(i)the act of creating confusion with another person's goods or business, by using an indication of goods or business (meaning a name, trade name, trademark, marks, containers or packaging for goods belonging to a person's business, or any other indication of a person's goods or business; the same applies hereinafter) that is identical or similar to another person's indication of goods or business that is well-known among consumers as belonging to that person, or by transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing or providing through telecommunications lines goods that use such indication;

(ii)the act of using an indication of goods or business that is identical or similar to another person's famous indication of goods or business as one's own, or of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunications lines goods that use such indication;

(iii)the act of transferring, leasing, displaying for the purpose of transfer or lease, exporting or importing goods that imitate the form of another person's goods (excluding that which is indispensable to its functioning);

(iv)the act of acquiring trade secrets by theft, by fraud, by duress, or by other wrongful means (hereinafter referred to as an "act of wrongful acquisition of trade secrets"), or the act of using or disclosing trade secrets acquired through an act of wrongful acquisition of trade secrets (including their disclosure in confidence to a specific person; the same applies in the following item through item (ix), in Article 19, paragraph (1), item (vi), in Article 21, and in Article 4, item (i) of the Supplementary Provisions);

(v)the act of acquiring trade secrets while knowing that there has been an intervening act of wrongful acquisition of trade secrets, or while not knowing that fact through gross negligence; or the act of using or disclosing trade secrets acquired in such a way;

(vi)the act of using or disclosing trade secrets, after having acquired those trade secrets and learning that there had been an intervening act of wrongful acquisition of trade secrets, or while not knowing that fact through gross negligence;

(vii)the act of using or disclosing trade secrets disclosed by an undertaking holding that trade secret (hereinafter referred to as the "trade secret holder") for the purpose of wrongful gain, or causing damage to the trade secret holder;

(viii)the act of acquiring trade secrets while knowing that the trade secrets' disclosure is an act of improper disclosure of trade secrets (meaning, in the case prescribed in the preceding item, the act of disclosing trade secrets for the purpose prescribed in the same item, or the act of disclosing trade secrets in breach of a legal duty to maintain secrecy; the same applies hereinafter) or that there has been an intervening act of improper disclosure of trade secrets with regard to the relevant trade secrets, or while not knowing that fact through gross negligence; or the act of using or disclosing trade secrets acquired in such a way;

(ix)the act of using or disclosing trade secrets, after having acquired those trade secrets and learning that the relevant acquisition falls under an act of improper disclosure of trade secrets or that there had been an intervening act of improper disclosure of trade secrets with regard to the relevant trade secrets, or while not knowing that fact through gross negligence;

(x)the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunications lines things created by any of the acts set forth in item (iv) through the preceding item (those acts are limited to acts of using a technical secret (meaning trade secrets which constitute technical information; the same applies hereinafter); hereinafter referred to as an "act of unauthorized use" in this item) (the relevant case excludes those in which a person that has received things by transfer (limited to a person that, at the time of receiving those things by transfer, had no knowledge that they were created through an act of unauthorized use, and such lack of knowledge was not due to gross negligence) conducts an act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunications lines those things);

(xi)the act of acquiring shared data with limited access by theft, by fraud, by duress, or by other wrongful means (hereinafter referred to as an "act of wrongful acquisition of shared data with limited access"); or the act of using or disclosing shared data with limited access acquired through an act of wrongful acquisition of shared data with limited access;

(xii)the act of acquiring shared data with limited access with the knowledge that there has been an intervening act of wrongful acquisition of shared data with limited access, or the act of using or disclosing shared data with limited access acquired in such a way;

(xiii)the act of disclosing shared data with limited access after having acquired it and learning that there had been an intervening act of wrongful acquisition of shared data with limited access;

(xiv)the act of using or disclosing shared data with limited access disclosed by an undertaking holding that data (hereinafter referred to as the "holder of shared data with limited access"), for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to that holder of shared data with limited access (using the relevant data for that purpose is limited to an act conducted in breach of the duties regarding the management of that data);

(xv)the act of acquiring shared data with limited access with the knowledge that the disclosure of that data is an act of improper disclosure of shared data with limited access (meaning, in the case described in the preceding item, the act of disclosing shared data with limited access for the purpose as provided for in the same item; the same applies hereinafter) or that there has been an intervening act of improper disclosure of shared data with limited access with regard to the relevant shared data with limited access, or the act of using or disclosing shared data with limited access acquired in such a way;

(xvi)the act of disclosing shared data with limited access after having acquired that data and learning that the relevant acquisition falls under an act of improper disclosure of shared data with limited access or that there had been an intervening act of improper disclosure of shared data with limited access;

