Act on the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(Act No. 159 of 2002)
Last Version: Act No. 67 of 2014
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Act on the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Act No. 159 of December 13, 2002
Chapter I General Provisions(Articles 1 through 7)
Chapter II Officers and Employees(Articles 8 through 12)
Chapter III Advisory Council(Articles 13 and 14)
Chapter IV Operations(Articles 15 through 20)
Chapter V Miscellaneous Provisions(Articles 21 through 23)
Chapter VI Penal Provisions(Articles 24 and 25)
Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
(Purpose)
Article 1The purpose of this Act is to provide for matters concerning the name, purpose, and the scope of operations, etc. of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency.
(Name)
Article 2The name of the incorporated administrative agency prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 103 of 1999; hereinafter referred to as the "Act on General Rules") that is to be established as provided for by this Act and the Act on General Rules is the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency.
(Objective of the Society)
Article 3The objective of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency (hereinafter referred to as the "Society") is to promote science by assisting scientific research, providing funds to train researchers, promoting international scientific exchange, and carrying out research on applied scientific research.
(Agency Managed under the Medium-term Objectives)
Article 3-2The Society is an Agency Managed under the Medium-term Objectives, prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on General Rules.
(Office)
Article 4The Society is to have its principal office located in Tokyo.
(Funds)
Article 5The funds of the Society are the amount equivalent to the funds of the former Japan Society for the Promotion of Science that is to be taken over by the Society pursuant to the provisions of Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions.
(Stated Capital)
Article 6(1)The stated capital of the Society is the total amount of the capital contributions made by the government pursuant to the provisions of Article 2, paragraph (6) of the Supplementary Provisions.
(2)If the government finds s it to be necessary, the government may make additional capital contributions to the Society, up to an amount specified in the budget.
(3)When the government makes a capital contribution pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Society is to increase its stated capital by the amount of capital that was contributed.
(Restriction on Use of the Name)
Article 7No person other than the Society may use the name of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Chapter II Officers and Employees
(Officers)
Article 8(1)The Society is to have one president as its head and two inspector generals as its officers.
(2)The Society may have up to two executive directors as its officers.
(Duties and Authority of Directors)
Article 9(1)Executive directors administer the operations of the Society under the direction of and assisting the president.
(2)An officer provided for by the Acts governing individual Incorporated Administrative Agencies set forth in Article 19, paragraph (2) of the Act on General Rules is to be an executive director; provided, however, that when there are no executive director, the officer is to be an inspector general.
(3)In the case referred to in the proviso to the preceding paragraph, an inspector general who represents or performs the duties of the president pursuant to the provisions of Article 19, paragraph (2) of the Act on General Rules must not perform the duties as an inspector general at the same time.
(Term of Office for Executive Directors)
Article 10The term of office of executive directors is two years.
(Special Provisions for Disqualification of Officers)
Article 11(1)persons who are civil servants in the field of education specified by Cabinet Order may become part-time executive directors or inspector generals, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 22 of the Act on General Rules.
(2)With regard to the application of Article 23, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules concerning the dismissal of part-time executive directors and inspector generals of the Society, the term "the preceding Article" in that paragraph is deemed to be replaced with "the preceding Article and Article 11, paragraph (1) of the Act on Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency."
(Status of Officers and Employees)
Article 12Officers and employees of the Society are deemed to be employees engaging in public service pursuant to laws and regulations, with regard to the application of the Penal Code (Act No. 45 of 1907) and other penal provisions.
Chapter III Advisory Council
(Advisory Council)
Article 13(1)The Society is to establish an advisory council.
(2)The advisory council consists of up to 15 councilors.
(3)The advisory council deliberates important matters concerning the performance of the Society's operations, in response to the consultations by the president.
(4)The advisory council may present its opinions regarding to the performance of the Society's operations to the president.
(Councilors)
Article 14(1)Councilors are appointed by the president from among persons who have the knowledge and experience required for properly performing the Society's operations, after obtaining the approval of the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
(2)The term of office of the councilors is two years.
(3)The provisions of the proviso to Article 21, paragraph (3); Article 21, paragraph (4); and Article 23, paragraph (2) of the Act on General Rules apply mutatis mutandis to councilors.
(4)When the president intends to dismiss a councilor pursuant to the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (2) of the Act on General Rules as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding paragraph, the president must obtain the approval of the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in advance.
