the heir's own property only if it was not possible for the person to receive full payment or delivery from out of the estate. Such a person may receive payment or delivery with priority over the creditors of the heir, in such a case.
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(財産分離の請求の防止等)
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(Prevention of the Filing of Requests for a Separation of Patrimony)
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第九百四十九条相続人は、その固有財産をもって相続債権者若しくは受遺者に弁済をし、又はこれに相当の担保を供して、財産分離の請求を防止し、又はその効力を消滅させることができる。ただし、相続人の債権者が、これによって損害を受けるべきことを証明して、異議を述べたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 949An heir may use the heir's own property to make payment or delivery to the creditors of the succession and legatees or to provide reasonable security thereto, thereby preventing the filing of a request for the separation of patrimony or causing its effect to be extinguished;provided, however, that this does not apply if a creditor of the heir files an objection and demonstrates that this would cause harm to that creditor.
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(相続人の債権者の請求による財産分離)
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(Separation of Patrimony at the Request of the Creditor of an Heir)
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第九百五十条相続人が限定承認をすることができる間又は相続財産が相続人の固有財産と混合しない間は、相続人の債権者は、家庭裁判所に対して財産分離の請求をすることができる。
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Article 950(1)While an heir may yet assert a qualified acceptance, or while the estate has not yet been mixed with the heir's own property, a creditor of the heir may file a request with the family court for a separation of patrimony.
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(2)The provisions of Article 304; Article 925; Article 927 through Article 934; Article 943 through Article 945; and Article 948 apply mutatis mutandis to a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph;provided, however, that the public notice and notice to file referred to in Article 927 must be issued by the creditor requesting the separation of patrimony.
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第六章 相続人の不存在
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Chapter VI Nonexistence of Heirs
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(相続財産法人の成立)
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(Formation of an Estate Corporation)
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第九百五十一条相続人のあることが明らかでないときは、相続財産は、法人とする。
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Article 951If it is not evident whether there is an heir, the decedent's estate is a corporation.
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(相続財産の管理人の選任)
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(Appointment of an Administrator of the Estate)
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第九百五十二条前条の場合には、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人又は検察官の請求によって、相続財産の管理人を選任しなければならない。
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Article 952(1)In a case as referred to in the preceding Article, the family court must appoint an administrator to the estate at the request of an interested party or the public prosecutor.
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(不在者の財産の管理人に関する規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on the Administrator of an Absentee's Property)
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第九百五十三条第二十七条から第二十九条までの規定は、前条第一項の相続財産の管理人(以下この章において単に「相続財産の管理人」という。)について準用する。
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Article 953The provisions of Article 27 through Article 29 apply mutatis mutandis to the administrator of an estate as referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article (referred to simply as the "Administrator of the Estate" hereinafter in this Chapter).
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(相続財産の管理人の報告)
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(Reporting by the Administrator of the Estate)
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第九百五十四条相続財産の管理人は、相続債権者又は受遺者の請求があるときは、その請求をした者に相続財産の状況を報告しなければならない。
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Article 954At the request of a creditor of the succession or a legatee, the Administrator of the Estate must report the condition of the estate to the person who has so requested.
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(相続財産法人の不成立)
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(Non-formation of an Estate Corporation)
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第九百五十五条相続人のあることが明らかになったときは、第九百五十一条の法人は、成立しなかったものとみなす。ただし、相続財産の管理人がその権限内でした行為の効力を妨げない。
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Article 955If it becomes evident that there is an heir, the corporation referred to in Article 951 is deemed not to have been formed;provided, however, that this does not prevent the validity of an action taken by the Administrator of the Estate that is within the scope of the authority thereof.
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(相続財産の管理人の代理権の消滅)
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(Extinguishment of the Administrator of the Estate's Authority to Represent)
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第九百五十六条相続財産の管理人の代理権は、相続人が相続の承認をした時に消滅する。
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Article 956(1)The Administrator of the Estate's authority to represent is extinguished once an heir accepts the succession.
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(相続債権者及び受遺者に対する弁済)
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(Making Payment or Delivery to the Creditors of the Succession and Legatees)
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第九百五十七条第九百五十二条第二項の公告があった後二箇月以内に相続人のあることが明らかにならなかったときは、相続財産の管理人は、遅滞なく、すべての相続債権者及び受遺者に対し、一定の期間内にその請求の申出をすべき旨を公告しなければならない。この場合において、その期間は、二箇月を下ることができない。
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Article 957(1)If whether there is an heir does not become evident within two months of the public notice referred to in Article 952, paragraph (2), the administrator of the estate must issue public notice to all creditors of the succession and legatees, without delay, indicating that they must file their claims within a fixed period. This period, in such a case, may not be of less than two months.
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(相続人の捜索の公告)
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(Public Notice of the Search for an Heir)
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第九百五十八条前条第一項の期間の満了後、なお相続人のあることが明らかでないときは、家庭裁判所は、相続財産の管理人又は検察官の請求によって、相続人があるならば一定の期間内にその権利を主張すべき旨を公告しなければならない。この場合において、その期間は、六箇月を下ることができない。
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Article 958If, after the expiration of the period referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, it is still not evident whether there is an heir, the family court, at the request of the administrator of the estate or the public prosecutor, must issue a public notice indicating that if there is an heir, that heir must assert the rights thereof within a fixed period. This period, in such a case, may not be of less than six months.
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(権利を主張する者がない場合)
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(If No Person Asserts Rights as an Heir)
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第九百五十八条の二前条の期間内に相続人としての権利を主張する者がないときは、相続人並びに相続財産の管理人に知れなかった相続債権者及び受遺者は、その権利を行使することができない。
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Article 958-2If no person asserts rights as an heir within the period referred to in the preceding Article, it is not permissible for an heir or for any creditor of the succession or legatee unknown to the administrator of the estate, to exercise the rights thereof.