(xvii)the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, or importing, a device (including a machine that incorporates a device, and a set of parts from which a device can be easily assembled) with a function that interferes with the effectiveness of technological restriction measures that are used for business purposes (excluding those which the relevant person uses to restrict all but specific persons from viewing images, listening to sounds, running programs, or processing information (limited to information recorded in an electronic or magnetic record (meaning a record used in computerized information processing which is created in electronic form, magnetic form, or any other form that is impossible to perceive through the human senses alone); the same applies hereinafter in this item, the following item, and paragraph (8)), or from recording images, sounds, programs, or any other information), and makes it possible to view images, listen to sounds, run programs, process information, or record images, sounds, programs, or any other information (that viewing, listening, running, processing, or recording is hereinafter referred to as "viewing images, etc." in this item) when those activities are restricted by the relevant technological restriction measures, a recording medium on which a program with that function (including a combination of the program with other programs) or code with that function (meaning a single instruction given to a computer which only can produce a specific result; the same applies in the following item) has been recorded, or a machine on which the program or code with that function has been stored; the act of providing that program or code through telecommunications lines (if the device or program in question has also any function other than the relevant function with it, those acts mentioned above are limited to an act conducted in order to provide the device or program for the purpose of making it possible to view images, etc. by interfering with the effectiveness of the technological restriction measures); or the act of providing a service for making it possible to view images, etc. by interfering with the effectiveness of the technological restriction measures;

(xviii)the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting or importing, a device (including a machine that incorporates a device, and a set of parts from which a device can be easily assembled) with a function that interferes with the effectiveness of technological restriction measures used by another person in their business in order to only allow specific persons to view images, listen to sounds, run programs, process information, or record images, sounds, programs, or any other information, and makes it possible for any person other than those specific persons to view images, listen to sounds, run programs, process information, or record images, sounds, programs, or any other information (that viewing, listening, running, processing, or recording is hereinafter referred to as "to view images, etc." in this item), when those activities are restricted by the relevant technological restriction measures, a recording medium on which a program with that function (including a combination of the program with other programs) or code with that function has been recorded, or a machine on which that program or code has been stored; or the act of providing that program or code through telecommunication lines to any person other than the relevant specific persons (if the device or program has also any functions other than the relevant function, those acts mentioned above are limited to an act conducted in order to provide the device or program for the purpose of making it possible to view images, etc. by interfering with the effectiveness of the technological restriction measures); or the act of providing any person other than the relevant specific persons with a service for making it possible to view images, etc. by interfering with the effectiveness of the technological restriction measures;

(xix)the act of acquiring or holding a right to use a domain name that is identical or similar to another person's specific indication of goods or services (meaning a name, trade name, trademark, marks, or any other indication of goods or services belonging to a person's business), or using any of such domain name, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to that other person;

(xx)the act of using an indication on goods or services, in an advertisement thereof, or in trade documents or communication thereof, in a way that is likely to mislead as to the place of origin, quality, content, manufacturing process, purpose, or quantity of the goods, or the quality, content, purpose, or quantity of the services; the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunication lines goods so indicated; or the act of providing services so indicated;

(xxi)the act of making or circulating false allegations that harm the business reputation of a business competitor;

(xxii)an act by an agent or representative of a holder of a right to a trademark (the right is limited to a right that is equivalent to a trademark right; hereinafter simply referred to as a "right" in this item), or by a person that was that agent or representative within one year of the date of the act in question, without justifiable grounds and without the consent of the holder of the right, in a country belonging to the Union established by the Paris Convention (meaning the Paris Convention as defined in Article 4, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Trademark Act (Act No. 127 of 1959)), in a country which is a member of the World Trade Organization, or in a country which is a contracting party to the Trademark Law Treaty, which constitutes the use of a trademark identical or similar to that under the holder's right, on goods or services identical or similar to those in relation to the holder's right; which constitutes the transfer, delivery, display for the purpose of transfer or delivery, export, import or provision through telecommunication lines of goods that are similar or identical to those in relation to the holder's right and on which the trademark identical or similar to that under the holder's right has been used; or which constitutes the provision of services identical or similar to those in relation to the holder's right, using the trademark identical or similar to that under the holder's right.

(i)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (i) or (ii):use of an indication of goods or business in relation to the infringement;

(ii)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (iii):use of a form of goods in relation to the infringement;

(iii)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (iv) through (ix):use of trade secrets in relation to the infringement;

(iv)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (xi) through (xvi):use of shared data with limited access in relation to the infringement;

(v)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (xix):use of a domain name in relation to the infringement; and

(vi)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (xxii):use of a trademark in relation to the infringement.