Chapter IV Operations
(Scope of Operations)
Article 15The Society performs the following operations for the purpose of attaining the objective set forth in Article 3:
(i)offering necessary assistance for scientific research;
(ii)providing funds to researchers that encourage their research activities in order to train excellent scientific researchers;
(iii)dispatching researchers overseas, accepting foreign researchers, and performing other operations to promote international scientific exchange;
(iv)carrying out research on applied science;
(v)offering the necessary assistance for research on applied science so as to promote cooperation between the academic community and industry;
(vi)carrying out study and research on measures for the promotion of science;
(vii)disseminating the results of the operations listed in item (iv) and the preceding item and promoting the utilization thereof;
(viii)conducting the necessary examination and evaluation for the government's assistance for the promotion of science; and
(ix)performing operations incidental to the operations listed in the preceding items.
(Liaison with the Science Council of Japan)
Article 16The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is to seek close liaison with the Science Council of Japan with regard to the performance of the operations of the Society.
(Application Mutatis Mutandis of the Act on Regulation of Execution of Budgets Pertaining to Subsidies)
Article 17(1)The provisions of paragraphs (1), (2), and (4) of Article 10; paragraphs (1), (3) and (4) of Article 17; paragraphs (1) and (2) of Article 18; Articles 19 through 21-2; and Article 24-2 of the Act on Regulation of Execution of Budget Pertaining to Subsidies (Act No. 179 of 1955) apply mutatis mutandis to subsidies that the Society grants in the course of carrying out its operations set forth in Article 15, item (i) and that are financed by government subsidies specified in the budget that it received.In this case, the term "the heads of ministries and agencies" in paragraphs (1) and (2) of Article 10; Article 17, paragraph (1); paragraphs (1) and (2) of Article 18; Article 19, paragraph (3); Article 20; Article 21, paragraph (1); Article 21-2; and Article 24-2 of the relevant Act is deemed to be replaced with "the president of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency"; and the term "the State" in paragraphs (1) and (2) of Article 19 of the relevant Act is deemed to be replaced with "the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency."
(2)The provisions of the Act on Regulation of Execution of Budgets Pertaining to Subsidies. (including penal provisions) apply mutatis mutandis to funds granted by the Society in the course of carrying out scientific research assistance operations prescribed in Article 19.In this case, the term "the heads of ministries and agencies" in the relevant Act (excluding Article 2, paragraph (7)) is deemed to be replaced with "the president of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency"; the term "the State" in Article 2, paragraph (1) (excluding item (ii)); Article 2, paragraph (4), item (i); Article 7, paragraph (2); paragraphs (1) and (2) of Article 19; Article 24, and Article 33 of the relevant Act is deemed to be replaced with "the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency"; the term "fiscal year of the State" in Article 14 of the relevant Act is deemed to be replaced with "business year of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency"; and the term "organs of ministries and agencies" in Article 26, paragraph (1) of the relevant Act is deemed to be replaced with "organs of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency."
(Scientific Research Assistance Fund)
Article 18(1)The Society is to establish a scientific research assistance fund in order to cover the expenses required for those operations listed in Article 15, item (1) that are specified by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology upon consultation with the Minister of Finance and other incidental operations, and appropriate the subsidies received for this fund pursuant to the provisions of Article 18, paragraph (4).
(2)The interest and other income arising from the operation of the scientific research assistance fund is to be appropriated for this fund.
(3)The provisions of Article 47 and Article 67 (limited to the part pertaining to item (vii)) of the Act on General Rules apply mutatis mutandis to the operation of the scientific research assistance fund.In this case, the term "monetary trusts" in Article 47, item (iii) of the Act on General Rules is deemed to be replaced with " monetary trusts with a contract agreement for compensation of principals."
(4)The government may subsidize funds to appropriate for the scientific research assistance fund within the scope of the budget every fiscal year.
(Separate Accounting)
Article 19The Society must separate the accounting for the operations prescribed in the preceding Article, paragraph (1) (limited to the operation to appropriate the scientific research assistance fund for expense required therefor; referred to as the "scientific research assistance operation" pursuant to Article 21, paragraph (1)) and prepare an individual account for them.
(Disposition of a Reserve Fund)
Article 20(1)When the Society has settled an account pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or paragraph (2) of Article 44 of the Act on General Rules for the final business year of the mid-term target period prescribed in Article 29, paragraph (2), item (i) of the Act on General Rules (hereinafter referred to as the "mid-term target period" in this paragraph), and there remains a reserve fund under Article 44, paragraph (1) of the Act, the portion of the amount equivalent to the amount of the reserve fund that was approved by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology may be appropriated for the operations prescribed in Article 15 during the following mid-term target period in accordance with the mid-term plan permitted as set forth in Article 30, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules for the next mid-term target period (when the permission for a change pursuant to the provisions of the second sentence of the relevant paragraph is obtained, in accordance with the mid-term plan after the change).