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(特別縁故者に対する相続財産の分与)
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(Distribution of the Estate to a Person with a Special Connection to the Decedent)
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第九百五十八条の三前条の場合において、相当と認めるときは、家庭裁判所は、被相続人と生計を同じくしていた者、被相続人の療養看護に努めた者その他被相続人と特別の縁故があった者の請求によって、これらの者に、清算後残存すべき相続財産の全部又は一部を与えることができる。
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Article 958-3(1)In a case as referred to in the preceding Article, if the family court finds it to be reasonable and at the request of a person who shared living expenses with the decedent, who contributed to the medical treatment or care of the decedent, or who otherwise had a special connection with the decedent, the court may grant that person the residuum of the estate after liquidation, in whole or in part.
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(残余財産の国庫への帰属)
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(Escheat of the Residuary Estate to the National Treasury)
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第九百五十九条前条の規定により処分されなかった相続財産は、国庫に帰属する。この場合においては、第九百五十六条第二項の規定を準用する。
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Article 959An estate not disposed of pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article escheats to the national treasury. The provisions of Article 956, paragraph (2) apply mutatis mutandis in such a case.
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第七章 遺言
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Chapter VII Wills
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第一節 総則
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Section 1 General Provisions
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(遺言の方式)
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(Formalities of Wills)
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第九百六十条遺言は、この法律に定める方式に従わなければ、することができない。
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Article 960A person's will may be made only in accordance with the formalities prescribed by this Code.
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(遺言能力)
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(Testamentary Capacity)
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第九百六十一条十五歳に達した者は、遺言をすることができる。
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Article 961Any person who has attained 15 years of age may make a will.
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(包括遺贈及び特定遺贈)
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(Universal Legacy; Particular Legacy)
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第九百六十四条遺言者は、包括又は特定の名義で、その財産の全部又は一部を処分することができる。ただし、遺留分に関する規定に違反することができない。
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Article 964A testator may make a disposition of all or part of the testator's property, under a universal or particular title;provided, however, that this may not violate provisions regarding the statutory reserved share.
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(相続人に関する規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Heirs)
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第九百六十五条第八百八十六条及び第八百九十一条の規定は、受遺者について準用する。
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Article 965The provisions of Article 886 and Article 891 apply mutatis mutandis to legatees.
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(被後見人の遺言の制限)
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(Restrictions on the Will of a Person under Guardianship)
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第九百六十六条被後見人が、後見の計算の終了前に、後見人又はその配偶者若しくは直系卑属の利益となるべき遺言をしたときは、その遺言は、無効とする。
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Article 966(1)A will is void if a person under guardianship makes it to the benefit of the guardian or the guardian's spouse or lineal relative before the guardian has finished accounting for the guardianship.
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第二節 遺言の方式
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Section 2 Formalities of Wills
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第一款 普通の方式
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Subsection 1 Standard Formalities
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(普通の方式による遺言の種類)
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(Types of Wills Made Using Standard Formalities)
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第九百六十七条遺言は、自筆証書、公正証書又は秘密証書によってしなければならない。ただし、特別の方式によることを許す場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 967A will must be made in the form of a holographic instrument, notarial instrument, or sealed and notarized instrument;provided, however, that this does not apply if it is permissible to use a special formality.
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(自筆証書遺言)
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(Holographic Wills)
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第九百六十八条自筆証書によって遺言をするには、遺言者が、その全文、日付及び氏名を自書し、これに印を押さなければならない。
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Article 968(1)To make a will in the form of a holographic instrument, the testator must write the entire text, the date, and the testator's full name in the testator's own hand, and affix the testator's seal thereto.
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(2)An insertion, deletion, or any other alteration to a holographic instrument is not valid unless the testator specifically signs a supplementary note disclosing the location of the alteration and indicating that it has been made, and also affixes the testator's seal to the place that has been altered.
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(公正証書遺言)
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(Notarial Will)
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第九百六十九条公正証書によって遺言をするには、次に掲げる方式に従わなければならない。
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Article 969For a will to be made in the form of a notarial instrument, it must be prepared according to the following formalities:
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一証人二人以上の立会いがあること。
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(i)at least two witnesses are present;
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二遺言者が遺言の趣旨を公証人に口授すること。
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(ii)the testator gives oral instructions to a notary as to the tenor of the will;
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三公証人が、遺言者の口述を筆記し、これを遺言者及び証人に読み聞かせ、又は閲覧させること。
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(iii)the notary transcribes what the testator dictates and reads back the transcription for the testator and witnesses to hear or has them inspect it;
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四遺言者及び証人が、筆記の正確なことを承認した後、各自これに署名し、印を押すこと。ただし、遺言者が署名することができない場合は、公証人がその事由を付記して、署名に代えることができる。
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(iv)the testator and witnesses sign and affix their seals to the transcription after confirming its accuracy;provided, however, that if the testator is unable to sign, the notary may sign on behalf of the testator, making a supplementary note of the reason for this; and
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五公証人が、その証書は前各号に掲げる方式に従って作ったものである旨を付記して、これに署名し、印を押すこと。
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(v)the notary makes a supplementary note indicating that the instrument has been prepared according to the formalities set forth in the preceding items, and signs and affixes the notary's seal thereto.
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(公正証書遺言の方式の特則)
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(Special Provisions on the Formalities of a Notarial Will)
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第九百六十九条の二口がきけない者が公正証書によって遺言をする場合には、遺言者は、公証人及び証人の前で、遺言の趣旨を通訳人の通訳により申述し、又は自書して、前条第二号の口授に代えなければならない。この場合における同条第三号の規定の適用については、同号中「口述」とあるのは、「通訳人の通訳による申述又は自書」とする。
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Article 969-2(1)In order for a testator who cannot speak to make a will in the form of a notarial instrument, the testator must give a statement as to the tenor of the will through an interpreter, or in the testator's own hand, in lieu of the oral instructions referred to in item (ii) of the preceding Article. In applying the provisions of item (iii) of that Article in such a case, the phrase "what the testator dictates" in item (iii) is deemed to be replaced with "the statement given through the interpreter or in the testator's own hand".