(i)the trade secrets held by the party is written in an already-produced or a to-be-produced brief, or is included in the contents of already-examined or to-be-examined evidence (including documents disclosed pursuant to Article 7, paragraph (3) or a document disclosed pursuant to Article 13, paragraph (4)); and

(ii)the party's business activities that are based on the trade secrets under the preceding item are likely to become hindered, if the trade secrets are used for any purpose other than those for conducting the litigation or those secrets are disclosed; and it is necessary to restrict the use or disclosure of the trade secrets in order to prevent this.

(i)the person to whom the protective order is to be issued;

(ii)facts that are sufficient for identifying the trade secrets that are to be made the subject of the protective order; and

(iii)facts that fall within the grounds set forth in the respective items of the preceding paragraph.

(i)any person that engages in public service for a national or local foreign government;

(ii)any person that engages in the business affairs of an entity established under foreign special laws to carry out specific business affairs in the public interest;

(iii)any person that engages in the business affairs of an undertaking in which one or more of the national or local governments of foreign states directly owns a number of voting shares or an amount of capital subscription that exceeds 50 percent of that undertaking's total issued voting shares or total amount of capital subscription, or in which the majority of the officers (meaning directors, auditors, council members, inspectors, liquidators, and other persons engaged in management of the business) are appointed or designated by one or more of the national or local foreign governments, and to which special rights and interests are granted by the national or local government of the foreign states for performance of its business; or a person specified by Cabinet Order as their equivalent person;

(iv)any person that engages in public services for an international organization (meaning an international organization which is formed by governments or international intergovernmental organizations); or

(v)any person that engages in the business affairs that are under the authority of the national or local government of a foreign state or an international organization and that are delegated by any of them.

(i)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (i), (ii), (xx), and (xxii):the act of using or indicating a common name for goods or business (excluding the name of a place of origin of things made from grapes or by using grapes as an ingredient, which has become a common name) or an indication of goods or business that is in common usage for identical or similar goods or business (hereinafter collectively referred to as a "common name, etc.") in the way that this is normally done, or the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunication lines goods that use or indicate a common name in the way that this is normally done (including the act of providing services while indicating or using a common name, etc. in the way that this is normally done, in cases of unfair competition set forth in items (xx) and (xxii) of the same paragraph);

(ii)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (i), (ii), and (xxii):the act of using one's own name with no wrongful purpose (meaning the purpose of making any wrongful gain, the purpose of causing damage to others, or any other wrongful purpose; the same applies hereinafter), or the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunication lines goods that use one's own name with no wrongful purpose (including an act of providing services while using one's own name with no wrongful purpose, in cases of unfair competition set forth in the same items);

(iii)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (i):the act by a person that has used an indication of goods or business that is identical or similar to another person's indication of goods or business, since before the other person's indication became well-known among consumers, or by a person that has succeeded to a business in relation to that indication of goods or business, of using that indication with no wrongful purpose, or of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunication lines goods that use that indication with no wrongful purpose;

(iv)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (ii):the act by a person that has used an indication of goods or business that is identical or similar to another person's indication of goods or business, since before the other person's indication became famous, or by a person that has succeeded to a business in relation to that indication, of using that indication with no wrongful purpose, or of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, or providing through telecommunication lines goods that use that indication with no wrongful purpose;

(v)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (iii): any of the following acts:

(vi)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (iv) through (ix):the act by a person that has acquired trade secrets through a transaction (limited to a person that, at the time of acquiring the trade secrets, did not know, without gross negligence, that the disclosure of those trade secrets was an act of improper disclosure of trade secrets or that there had been an intervening act of wrongful acquisition of trade secrets or an act of improper disclosure of trade secrets with regard to the trade secrets in question), of using or disclosing the trade secrets within the scope of title acquired through the transaction;

(vii)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (x):the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing or providing through telecommunication lines things created by the act of using trade secrets after the rights prescribed in Article 15, paragraph (1) have extinguished pursuant to the same paragraph;

(viii)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (xi) through (xvi): any of the following acts:

(ix)unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), items (xvii) and (xviii):the act of transferring, delivering, displaying for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exporting, importing, a device prescribed in items (xvii) and (xviii) of the same paragraph, a recording medium on which a program or code prescribed in those items has been recorded, or a machine on which a program or code prescribed in the same items has been stored, which is used for testing or research for technological restriction measures; the act of providing the program or the code through telecommunication lines; or the act of providing a service prescribed in those items, which is conducted for testing or research on technological restriction measures.