(2)When the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology intends to grant approval pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Minister must consult with the Minister of Finance.
(3)If there remains any surplus after deducting the amount approved pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) from the amount equivalent to the amount of the reserve fund prescribed in the same paragraph, the Society must turn over the remaining surplus to the Treasury.
(4)Beyond what is provided for in the preceding three paragraphs, the procedures for making payments and other necessary matters concerning the disposition of a reserve fund are specified by Cabinet Order.
Chapter V Miscellaneous Provisions
(Report to the Diet)
Article 21(1)The Society must prepare a report on the scientific research assistance operation every business year, and submit the report to the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology within six months after the end of the relevant business year.
(2)When the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology receives the report set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Minister must report this to the Diet, attaching opinions thereon
(Competent Minister)
Article 22The competent minister and order of the competent ministry in the Act on General Rules applicable to the Society are the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and Order of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, respectively.
(Exclusion of Application of the National Public Officers' Housing Act)
Article 23The provisions of the National Public Officers' Housing Act (Act No. 117 of 1949) do not apply to the officers and employees of the Society.
Chapter VI Penal Provisions
Article 24Officers of the Society who have committed a violation corresponding to any of the following items are subject to punishment by a civil fine of not more than 200,000 yen:
(i)failing to obtain the permission or approval of the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology when the permission or approval is required pursuant to the provisions of this Act;
(ii)performing operations other than those prescribed in Article 15; or
(iii)operating the scientific research assistance fund in violation of the provisions of Article 47 of the Act on General Rules as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 18, paragraph(3) of this Act.
Article 25Any person who violates the provisions of Article 7 is punished by a civil fine of not more than 100,000 yen.
Supplementary Provisions[Extract]
(Effective Date)
Article 1This Act comes into effect as of the date of its promulgation; provided, however, that the provisions listed in the following items come into effect as of the days specified in the relevant items:
(i)the provisions of Articles 3 through 5, Article 7, and Article 8 of the supplementary provisions:October 1, 2003
(Dissolution of the Former Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)
Article 2(1)The former Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (hereinafter referred to as the "former Society") dissolves at the time of the establishment of the Society, and the Society succeeds to all the rights and obligations of the former Society as of the time, except for the assets that the State succeeds to pursuant to the provisions of the following paragraph.
(2)Out of the rights owned by the former Society as of the time of the establishment of the Society, assets other than those that are necessary for the Society to surely perform its operations are succeeded to by the State as of the time of the establishment of the Society.
(3)The scope of the assets that the State succeeds to pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph and other necessary matters concerning the succession of these assets by the State are specified by Cabinet Order.
(4)The former Society's business year that starts from April 1, 2003, ends on the day preceding the date of the dissolution of the former Society.
(5)Prior laws continue to govern the settlement of accounts, the inventory of assets, balance sheet, and profit and loss statement for the former Society's business year that starts from April 1, 2003.In this case, the time limit of the relevant settlement is the day on which two months have elapsed from the date of the dissolution.
(6)When the Society has succeeded to the rights and obligations of the former Society pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), the amount obtained by subtracting the amount of liabilities from the value of the assets to be succeeded to by the Society upon the succession (excluding the amount equivalent to the funds set forth in Article 4 of the former Act on the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Act No. 123 of 1967) prior to repeal under the following Article) is deemed to have been contributed to the Society by the government.
(7)The value of the assets set forth in the preceding paragraph is calculated by the members of the evaluation committee on the basis of prevailing prices at the time of the establishment of the Society.
(8)Evaluation committee members set forth in the preceding paragraph and other necessary matters concerning evaluation are specified by Cabinet Order.
(9)Matters concerning the registration of dissolution upon the dissolution of the former Society under paragraph (1) are specified by Cabinet Order.
(Leading-edge Research Promotion Funds)
Article 2-2(1)In order to intensively promote innovative research which is the basis for the future development of the economy and society of Japan, and the dispatch of capable researchers overseas, the Society is to establish the funds specified in the following items for expenses required to perform the operations listed in the relevant items, using subsidies granted under the first general account supplemental budget for FY2009, only during the period up to March 31, 2014:
(i)the operations listed in Article 15, item (i) related to assisting the comprehensive and systematic promotion of innovative research and other incidental operations:Leading-edge Research Promotion Fund; and
(ii)the operations listed in Article 15, item (iii) related to dispatching capable researchers overseas and other incidental operations:Researcher Overseas Visit Fund.