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(秘密証書遺言)
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(Sealed and Notarized Wills)
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第九百七十条秘密証書によって遺言をするには、次に掲げる方式に従わなければならない。
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Article 970(1)For a will to be made in the form of a sealed and notarized instrument, it must be prepared according to the following formalities:
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一遺言者が、その証書に署名し、印を押すこと。
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(i)the testator signs and affixes the testator's seal to the instrument;
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二遺言者が、その証書を封じ、証書に用いた印章をもってこれに封印すること。
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(ii)the testator closes and seals the instrument and affixes a seal over the closure using the same seal as that which was used on the instrument;
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三遺言者が、公証人一人及び証人二人以上の前に封書を提出して、自己の遺言書である旨並びにその筆者の氏名及び住所を申述すること。
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(iii)the testator presents the closed and sealed instrument before one notary and at least two witnesses, indicating it to be the testator's own will and stating the full name and address of the person who wrote it;
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四公証人が、その証書を提出した日付及び遺言者の申述を封紙に記載した後、遺言者及び証人とともにこれに署名し、印を押すこと。
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(iv)after the notary writes the date on which the instrument was presented and the statement of the testator upon the closed and sealed instrument, the notary, together with the testator and the witnesses, sign it and affix their seals thereto.
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(方式に欠ける秘密証書遺言の効力)
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(Validity of a Sealed and Notarized Will with a Formal Deficiency)
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第九百七十一条秘密証書による遺言は、前条に定める方式に欠けるものがあっても、第九百六十八条に定める方式を具備しているときは、自筆証書による遺言としてその効力を有する。
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Article 971Even if a will that is in the form of a sealed and notarized instrument is deficient in terms of a formality prescribed in the preceding Article, it is valid as a will made in the form of a holographic instrument if prepared according to the formalities provided for in Article 968.
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(秘密証書遺言の方式の特則)
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(Special Provisions on the Formalities of a Sealed and Notarized Will)
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第九百七十二条口がきけない者が秘密証書によって遺言をする場合には、遺言者は、公証人及び証人の前で、その証書は自己の遺言書である旨並びにその筆者の氏名及び住所を通訳人の通訳により申述し、又は封紙に自書して、第九百七十条第一項第三号の申述に代えなければならない。
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Article 972(1)In order for a testator who cannot speak to make a will in the form of a sealed and notarized instrument, the testator must indicate that the instrument is the testator's own will and state the full name and address of the person that wrote it through an interpreter or write the same on the closed and sealed instrument in the testator's own hand before the notary and witnesses, in lieu of the making the statement referred to in Article 970, paragraph (1), item (iii).
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(3)In a case as referred to in paragraph (1), if the testator writes on the closed and sealed instrument in the testator's own hand, the notary must write an indication of this on the closed and sealed instrument in lieu of writing the statement as prescribed in Article 970, paragraph (1), item (iv).
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(成年被後見人の遺言)
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(Will of an Adult Ward)
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第九百七十三条成年被後見人が事理を弁識する能力を一時回復した時において遺言をするには、医師二人以上の立会いがなければならない。
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Article 973(1)At least two doctors must be present in order for an adult ward to make a will at a time that the ward's capacity to appreciate the situation at hand has recovered temporarily.
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(2)The doctors present during the making of a will must make a supplemental note on the will indicating that the testator did not lack the capacity to appreciate the situation at hand at the time of making the will, and must sign it and affix their seals thereto;provided, however, that for a will in the form of a sealed and notarized instrument, the doctors must write an indication to that effect on the closed and sealed instrument, sign it, and affix their seals thereto.
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(証人及び立会人の欠格事由)
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(Grounds for Ineligibility as a Witness or Person Present)
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第九百七十四条次に掲げる者は、遺言の証人又は立会人となることができない。
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Article 974None of the following persons may be a witness or person present to observe a will:
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一未成年者
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(i)a minor;
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二推定相続人及び受遺者並びにこれらの配偶者及び直系血族
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(ii)a presumptive heir or legatee, or the spouse or lineal relative of either; or
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三公証人の配偶者、四親等内の親族、書記及び使用人
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(iii)the spouse, relative within four degrees, secretary, or employee of the notary.
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(共同遺言の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Joint Wills)
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第九百七十五条遺言は、二人以上の者が同一の証書ですることができない。
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Article 975A will may not be made by two or more persons on the same instrument.
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第二款 特別の方式
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Subsection 2 Special Formalities
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(死亡の危急に迫った者の遺言)
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(Will Made by Person Rapidly Approaching Death)
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第九百七十六条疾病その他の事由によって死亡の危急に迫った者が遺言をしようとするときは、証人三人以上の立会いをもって、その一人に遺言の趣旨を口授して、これをすることができる。この場合においては、その口授を受けた者が、これを筆記して、遺言者及び他の証人に読み聞かせ、又は閲覧させ、各証人がその筆記の正確なことを承認した後、これに署名し、印を押さなければならない。
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Article 976(1)If a person who is rapidly approaching death due to illness or any other reason seeks to make a will, that person may do so in the presence of not less than three witnesses by giving oral instructions as to the tenor of the person's will to one of the witnesses. The person receiving the oral instructions in such a case must transcribe them and read back the transcription for the testator and other witnesses to hear or have them inspect it, and then sign the transcription and affix the person's own seal thereto after each of the witnesses has confirmed its accuracy.
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(3)If the testator or one of the other witnesses as referred to in the latter clause of paragraph (1) is deaf, the person receiving the oral instructions or statement as to the tenor of the person's will may convey the details of the transcription prescribed in that clause to the testator or other witness through an interpreter in lieu of reading it back for the person to hear as referred to in that clause.