(i)acts set forth in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph:the person using their own name (including the person that personally assigns, delivers, displays for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exports, imports, or provides through telecommunication lines goods that use their own name); or

(ii)acts set forth in item (iii) of the preceding paragraph:the person using the indication of goods or business that is identical or similar to other person's indication of goods or business, and the person that has succeeded to a business in relation to that indication (including the person that personally assigns, delivers, displays for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exports, imports or provides through telecommunication lines, goods that use that indication).

(i)a person that acquires trade secrets through an act of fraud, etc. (meaning the act of deceiving, assaulting, or intimidating a person; the same applies in the following item) or through an act of infringing on management (meaning the act of stealing assets, breaking into a facility, making unauthorized access (meaning the act of unauthorized access prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (4) of the Unauthorized Computer Access Act (Act No. 128 of 1999)), or in any other way prejudicing the management that the trade secret holder maintains; the same applies in the following item), for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder;

(ii)a person that uses or discloses trade secrets acquired through an act of fraud, etc. or through infringing on management, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder;

(iii)a person to whom the trade secret holder has disclosed their trade secrets, and who, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder, obtains trade secrets by any of the following means, in breach of the duties regarding the management of the trade secrets;

(iv)a person to whom the trade secret holder has disclosed trade secrets, and who, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder, uses or discloses trade secrets obtained through the means set forth in (a) through (c) of the preceding item, in breach of the duty regarding the management of the trade secrets;

(v)a person that is the officer (meaning a council member, director, executive officer, executive member, inspector or auditor, or other equivalent person; the same applies in the following item) or employee of the trade secret holder; to whom the trade secret owner has disclosed trade secrets; and who, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder, uses or discloses the trade secrets, in breach of the duty regarding the management of the trade secrets (excluding the person set forth in the preceding item);

(vi)a person that was the officer or employee of the trade secret holder, to whom the trade secret holder had disclosed trade secrets, and who, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder, has offered to disclose the trade secrets, or received a request to use or disclose the trade secrets, while holding that position, in breach of the legal duty regarding the management of the trade secrets, and uses or discloses it after leaving that position (excluding the person set forth in item (iv));

(vii)a person that, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder, uses or discloses trade secrets acquired by a disclosure that constitutes an offence prescribed in item (ii), the preceding three items, or paragraph (3), item (ii) (limited to the part regarding a disclosure that constitutes an offence prescribed in item (ii) or the preceding three items);

(viii)a person that, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder, uses or discloses trade secrets acquired, knowing that there has been an disclosure that constitutes an offence prescribed in item (ii), items (iv) through the preceding item, or paragraph (3), item (ii) (limited to the part regarding a disclosure that constitutes an offence prescribed in item (ii) or items (iv) through the preceding item); or

(ix)a person that, for the purpose of wrongful gain or causing damage to the trade secret holder, assigns, delivers, displays for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exports, imports, or provides through telecommunication lines things created by an act conducted by the same person or another person that constitutes an offence prescribed in item (ii), items (iv) through the preceding item, or paragraph (3), item (iii) (limited to an act of using a technical secret; hereinafter referred to as an "act of illegal use" in this item and paragraph (1), item (ii) of the following Article) (excluding a person that has received the things by transfer without knowing that the things were created by an act of illegal use, and has transferred, delivered, displayed for the purpose of transfer or delivery, exported, imported, or provided through telecommunication lines those things).

(i)a person that, for a wrongful purpose, commits any act of unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (i) or (xx);

(ii)a person that, for the purpose of wrongful gain through the use of the reputation or good name of another person's famous indication of goods or business, or for the purpose of injuring that reputation or good name, commits any act of unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (ii);

(iii)a person that, for the purpose of wrongful gain, commits any act of unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (iii);

(iv)a person that, for the purpose of wrongful gain, or for the purpose of causing damage to another person that is using technological restriction measures for their business purposes, commits any act of unfair competition set forth in Article 2, paragraph (1), item (xvii) or (xviii);

(v)a person that makes a false indication on goods, in services, in an advertisement thereof, or in trade documents or communication, that is likely to mislead as to the place of origin, quality, contents, manufacturing process, purpose, or quantity of the goods, or as to the quality, contents, purpose, or quantity of the services (excluding a person set forth in item (i));

(vi)a person that violates a protective order; or

(vii)a person that violates any of the provisions of Article 16, 17, or 18, paragraph (1).