(2)The interests and other income arising from the operation of the Leading-edge Research Promotion Fund and the Researcher Overseas Visit Fund are to be appropriated for these funds, respectively.
(3)The provisions of Article 47 and Article 67 (limited to the part pertaining to item (iv)) of the Act on General Rules apply mutatis mutandis to the operation of the Leading-edge Research Promotion Fund and the Researcher Overseas Visit Fund.In this case, the term "monetary trusts" in Article 47, item (iii) of the Act on General Rules is deemed to be replaced with "monetary trusts with a contract agreement for compensation of principals."
(4)If the Society intends to abolish the Leading-edge Research Promotion Fund and the Researcher Overseas Visit Fund and there remains any surplus in these funds, the Society must turn over the remaining surplus to the Treasury, as specified by Cabinet Order.
(Statement of Operational Procedures)
Article 2-3(1)When the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology intends to grant approval with regard to a statement of operational procedures under Article 28, paragraph (1), of the Act on General Rules (limited to the part pertaining to the operations listed in paragraph (1), item (i), of the preceding Article (limited to the operation to appropriate the Leading-edge Research Promotion Fund for expenses required therefor; hereinafter referred to as the " operation of leading-edge research promotion"); the same applies in the following paragraph), the Minister must consult with the heads of the relevant administrative organs and hear the opinions of the Council for Science and Technology Policy in advance.
(2)When the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology intends to establish an Order of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology concerning the matters to be stated in a statement of operational procedures, pursuant to the provisions of Article 28, paragraph (2) of the Act on General Rules, the Minister must consult with the heads of the relevant administrative organs and hear the opinions of the Council for Science and Technology Policy in advance.
(Mid-term Target and Mid-term Plan)
Article 2-4(1)When the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology intends to set a mid-term target (limited to the part pertaining to the operation of leading-edge research promotion) or to change such a target, pursuant to the provisions of Article 29, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules, the Minister must consult with the heads of the relevant administrative organs and hear the opinions of the Council for Science and Technology Policy in advance.
(2)When the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology intends to grant approval of a mid-term plan (limited to the part pertaining to the operations of leading-edge research promotion) under Article 30, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules, the Minister must consult with the heads of the relevant administrative organs and hear the opinions of the Council for Science and Technology Policy in advance.
(Separate Accounting)
Article 2-5The Society must separate the accounting for each of the following operations and prepare an individual account for each of them:
(i)the operation of leading-edge research promotion; and
(ii)the operations listed in Article 2-2, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Supplementary Provisions (limited to the operations to appropriate funds for the Researcher Overseas Visit Fund for the expenses required therefor; hereinafter referred to as the "operations of researcher overseas visits ").
(Application Mutatis Mutandis of the Act on Adjustment of Execution of Budgets Pertaining to Subsidies)
Article 2-6The provisions of the Act on Adjustment of Execution of Budgets Pertaining to Subsidies (including penal provisions) apply mutatis mutandis to funds granted by the Society under its duty to assist with the operation of leading-edge research promotion or the operation of researcher overseas visits In this case, the term "the heads of ministries and agencies" in the Act (excluding Article 2, paragraph (7)) are deemed to be replaced with "the president of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency"; the term "the State" in Article 2 paragraph (1) (excluding item (ii)), Article 2 paragraph (4) item (i), Article 7 paragraph (2), paragraphs (1) and (2) of Article 19, Article 24, and Article 33 of the Act is deemed to be replaced with "the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency"; the term "fiscal year of the State" in Article 14 of the Act is deemed to be replaced with "business year of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency"; and the term "organs of ministries and agencies" in Article 26, paragraph (1) of the Act is deemed to be replaced with "organs of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Incorporated Administrative Agency."
(Report to the Diet)
Article 2-7(1)The Society must prepare a report on the operation of leading-edge research promotion and the operation of researcher overseas visits every business year, and must submit the report to the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology within three months after the end of the relevant business year.
(2)When the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology receives the report set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Minister must report this to the Diet, attaching opinions thereon.
(Civil Fine)
Article 2-8If the Leading-edge Research Promotion Fund or the Researcher Overseas Visit Fund is operated in violation of the provisions of Article 47 of the Act on General Rules as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 2-2, paragraph (3) of the supplementary provisions, the officers of the Society who committed the relevant violation are subject to punishment by a civil fine of not more than 200,000 yen.
(Transitional Measures upon Repeal of the Former Act on Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)
Article 4Dispositions, procedures, or other acts that have been carried out, prior to the enforcement of the provisions of the preceding Article, pursuant to the provisions of the former Act on the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (excluding Article 10 and Article 19) prior to its repeal under the preceding Article, are deemed to be dispositions, procedures, or other acts carried out pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the Act on General Rules or this Act.