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(伝染病隔離者の遺言)
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(Will of a Person under Quarantine)
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第九百七十七条伝染病のため行政処分によって交通を断たれた場所に在る者は、警察官一人及び証人一人以上の立会いをもって遺言書を作ることができる。
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Article 977A person that, due to a communicable disease, is in a place that has been isolated pursuant to an administrative disposition may make a will in the presence of one police official and at least one witness.
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(在船者の遺言)
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(Will of a Person Aboard a Vessel)
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第九百七十八条船舶中に在る者は、船長又は事務員一人及び証人二人以上の立会いをもって遺言書を作ることができる。
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Article 978A person aboard a ship may make a will in the presence of the ship's captain or crew member, and at least two witnesses.
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(船舶遭難者の遺言)
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(Will of a Person Aboard a Ship in Distress)
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第九百七十九条船舶が遭難した場合において、当該船舶中に在って死亡の危急に迫った者は、証人二人以上の立会いをもって口頭で遺言をすることができる。
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Article 979(1)If a ship is in distress, a person rapidly approaching death aboard that ship may make a will orally in the presence of at least two witnesses.
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(3)A will made according to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs is not valid unless a witness transcribes the tenor thereof and signs and affixes the witness' seal to the transcription, and is also not valid without being declared so by the family court, as requested without delay by one of the witnesses or an interested party.
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(遺言関係者の署名及び押印)
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(Signatures and Seals of Persons Connected with the Making of a Will)
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第九百八十条第九百七十七条及び第九百七十八条の場合には、遺言者、筆者、立会人及び証人は、各自遺言書に署名し、印を押さなければならない。
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Article 980In a case as referred to in Article 977 or Article 978, the testator, person who transcribed the will, persons present, and witnesses must sign and affix their seals to the will.
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(署名又は押印が不能の場合)
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(If It Is Not Possible to Sign or Affix a Seal)
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第九百八十一条第九百七十七条から第九百七十九条までの場合において、署名又は印を押すことのできない者があるときは、立会人又は証人は、その事由を付記しなければならない。
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Article 981In a case as referred to in one of Article 977 through Article 979, if there is a person who is unable to sign or affix a seal, a person present or a witness must make a supplementary note of the reason for this.
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(普通の方式による遺言の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Wills Made Using Standard Formalities)
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第九百八十二条第九百六十八条第二項及び第九百七十三条から第九百七十五条までの規定は、第九百七十六条から前条までの規定による遺言について準用する。
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Article 982The provisions of Article 968, paragraph (2) and Article 973 through Article 975 apply mutatis mutandis to a will under the provisions of Article 976 through Article 981.
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(特別の方式による遺言の効力)
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(Validity of Wills Made Using Special Formalities)
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第九百八十三条第九百七十六条から前条までの規定によりした遺言は、遺言者が普通の方式によって遺言をすることができるようになった時から六箇月間生存するときは、その効力を生じない。
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Article 983A will made pursuant to the provisions of Article 976 through Article 982 is not valid if the testator survives for a period of six months from the time the testator recovers the ability to make a will using standard formalities.
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(外国に在る日本人の遺言の方式)
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(Formalities for Wills by Japanese Nationals in a Foreign Country)
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第九百八十四条日本の領事の駐在する地に在る日本人が公正証書又は秘密証書によって遺言をしようとするときは、公証人の職務は、領事が行う。
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Article 984If a Japanese national who is in a country where there is a Japanese consulate seeks to make a will in the form of a notarial instrument or sealed and notarized instrument, the duties of the notary are undertaken by the consulate.
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第三節 遺言の効力
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Section 3 Effect of a Will
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(遺言の効力の発生時期)
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(When the Effect of a Will Arises)
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第九百八十五条遺言は、遺言者の死亡の時からその効力を生ずる。
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Article 985(1)A will takes effect at the time of the testator's death.
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(遺贈の放棄)
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(Renunciation of a Legacy)
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第九百八十六条受遺者は、遺言者の死亡後、いつでも、遺贈の放棄をすることができる。
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Article 986(1)A legatee may renounce a legacy at any time after the death of the testator.
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(受遺者に対する遺贈の承認又は放棄の催告)
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(Issuing Notice to Legatees to Accept or Renounce Their Legacies)
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第九百八十七条遺贈義務者(遺贈の履行をする義務を負う者をいう。以下この節において同じ。)その他の利害関係人は、受遺者に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その期間内に遺贈の承認又は放棄をすべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、受遺者がその期間内に遺贈義務者に対してその意思を表示しないときは、遺贈を承認したものとみなす。
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Article 987The person charged with a legacy (meaning a person who bears a duty to discharge a legacy; hereinafter the same applies in this Section) or any other interested party may issue notice to a legatee that the legatee must accept or renounce the legacy within a reasonable, specified period of time. In such a case, if the legatee does not manifest an intention to the person charged with the legacy within that period, the legacy is deemed to have been accepted.
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(受遺者の相続人による遺贈の承認又は放棄)
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(Acceptance or Renunciation of a Legacy by the Legatee's Heir)
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第九百八十八条受遺者が遺贈の承認又は放棄をしないで死亡したときは、その相続人は、自己の相続権の範囲内で、遺贈の承認又は放棄をすることができる。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
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Article 988If a legatee dies without accepting or renouncing a legacy, the legatee's heir may accept or renounce the legacy within the scope of the heir's own right of inheritance;provided, however, that if the testator manifests different intention by will, that intention prevails.
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(遺贈の承認及び放棄の撤回及び取消し)
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(Revocation and Rescission; Acceptance or Renunciation of a Legacy)
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第九百八十九条遺贈の承認及び放棄は、撤回することができない。
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Article 989(1)The acceptance or renunciation of a legacy may not be revoked.