(i)a person that commits offences prescribed in paragraph (1), item (i) or (iii) for the purpose of use outside Japan;

(ii)a person that makes a disclosure that constitutes offences prescribed in paragraph (1), item (ii), or items (iv) through (viii), knowing that the receiving party has the purpose of their use outside Japan that constitutes the offences; or

(iii)a person that outside Japan uses trade secrets of the trade secret holder conducting business within Japan in a way that constitutes offences prescribed in paragraph (1), item (ii), or items (iv) through (viii).

(i)assets resulting from, gained by means of, or gained as reward for the criminal acts which constitute the offences prescribed in paragraphs (1), (3), and (4); and

(ii)assets gained as profits from the assets set forth in the preceding item, assets gained in exchange for the assets set forth in the same item, assets gained in exchange for either of these types of assets, or other assets gained through holding or disposing the assets set forth in that item.

(i)paragraph (3), item (i) of the preceding Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), item (i) of the same Article); paragraph (3), item (ii) of the preceding Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), items (ii), (vii), and (viii) of the same Article); paragraph (3), item (iii) of the preceding Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), items (ii), (vii), and (viii) of the same Article); or paragraph (4) of the preceding Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (3), item (i) of the same Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), item (i) of the same Article), paragraph (3), item (ii) of the same Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), items (ii), (vii), and (viii) of the same Article), and paragraph (3), item (iii) of the same Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), items (ii), (vii), and (viii) of the same Article)):a fine not more than one billion yen;

(ii)paragraph (1), items (i), (ii), (vii), (viii), or (ix) of the preceding Article (excluding cases in which a person that has committed an act of illegal use concerning the offences prescribed in items (iv) through (vi) of the same paragraph or in paragraph (3), item (iii) of the preceding Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), items (iv) through (vi) of the same Article) (hereinafter referred to as a "specified act of illegal use" in this item and paragraph (3)) falls under those items); or paragraph (4) of the preceding Article (limited to the part regarding paragraph (1), items (i), (ii), (vii), (viii), or (ix) of the same Article (excluding cases in which a person that has committed a specified act of illegal use falls under those items)) of the same Article:a fine not more than five hundred million yen; or

(iii)paragraph (2) of the preceding Article:a fine not more than three hundred million yen.

(i)a protective ruling, a ruling on a naming, etc., or a ruling rescinding these rulings; or

(ii)a decision that the examination or the proceedings for asking statements of the accused will be conducted on a day other than a trial date pursuant to the provisions of Article 26, paragraph (1).

(i)it would be considered impossible to impose a punishment under Japanese laws and regulations if the act constituting the offence for which assistance is requested (meaning an offence which is alleged to have been committed in a request for assistance; the same applies hereinafter in this paragraph) had been carried out in Japan;

(ii)a case in relation to the offence for which assistance is requested is pending before a Japanese court, or a final and binding judgment has been issued thereon by a Japanese court;

(iii)in cases of assistance for execution of a final and binding decision on confiscation or assistance in preservation for confiscation, the assets in relation to the request would not be subject to a judicial decision on confiscation in connection with the offence for which assistance is requested or would not be eligible for preservation for confiscation in connection with that offence, under Japanese laws and regulations, if the act constituting the offence for which assistance is requested had been carried out in Japan;

(iv)in cases of assistance for execution of a final and binding decision on collection of equivalent value or assistance in preservation for collection of equivalent value, the assets in relation to the request would not be subject to a judicial decision on collection of equivalent value in connection with the offence for which assistance is requested or would not be eligible for preservation for collection of equivalent value in connection with that offence, under Japanese laws and regulations, if the act constituting the offence for which assistance is requested had been carried out in Japan;

(v)it is considered that, in cases of assistance for execution of a final and binding decision on confiscation, a person that there is probable cause to believe has the assets in relation to the request, or has superficies, a mortgage, or any other rights thereon, or in cases of assistance for execution of a final and binding decision on collection of equivalent value, a person that is subject to the judicial decision, was unable to claim their rights in the proceedings for the judicial decision due to grounds not attributable to them; or

(vi)in cases of assistance in preservation for confiscation or collection of equivalent value, except for a request based on a judicial decision on preservation for confiscation or collection of equivalent value which was rendered by a court or a judge of a requesting country, or except for a request after the final and binding decision on confiscation or collection of equivalent value, there is no probable cause to suspect that the act constituting the offence for which assistance is requested has been carried out, or it is considered that there would be no grounds prescribed in Article 35, paragraph (1) or paragraph (1) of the preceding Article if the act had been carried out in Japan.