Article 5Prior laws continue to govern the applicability of penal provisions to conduct that a person engaged in prior to the enforcement of the provisions of Article 3 of the supplementary provisions and conduct that a person engages in after this Act comes into effect but which, the provisions of Article 2, paragraph (5) of the supplementary provisions, is to continue to be governed by prior laws.
(Delegation to Cabinet Order)
Article 6Beyond what is provided for in Article 2, Article 4, and the preceding Article of the supplementary provisions, transitional measures necessary upon the establishment of the Society and other transitional measures concerning the enforcement of this Act are specified by Cabinet Order.
Supplementary Provisions[Act No. 126 of June 18, 2004][Extract]
(Effective Date)
Article 1This Act comes into effect as of the effective day of the Agreement; provided, however, that the provisions listed in the following items come into effect as of the days specified in the relevant items:
(iii)the provisions of Article 42 of the supplementary provisions:the date of the promulgation of the Act Partially Amending the National Public Servants Mutual Aid Association Act (Act No. 130 of 2004) or the date of promulgation of this Act, whichever comes later.
Supplementary Provisions[Act No. 127 of June 18, 2004][Extract]
(Effective Date)
Article 1This Act comes into effect as of the effective day of the Agreement; provided, however, that the provisions listed in the following items come into effect as of the days specified in the relevant items:
(ii)the provisions of Article 3 of the Supplementary Provisions:the date of the promulgation of the Act Partially Amending the National Public Servants Mutual Aid Association Act (Act No. 130 of 2004) or the date of promulgation of this Act, whichever comes later.
Supplementary Provisions[Act No. 130 of June 23, 2004][Extract]
(Effective Date)
Article 1This Act comes into effect as of October 1, 2004; provided, however, that the provisions listed in the following items come into effect as of the days specified in the relevant items:
(ii)the provisions of Article 2, Article 7, Article 10, Article 13, and Article 18, and Articles 9 through 15, Articles 28 through 36, Articles 38 through 76-2, Article 79 and Article 81 of the supplementary provisions:April 1, 2005.
Supplementary Provisions[Act No. 135 of June 23, 2004][Extract]
Article 1This Act comes into effect as of the date of its promulgation; provided, however, that the provisions listed in the following items come into effect as of the days specified in the relevant items:
(ii)the provisions of Article 17 of the Supplementary Provisions:the date of promulgation of this Act or the date of promulgation of the Act Partially Amending the National Public Servants Mutual Aid Association Act (Act No. 130 of 2004), whichever comes later.
Supplementary Provisions[Act No. 60 of June 26, 2009][Extract]
This Act comes into effect as of the date of its promulgation.
Supplementary Provisions[Act No. 23 of April 27, 2011]
This Act comes into effect as of the date specified by Cabinet Order, no longer than two months from the date of its promulgation.
Supplementary Provisions[Act No. 67 of June 13, 2014][Extract]
(Effective Date)
Article 1This Act comes into effect as of the date on which the Act for Partial Revision of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 66 of 2014; hereinafter referred to as the "Amendment Act of the Act on General Rules") comes into effect; provided, however, that the provisions listed in the following items come into effect as of the days specified in the relevant items:
(i)the provisions of Article 14, paragraph (2), Article 18 and Article 30 of the Supplementary Provisions:the date of promulgation of this Act.
(Effect of Disposition)
Article 28Disposition, Procedures, or other acts that have been carried out or are to be carried out pursuant to the provisions of individual laws prior to revision by this Act (including Orders based on this Act) before the enforcement of this Act, and that have corresponding provisions in individual laws revised by this Act (including orders based on this Act; hereinafter referred to as the "new law" in this Article), are deemed a disposition, procedure, or other acts that have been carried out or are to be carried out pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the new law unless otherwise provided for by law (including a Cabinet Order based on this Act).
(Transitional Measures Concerning Penal Provisions)
Article 29Prior laws continue to govern the applicability of penal provisions to conduct that a person engages in before this Act comes into effect, and conduct that a person engages in after this Act comes into effect but which, pursuant the provisions of this supplementary provisions, is to continue to be governed by prior laws.
(Delegation of other transitional measures to Cabinet Order)
Article 30Beyond what is provided for in Article 3 to the preceding Article of the supplementary provisions, the transitional measures necessary to enforce this Act (including those pertaining to penal provisions) are specified by a Cabinet Order (or with regard to matters under the jurisdiction of the National Personnel Authority, by the rules of the Authority).