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(包括受遺者の権利義務)
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(Rights and Duties of a Universal Legatee)
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第九百九十条包括受遺者は、相続人と同一の権利義務を有する。
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Article 990A universal legatee has the same rights and duties as an heir.
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(受遺者による担保の請求)
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(Request for Security by a Legatee)
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第九百九十一条受遺者は、遺贈が弁済期に至らない間は、遺贈義務者に対して相当の担保を請求することができる。停止条件付きの遺贈についてその条件の成否が未定である間も、同様とする。
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Article 991Before a legacy becomes due, the legatee may request reasonable security from the person charged with the legacy. The same applies with respect to a legacy that is subject to a condition precedent while the fulfillment of that condition is pending.
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(受遺者による果実の取得)
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(Acquisition of the Fruits of a Legacy)
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第九百九十二条受遺者は、遺贈の履行を請求することができる時から果実を取得する。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
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Article 992A legatee acquires the fruits of the legacy beginning from when the legatee may request that the legacy be paid;provided, however, that if the testator manifests different intention by will, that intention prevails.
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(遺贈義務者による費用の償還請求)
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(Claim for Reimbursement of Expenses by the Person Charged with the Legacy)
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第九百九十三条第二百九十九条の規定は、遺贈義務者が遺言者の死亡後に遺贈の目的物について費用を支出した場合について準用する。
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Article 993(1)The provisions of Article 299 apply mutatis mutandis if the person charged with a legacy incurs expenses in respect of the object of the legacy after the death of the testator.
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(受遺者の死亡による遺贈の失効)
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(Lapse of Legacy Due to the Death of the Legatee)
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第九百九十四条遺贈は、遺言者の死亡以前に受遺者が死亡したときは、その効力を生じない。
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Article 994(1)A legacy does not become effective if the legatee predeceases the testator.
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(遺贈の無効又は失効の場合の財産の帰属)
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(Devolution of Property If a Legacy Is Invalidated or Lapses)
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第九百九十五条遺贈が、その効力を生じないとき、又は放棄によってその効力を失ったときは、受遺者が受けるべきであったものは、相続人に帰属する。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
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Article 995If the effect of a legacy does not arise, or if its effect is lost due to renunciation, that which the legatee would have received devolves to the heirs;provided, however, that if the testator manifests a different intention by will, that intention prevails.
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(相続財産に属しない権利の遺贈)
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(Legacy of Rights Not Belonging to the Estate)
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第九百九十六条遺贈は、その目的である権利が遺言者の死亡の時において相続財産に属しなかったときは、その効力を生じない。ただし、その権利が相続財産に属するかどうかにかかわらず、これを遺贈の目的としたものと認められるときは、この限りでない。
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Article 996A legacy does not take effect unless the rights that are the object of that legacy belong to the estate at the time of the testator's death;provided, however, that, regardless of whether such rights are part of the estate, the foregoing does not apply if it is found that the testator made those rights the object of the legacy.
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(2)In a case as referred to in the preceding paragraph, if the rights prescribed in that paragraph cannot be obtained or if obtaining them would require excessive expenses, the person charged with the legacy must compensate the legatee for the value of those rights;provided, however, that if the testator manifests different intention by will, that intention prevails.
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(不特定物の遺贈義務者の担保責任)
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(Warranty of the Person Charged with a Legacy That Is Generic Thing)
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第九百九十八条不特定物を遺贈の目的とした場合において、受遺者がこれにつき第三者から追奪を受けたときは、遺贈義務者は、これに対して、売主と同じく、担保の責任を負う。
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Article 998(1)If a legacy has as its object a generic thing and the legatee is required to return that thing to a third party, the person charged with the legacy is liable under warranty to the legatee in the same manner that a seller would be .
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(遺贈の物上代位)
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(Extension of a Security Interest to the Proceeds of a Legacy)
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第九百九十九条遺言者が、遺贈の目的物の滅失若しくは変造又はその占有の喪失によって第三者に対して償金を請求する権利を有するときは、その権利を遺贈の目的としたものと推定する。
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Article 999(1)If the testator has the right to claim compensation from a third party because of the loss, alteration, or loss of possession of the object of a legacy, that right is presumed to have been made the object of the legacy.
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(2)If accession or mixture has arisen in respect of the object of a legacy and another thing and the testator has become the sole owner or a co-owner of the thing formed by accession or mixture pursuant to the provisions of Articles 243 through 245, full ownership of that thing or the testator's share therein is presumed to have been made the object of the legacy.
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(第三者の権利の目的である財産の遺贈)
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(Legacy of Property Subject to the Rights of a Third Party)
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第千条遺贈の目的である物又は権利が遺言者の死亡の時において第三者の権利の目的であるときは、受遺者は、遺贈義務者に対しその権利を消滅させるべき旨を請求することができない。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に反対の意思を表示したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 1000If the thing or right that a legacy has as its object is subject to the rights of a third party at the time of the testator's death, the legatee may not demand that the person charged with the legacy extinguish the third party's rights;provided, however, that this does not apply if the testator manifests a contrary intention by will.
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(債権の遺贈の物上代位)
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(Extension of a Security Interest to the Proceeds of a Legacy Constituting a Claim)
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第千一条債権を遺贈の目的とした場合において、遺言者が弁済を受け、かつ、その受け取った物がなお相続財産中に在るときは、その物を遺贈の目的としたものと推定する。
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Article 1001(1)In the event that a claim has been made the object of a legacy, if the testator has received payment or delivery in respect of that claim and a thing so received is among the estate, that thing is presumed to have been made the object of that legacy.
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(負担付遺贈)
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(Conditioned Legacy)
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第千二条負担付遺贈を受けた者は、遺贈の目的の価額を超えない限度においてのみ、負担した義務を履行する責任を負う。
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Article 1002(1)A person receiving a conditioned legacy is only liable for the performance of the obligations so borne up to the limit of the value of the object of the legacy.
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(負担付遺贈の受遺者の免責)
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(Exemption of the Legatee from a Conditioned Legacy)
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第千三条負担付遺贈の目的の価額が相続の限定承認又は遺留分回復の訴えによって減少したときは、受遺者は、その減少の割合に応じて、その負担した義務を免れる。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
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Article 1003If the value of the object of a conditioned legacy is reduced due to the qualified acceptance of a succession or through an action to recover the statutory reserved share, the legatee is exempted from a proportion of the obligations borne under that legacy, in line with the proportion of the reduction;provided, however, that if the testator manifests different intention by will, that intention prevails.
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第四節 遺言の執行
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Section 4 Execution of Will
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(遺言書の検認)
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(Probating of Will)
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第千四条遺言書の保管者は、相続の開始を知った後、遅滞なく、これを家庭裁判所に提出して、その検認を請求しなければならない。遺言書の保管者がない場合において、相続人が遺言書を発見した後も、同様とする。
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Article 1004(1)Without delay after learning of the opening of the succession, the custodian of will must submit the will to the family court and file a request for probate. The same applies after an heir discovers the will, if no one is its custodian.
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(過料)
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(Civil Fines)
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第千五条前条の規定により遺言書を提出することを怠り、その検認を経ないで遺言を執行し、又は家庭裁判所外においてその開封をした者は、五万円以下の過料に処する。
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Article 1005A person failing to submit a will pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article, executing a will without it passing through probate, or opening a closed and sealed will in a place other than the family court is subject to a civil fine of not more than 50,000 yen.
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(遺言執行者の指定)
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(Designation of the Executor)
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第千六条遺言者は、遺言で、一人又は数人の遺言執行者を指定し、又はその指定を第三者に委託することができる。
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Article 1006(1)A testator may designate one or several executors, or entrust that designation to a third party, by will.
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(遺言執行者の任務の開始)
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(Commencement of Duties of Executor)
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第千七条遺言執行者が就職を承諾したときは、直ちにその任務を行わなければならない。
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Article 1007Upon consenting to act as executor, the executor must immediately undertake the duties of that role.
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(遺言執行者に対する就職の催告)
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(Demanding the Executor to Act as Such)
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第千八条相続人その他の利害関係人は、遺言執行者に対し、相当の期間を定めて、その期間内に就職を承諾するかどうかを確答すべき旨の催告をすることができる。この場合において、遺言執行者が、その期間内に相続人に対して確答をしないときは、就職を承諾したものとみなす。
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Article 1008An heir or other interested party may demand the executor to answer definitively as to whether the executor consents to act as such within a reasonable period of time specified by the heir or interested party. In such a case, if the executor does not answer the heir definitively within that period, the executor is deemed to consent to act as such.
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(遺言執行者の欠格事由)
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(Grounds for Ineligibility as Executor)
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第千九条未成年者及び破産者は、遺言執行者となることができない。
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Article 1009A minor or a bankrupt may not become an executor.
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(遺言執行者の選任)
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(Appointment of Executor)
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第千十条遺言執行者がないとき、又はなくなったときは、家庭裁判所は、利害関係人の請求によって、これを選任することができる。
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Article 1010If there is no executor or there comes to no longer be an executor, the family court may appoint an executor at the request of an interested party.
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(相続財産の目録の作成)
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(Preparation of an Inventory of Estate)
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第千十一条遺言執行者は、遅滞なく、相続財産の目録を作成して、相続人に交付しなければならない。
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Article 1011(1)The executor must prepare an inventory of the estate and deliver this to the heirs without delay.
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(遺言執行者の権利義務)
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(Rights and Duties of Executor)
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第千十二条遺言執行者は、相続財産の管理その他遺言の執行に必要な一切の行為をする権利義務を有する。
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Article 1012(1)The executor has the right and the duty to administer the estate and to perform all other actions necessary to the execution of the will.
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(遺言の執行の妨害行為の禁止)
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(Prohibition of Interference with the Execution of Will)
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第千十三条遺言執行者がある場合には、相続人は、相続財産の処分その他遺言の執行を妨げるべき行為をすることができない。
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Article 1013If there is an executor, it is not permissible for an heir to dispose of the estate or to take any other action that interferes with the execution of the will.
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(特定財産に関する遺言の執行)
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(Execution of the Testator's Will Concerning Specific Property)
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第千十四条前三条の規定は、遺言が相続財産のうち特定の財産に関する場合には、その財産についてのみ適用する。
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Article 1014If a testator's will concerns specific property from among the estate, the provisions of Articles 1011 through 1013 apply only with respect to that specific property.
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(遺言執行者の地位)
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(Status of Executor)
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第千十五条遺言執行者は、相続人の代理人とみなす。
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Article 1015The executor is deemed to be the representative of the heirs.
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(遺言執行者の復任権)
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(Executor's Right to Appoint a Subagent)
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第千十六条遺言執行者は、やむを得ない事由がなければ、第三者にその任務を行わせることができない。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に反対の意思を表示したときは、この限りでない。
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Article 1016(1)An executor may only have a third party undertake the duties of executor if there is a legitimate reason for doing so;provided, however, that this does not apply if the testator manifests a contrary intention by will.
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(遺言執行者が数人ある場合の任務の執行)
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(Execution of Duties If There Are Multiple Executors)
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第千十七条遺言執行者が数人ある場合には、その任務の執行は、過半数で決する。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
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Article 1017(1)If there are multiple executors, the way in which they execute their duties is decided by majority;provided, however, that if the testator manifests different intention by will, that intention prevails.
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(遺言執行者の報酬)
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(Remuneration of Executor)
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第千十八条家庭裁判所は、相続財産の状況その他の事情によって遺言執行者の報酬を定めることができる。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に報酬を定めたときは、この限りでない。
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Article 1018(1)The family court may set the remuneration of an executor based on the condition of the estate and other circumstances;provided, however, that this does not apply if the testator specifies the remuneration in the will.
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(遺言執行者の解任及び辞任)
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(Dismissal and Resignation of Executor)
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第千十九条遺言執行者がその任務を怠ったときその他正当な事由があるときは、利害関係人は、その解任を家庭裁判所に請求することができる。
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Article 1019(1)An interested party may file a request with the family court to dismiss the executor if that executor fails to do the duties thereof or if there is any other legitimate reason for dismissal.
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(委任の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Mandate Provisions)
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第千二十条第六百五十四条及び第六百五十五条の規定は、遺言執行者の任務が終了した場合について準用する。
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Article 1020The provisions of Articles 654 and 655 apply mutatis mutandis when duties of an executor come to an end.
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(遺言の執行に関する費用の負担)
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(Burden of Expenses for the Execution of a Will)
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第千二十一条遺言の執行に関する費用は、相続財産の負担とする。ただし、これによって遺留分を減ずることができない。
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Article 1021Expenses for the execution of a will are borne by the estate;provided, however, that the statutory reserved shares may not be reduced by this.
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第五節 遺言の撤回及び取消し
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Section 5 Revocation and Rescission of Wills
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(遺言の撤回)
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(Revocation of a Will)
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第千二十二条遺言者は、いつでも、遺言の方式に従って、その遺言の全部又は一部を撤回することができる。
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Article 1022A testator may at any time revoke a will in whole or in part, using the formalities for the making of a will to do so.
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(前の遺言と後の遺言との抵触等)
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(Conflicting Previous and Later Wills)
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第千二十三条前の遺言が後の遺言と抵触するときは、その抵触する部分については、後の遺言で前の遺言を撤回したものとみなす。
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Article 1023(1)If a previous will conflicts with a later will, the testator is deemed to have revoked the conflicting part of the previous will by making the later will.
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(遺言書又は遺贈の目的物の破棄)
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(Destruction of the Will or of the Thing Constituting the Object of the Legacy)
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第千二十四条遺言者が故意に遺言書を破棄したときは、その破棄した部分については、遺言を撤回したものとみなす。遺言者が故意に遺贈の目的物を破棄したときも、同様とする。
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Article 1024If a testator intentionally destroys a will, the testator is deemed to have revoked the part of the will that has been destroyed. The same applies if the testator intentionally destroys a thing constituting the object of a legacy.
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(撤回された遺言の効力)
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(Validity of a Will That Has Been Revoked)
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第千二十五条前三条の規定により撤回された遺言は、その撤回の行為が、撤回され、取り消され、又は効力を生じなくなるに至ったときであっても、その効力を回復しない。ただし、その行為が詐欺又は強迫による場合は、この限りでない。
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Article 1025A will revoked pursuant to the provisions of Articles 1022 through 1024 does not recover validity even if the act of revocation is revoked, rescinded, or invalidated;provided, however, that this does not apply if the act of revocation was the result of fraud or duress.
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(遺言の撤回権の放棄の禁止)
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(Prohibition on Waiver of the Right to Revoke One's Will)
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第千二十六条遺言者は、その遺言を撤回する権利を放棄することができない。
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Article 1026A testator may not waive the right to revoke a will.
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(負担付遺贈に係る遺言の取消し)
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(Rescission of the Testator's Will as Regards a Conditioned Legacy)
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第千二十七条負担付遺贈を受けた者がその負担した義務を履行しないときは、相続人は、相当の期間を定めてその履行の催告をすることができる。この場合において、その期間内に履行がないときは、その負担付遺贈に係る遺言の取消しを家庭裁判所に請求することができる。
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Article 1027If a person receiving a conditioned legacy is not performing the duty imposed thereby, an heir may demand that the person perform that duty within a reasonable period of time. In such a case, if the person does not perform the duty within that period of time, the heir may file a request with the family court to rescind the testator's will as regards the conditioned legacy.
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第八章 遺留分
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Chapter VIII Statutory Reserved Share
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(遺留分の帰属及びその割合)
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(Devolution of the Statutory Reserved Share and the Proportion Thereof)
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第千二十八条兄弟姉妹以外の相続人は、遺留分として、次の各号に掲げる区分に応じてそれぞれ当該各号に定める割合に相当する額を受ける。
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Article 1028Heirs other than the siblings of the decedent, in accordance with the categories set forth in the following items, receive a proportion corresponding to the fraction prescribed in the relevant item as a statutory reserved share:
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一直系尊属のみが相続人である場合被相続人の財産の三分の一
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(i)if only lineal ascendants are heirs:one-third of the decedent's estate;
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二前号に掲げる場合以外の場合被相続人の財産の二分の一
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(ii)in any case other than that set forth in the preceding item:one-half of the decedent's estate.
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(遺留分の算定)
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(Calculation of the Statutory Reserved Share)
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第千二十九条遺留分は、被相続人が相続開始の時において有した財産の価額にその贈与した財産の価額を加えた額から債務の全額を控除して、これを算定する。
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Article 1029(1)The statutory reserved share is calculated based on the value of any gifts made by the decedent plus the value of the property held by the decedent at the time the succession opens minus all debts.
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Article 1030Only gifts made within the one year period before the opening of the succession are included in the calculation pursuant to the provisions of the preceding Article. A gift made more than one year before that day is also included in the calculation if it was made with both parties' knowledge that it would harm persons entitled to a statutory reserved share.
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(遺贈又は贈与の減殺請求)
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(Requesting to Reduce Legacies and Gifts)
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第千三十一条遺留分権利者及びその承継人は、遺留分を保全するのに必要な限度で、遺贈及び前条に規定する贈与の減殺を請求することができる。
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Article 1031A person entitled to a statutory reserved share or the successor thereof may file a request to reduce legacies and any gift prescribed in the preceding Article to the extent that this is necessary for the protection of the statutory reserved share.
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(条件付権利等の贈与又は遺贈の一部の減殺)
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(Partial Reduction of Gifts and Legacies of Conditional Claims)
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第千三十二条条件付きの権利又は存続期間の不確定な権利を贈与又は遺贈の目的とした場合において、その贈与又は遺贈の一部を減殺すべきときは、遺留分権利者は、第千二十九条第二項の規定により定めた価格に従い、直ちにその残部の価額を受贈者又は受遺者に給付しなければならない。
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Article 1032If a gift or legacy has as its object a conditional claim or a claim of indefinite duration and is to be partially reduced, the person entitled to the statutory reserved share must immediately deliver the remaining value of the claim to the donee or legatee, based on the value determined pursuant to the provisions of Article 1029, paragraph (2).
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(贈与と遺贈の減殺の順序)
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(Order of Reduction; Gifts and Legacies)
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第千三十三条贈与は、遺贈を減殺した後でなければ、減殺することができない。
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Article 1033Gifts may not be reduced until after the reduction of legacies.
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(遺贈の減殺の割合)
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(Proportional Reduction of Legacies)
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第千三十四条遺贈は、その目的の価額の割合に応じて減殺する。ただし、遺言者がその遺言に別段の意思を表示したときは、その意思に従う。
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Article 1034Legacies are reduced proportionally, based on the ratio of their values of the object of the legacies;provided, however, that if the testator manifests a different intention by will, that intention prevails.
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(贈与の減殺の順序)
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(Order of Reduction; Gifts)
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第千三十五条贈与の減殺は、後の贈与から順次前の贈与に対してする。
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Article 1035Gifts are reduced in order from later gifts to earlier gifts.
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(受贈者による果実の返還)
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(Donee's Return of the Fruits)
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第千三十六条受贈者は、その返還すべき財産のほか、減殺の請求があった日以後の果実を返還しなければならない。
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Article 1036In addition to property that must be returned, the donee must return any fruits of that property obtained after the day on which the request for the reduction is filed.
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(受贈者の無資力による損失の負担)
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(Bearing of Losses Due to Insolvency of Donee)
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第千三十七条減殺を受けるべき受贈者の無資力によって生じた損失は、遺留分権利者の負担に帰する。
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Article 1037Losses arising from the insolvency of a donee who is subject to a reduction are borne by the persons entitled to the statutory reserved share.
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(負担付贈与の減殺請求)
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(Requesting the Reduction of Conditioned Donations)
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第千三十八条負担付贈与は、その目的の価額から負担の価額を控除したものについて、その減殺を請求することができる。
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Article 1038A request may be filed to reduce conditioned donations, comprising the value of the object of that gift less the value of the burden.
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(不相当な対価による有償行為)
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(Acts for a Valuable, but Inadequate, Consideration)
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第千三十九条不相当な対価をもってした有償行為は、当事者双方が遺留分権利者に損害を加えることを知ってしたものに限り、これを贈与とみなす。この場合において、遺留分権利者がその減殺を請求するときは、その対価を償還しなければならない。
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Article 1039Any act for a valuable consideration that is done in exchange for inadequate consideration is deemed to be a gift if the act is done with both parties' knowledge that it will harm persons entitled to the statutory reserved share. If a person entitled to the statutory reserved share requests a reduction in such a case, that person must reimburse the donee for the consideration given.
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(受贈者が贈与の目的を譲渡した場合等)
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(Object of a Gift Assigned by the Donee)
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第千四十条減殺を受けるべき受贈者が贈与の目的を他人に譲り渡したときは、遺留分権利者にその価額を弁償しなければならない。ただし、譲受人が譲渡の時において遺留分権利者に損害を加えることを知っていたときは、遺留分権利者は、これに対しても減殺を請求することができる。
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Article 1040(1)If the donnee of a gift that is to be reduced has assigned the object of the gift to another person, the donnee must compensate persons entitled to the statutory reserved share for the value of the reduction;provided, however, that if the assignee knew at the time of the assignment that this would harm persons entitled to the statutory reserved share, a person entitled to the statutory reserved share may file a request for a reduction against the assignee.
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(遺留分権利者に対する価額による弁償)
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(Payment of Value-Based Compensation to Persons Entitled to the Statutory Reserved Share)
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第千四十一条受贈者及び受遺者は、減殺を受けるべき限度において、贈与又は遺贈の目的の価額を遺留分権利者に弁償して返還の義務を免れることができる。
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Article 1041(1)A donee or legatee may avoid the duty to return the gift or legacy by compensating the persons entitled to the statutory reserved share for the value of the object of that gift or legacy, to the extent subject to reduction.
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(減殺請求権の期間の制限)
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(Limitation on the Period for Requesting a Reduction)
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第千四十二条減殺の請求権は、遺留分権利者が、相続の開始及び減殺すべき贈与又は遺贈があったことを知った時から一年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。相続開始の時から十年を経過したときも、同様とする。
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Article 1042If a person entitled to a statutory reserved share does not exercise the right to request a reduction within one year from the time the person learns of the opening of succession and the existence of a gift or legacy which may be reduced, that right is extinguished by prescription. The same applies when ten years have passed since the time the succession opened.
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(遺留分の放棄)
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(Renunciation of a Statutory Reserved Share)
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第千四十三条相続の開始前における遺留分の放棄は、家庭裁判所の許可を受けたときに限り、その効力を生ずる。
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Article 1043(1)The renunciation of a statutory reserved share that occurs before the opening of the succession only takes effect with the permission of the family court.
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(代襲相続及び相続分の規定の準用)
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(Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on per Stirpes Distribution And Sharing of the Estate)
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第千四十四条第八百八十七条第二項及び第三項、第九百条、第九百一条、第九百三条並びに第九百四条の規定は、遺留分について準用する。
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Article 1044The provisions of Article 887, paragraphs (2) and (3); Article 900, 901, 903, and 904 apply mutatis mutandis to the statutory reserved share.
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